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Dastsooz H, Anselmi F, Lauria A, Cicconetti C, Proserpio V, Mohammadisoleimani E, Firoozi Z, Mansoori Y, Haghi-Aminjan H, Caizzi L, Oliviero S. Involvement of N4BP2L1, PLEKHA4, and BEGAIN genes in breast cancer and muscle cell development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1295403. [PMID: 38859961 PMCID: PMC11163233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1295403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer show altered expression of genes within the pectoralis major skeletal muscle cells of the breast. Through analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-breast cancer (BRCA), we identified three previously uncharacterized putative novel tumor suppressor genes expressed in normal muscle cells, whose expression was downregulated in breast tumors. We found that NEDD4 binding protein 2-like 1 (N4BP2L1), pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 4 (PLEKHA4), and brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein (BEGAIN) that are normally highly expressed in breast myoepithelial cells and smooth muscle cells were significantly downregulated in breast tumor tissues of a cohort of 50 patients with this cancer. Our data revealed that the low expression of PLEKHA4 in patients with menopause below 50 years correlated with a higher risk of breast cancer. Moreover, we identified N4BP2L1 and BEGAIN as potential biomarkers of HER2-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, low BEGAIN expression in breast cancer patients with blood fat, heart problems, and diabetes correlated with a higher risk of this cancer. In addition, protein and RNA expression analysis of TCGA-BRCA revealed N4BP2L1 as a promising diagnostic protein biomarker in breast cancer. In addition, the in silico data of scRNA-seq showed high expression of these genes in several cell types of normal breast tissue, including breast myoepithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Thus, our results suggest their possible tumor-suppressive function in breast cancer and muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dastsooz
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo Cancer (IT), Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Anselmi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Lauria
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Cicconetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Proserpio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Zahra Firoozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Livia Caizzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo Cancer (IT), Torino, Italy
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Jin M, Xie M, Dong L, Xue F, Li W, Jiang L, Li J, Zhang M, Song H, Lu Q, Yu Q. Exploration of Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Symptom Heterogeneity and Establishment of Symptom-Related miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network: Based on Transcriptome Sequencing Data. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03942-x. [PMID: 38267752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) symptoms can be classified as positive and negative ones, each of which has distinct traits and possibly differences in gene expression and regulation. The co-expression networks linked to PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) scores were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using the expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in the peripheral blood of first-episode SCZ patients. The heterogeneity between positive and negative symptoms was demonstrated using gene functional enrichment, gene-medication interaction, and immune cell composition analysis. Then, target gene prediction and correlation analysis of miRNA and mRNA constructed a symptom-related miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, screened regulatory pairs, and predicted binding sites. A total of six mRNA co-expression modules, two miRNA co-expression modules, and ten hub genes were screened to be significantly associated with positive symptoms; five mRNA co-expression modules and eight hub genes were correlated with negative symptoms. Positive symptom-related modules were significantly enriched in axon guidance, actin skeleton regulation, and sphingolipid signaling pathway, while negative symptom-related modules were significantly enriched in adaptive immune response, leukocyte migration, dopaminergic synapses, etc. The development of positive symptoms may have been influenced by potential regulatory pairings such as miR-98-5p-EIF3J, miR-98-5p-SOCS4, let-7b-5p-CLUH, miR-454-3p-GTF2H1, and let-7b-5p-SNX17. Additionally, immune cells were substantially connected with several hub genes for symptoms. Positive and negative symptoms in SCZ individuals were heterogeneous to some extent. miRNAs such as let-7b-5p and miR-98-5p might contribute to the incidence of positive symptoms by targeting mRNAs, while the immune system's role in developing negative symptoms may be more nuanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengtong Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fengyu Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lintong Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Haideng Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qingxing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Katano T, Konno K, Takao K, Abe M, Yoshikawa A, Miyakawa T, Sakimura K, Watanabe M, Ito S, Kobayashi T. Brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein, a component of the post-synaptic density protein complexes, contributes to learning and memory. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22027. [PMID: 38086879 PMCID: PMC10716515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein (BEGAIN) is highly enriched in the post-synaptic density (PSD) fraction and was identified in our previous study as a protein associated with neuropathic pain in the spinal dorsal horn. PSD protein complexes containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are known to be involved in neuropathic pain. Since these PSD proteins also participate in learning and memory, BEGAIN is also expected to play a crucial role in this behavior. To verify this, we first examined the distribution of BEGAIN in the brain. We found that BEGAIN was widely distributed in the brain and highly expressed in the dendritic regions of the hippocampus. Moreover, we found that BEGAIN was concentrated in the PSD fraction of the hippocampus. Furthermore, immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that BEGAIN was localized at the asymmetric synapses. Behavioral tests were performed using BEGAIN-knockout (KO) mice to determine the contribution of BEGAIN toward learning and memory. Spatial reference memory and reversal learning in the Barns circular maze test along with contextual fear and cued fear memory in the contextual and cued fear conditioning test were significantly impaired in BEGAIN-KO mice compared to with those in wild-type mice. Thus, this study reveals that BEGAIN is a component of the post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses involved in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayo Katano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, NINS, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akari Yoshikawa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Kobayashi S, Kondo N, Tomiyama T, Nakamura N, Masuda M, Matsumoto Y, Honzawa Y, Tahara T, Ikeura T, Fukui T, Okazaki K, Naganuma M. Intravenous injection of tumor extracellular vesicles suppresses tumor growth by reducing the regulatory T cell phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3651-3664. [PMID: 37597014 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a disease of unmet medical need. Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in anti-tumor responses, discrepancies were observed among studies. We analyzed the role of tumor-derived EVs (TEVs) in tumor progression in vivo by focusing on regulatory T (Treg) cells, which play essential roles in tumor development and progression. METHODS A mouse model of colorectal cancer lung metastasis was generated using BALB/c mice by tail vein injection of the BALB/c colon adenocarcinoma cell line Colon-26. TEVs derived from Colon-26 and BALB/c lung squamous cell carcinoma ASB-XIV were retrieved from the culture media supernatants. A TEV equivalent to 10 µg protein was injected every other day for 2 weeks. RESULTS Histology and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that lung tumors reduced in the Colon-26-EV group when compared to the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group. The population of CD4 + FoxP3 + cells in the lung was upregulated in the PBS group mice when compared to the healthy mice (P < 0.001), but was significantly downregulated in the Colon-26-EV group mice when compared to the PBS group mice (P < 0.01). Programmed cell death protein 1, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein, and CD69 expression in lung Treg cells were markedly upregulated in the PBS group when compared to the healthy mice, but downregulated in the Colon-26-EV group when compared to the PBS group. The changes in expression were dose-dependent for Colon-26-EVs. ASB-EVs also led to significantly downregulated Treg cell expression, although non-cancer line 3T3-derived EVs did not. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that TEVs possess components for tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshiro Kobayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kondo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomiyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masataka Masuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsumoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yusuke Honzawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Tahara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ikeura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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A Bioinformatics Study of Immune Infiltration-Associated Genes in Sciatica. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:7372431. [PMID: 35371219 PMCID: PMC8970958 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7372431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sciatica has been widely studied, but the association of sciatica with immune infiltration has not been studied. We aimed to screen key genes and to further investigate the impact of immune infiltration in patients with sciatica. The bioinformatics analyzes were performed based on the GSE150408 dataset. Subsequently, we used CIBERSORT to study the immune infiltration in the disease group. Results showed that 13 genes were with differentially expressions in the sciatica group compared to healthy participants, including 8 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated genes. Through the LASSO model and SVM-RFE analysis, a total of 6 genes have intersections, namely SLED1, CHRNB3, BEGAIN, SPTBN2, HRASLS2, and OSR2. The ROC curve area also confirmed the reliability of this method. CIBERPORT analysis showed that T cell gamma delta infiltration decreased and neutrophil infiltration increased in the disease group. Then the association of these six key genes with immune infiltration was further verified. We found six overlapping genes and found that they were closely associated with the total immune infiltration in the sciatic nerve disease group. These findings may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and therapeutics of patients with sciatica.
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Ramos-Rosales DF, Vazquez-Alaniz F, Urtiz-Estrada N, Ramirez-Valles EG, Mendez-Hernádez EM, Salas-Leal AC, Barraza-Salas M. Epigenetic marks in suicide: a review. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 31:145-161. [PMID: 34412082 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a complex phenomenon and a global public health problem that involves several biological factors that could contribute to the pathophysiology of suicide. There is evidence that epigenetic factors influence some psychiatric disorders, suggesting a predisposition to suicide or suicidal behavior. Here, we review studies of molecular mechanisms of suicide in an epigenetic perspective in the postmortem brain of suicide completers and peripheral blood cells of suicide attempters. Besides, we include studies of gene-specific DNA methylation, epigenome-wide association, histone modification, and interfering RNAs as epigenetic factors. This review provides an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms described in different biological systems related to suicide, contributing to an understanding of the genetic regulation in suicide. We conclude that epigenetic marks are potential biomarkers in suicide, and they could become attractive therapeutic targets due to their reversibility and importance in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Vazquez-Alaniz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango
- Hospital General 450. Servicios de Salud de Durango
| | | | | | - Edna M Mendez-Hernádez
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - Alma C Salas-Leal
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to long-term potentiation of C-fiber-evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn and persistent mirror-image pain following high-frequency stimulus of the sciatic nerve. Pain 2021; 161:758-772. [PMID: 32195784 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the sciatic nerve has been reported to produce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-lasting pain hypersensitivity in rats. However, the central underlying mechanism remains unclear. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) belongs to a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we found that NOX2 was upregulated in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn after HFS of the left sciatic nerve, which induced bilateral pain and spinal LTP in both male and female rats. Blocking NOX2 with blocking peptide or shRNA prevented the development of bilateral mechanical allodynia, the induction of spinal LTP, and the phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (GluN2B) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 after HFS. Moreover, NOX2 shRNA reduced the frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in laminar II neurons. Furthermore, 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG), an oxidative stress marker, was increased in the spinal dorsal horn. Spinal application of ROS scavenger, Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), depressed the already established spinal LTP. Spinal application of H2O2, one ROS, induced LTP and bilateral mechanical allodynia, increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in laminar II neurons, and phosphorylated GluN2B and p65 in the dorsal horn. This study provided electrophysiological and behavioral evidence that NOX2-derived ROS in the spinal cord contributed to persistent mirror-image pain by enhancing the synaptic transmission, which was mediated by increasing presynaptic glutamate release and activation of NMDA receptor and NF-κB in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Katano T, Takao K, Abe M, Yamazaki M, Watanabe M, Miyakawa T, Sakimura K, Ito S. Distribution of Caskin1 protein and phenotypic characterization of its knockout mice using a comprehensive behavioral test battery. Mol Brain 2018; 11:63. [PMID: 30359304 PMCID: PMC6202847 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK)-interacting protein 1 (Caskin1) is a direct binding partner of the synaptic adaptor protein CASK. Because Caskin1 forms homo-multimers and binds not only CASK but also other neuronal proteins in vitro, it is anticipated to have neural functions; but its exact role in mammals remains unclear. Previously, we showed that the concentration of Caskin1 in the spinal dorsal horn increases under chronic pain. To characterize this protein, we generated Caskin1-knockout (Caskin1-KO) mice and specific anti-Caskin1 antibodies. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that Caskin1 was broadly distributed in the whole brain and spinal cord, and that it primarily localized at synapses. To elucidate the neural function of Caskin1 in vivo, we subjected Caskin1-KO mice to comprehensive behavioral analysis. The mutant mice exhibited differences in gait, enhanced nociception, and anxiety-like behavior relative to their wild-type littermates. In addition, the knockouts exhibited strong freezing responses, with or without a cue tone, in contextual and cued-fear conditioning tests as well as low memory retention in the Barnes Maze test. Taken together, these results suggest that Caskin1 contributes to a wide spectrum of behavioral phenotypes, including gait, nociception, memory, and stress response, in broad regions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayo Katano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, 573-1010 Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences NINS, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
- Division of Experimental Animal Resource and Development, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 94158 USA
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences NINS, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, 573-1010 Japan
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