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Vescovo E, Cardellicchio P, Tomassini A, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. Excitatory/inhibitory motor balance reflects individual differences during joint action coordination. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:3403-3421. [PMID: 38666628 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Joint action (JA) is a continuous process of motor co-regulation based on the integration of contextual (top-down) and kinematic (bottom-up) cues from partners. The fine equilibrium between excitation and inhibition in sensorimotor circuits is, thus, central to such a dynamic process of action selection and execution. In a bimanual task adapted to become a unimanual JA task, the participant held a bottle (JA), while a confederate had to reach and unscrew either that bottle or another stabilized by a mechanical clamp (No_JA). Prior knowledge was manipulated in each trial such that the participant knew (K) or not (No_K) the target bottle in advance. Online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered at action-relevant landmarks to explore corticospinal excitability (CSE) and inhibition (cortical silent period [cSP]). CSE was modulated early on before the action started if prior information was available. In contrast, cSP modulation emerged later during the reaching action, regardless of prior information. These two indexes could thus reflect the concurrent elaboration of contextual priors (top-down) and the online sampling of partner's kinematic cues (bottom-up). Furthermore, participants selected either one of two possible behavioural strategies, preferring early or late force exertion on the bottle. One translates into a reduced risk of motor coordination failure and the other into reduced metabolic expenditure. Each strategy was characterised by a specific excitatory/inhibitory profile. In conclusion, the study of excitatory/inhibitory balance paves the way for the neurophysiological determination of individual differences in the combination of top-down and bottom-up processing during JA coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Vescovo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cardellicchio
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Tomassini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Casula EP, Pezzopane V, Roncaioli A, Battaglini L, Rumiati R, Rothwell J, Rocchi L, Koch G. Real-time cortical dynamics during motor inhibition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7871. [PMID: 38570543 PMCID: PMC10991402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of action is a fundamental executive mechanism of human behaviour that involve a complex neural network. In spite of the progresses made so far, many questions regarding the brain dynamics occurring during action inhibition are still unsolved. Here, we used a novel approach optimized to investigate real-time effective brain dynamics, which combines transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. 22 healthy volunteers performed a motor Go/NoGo task during TMS of the hand-hotspot of the primary motor cortex (M1) and whole-scalp EEG recordings. We reconstructed source-based real-time spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activity and cortico-cortical connectivity throughout the task. Our results showed a task-dependent bi-directional change in theta/gamma supplementary motor cortex (SMA) and M1 connectivity that, when participants were instructed to inhibit their response, resulted in an increase of a specific TMS-evoked EEG potential (N100), likely due to a GABA-mediated inhibition. Interestingly, these changes were linearly related to reaction times, when participants were asked to produce a motor response. In addition, TMS perturbation revealed a task-dependent long-lasting modulation of SMA-M1 natural frequencies, i.e. alpha/beta activity. Some of these results are shared by animal models and shed new light on the physiological mechanisms of motor inhibition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Paolo Casula
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pezzopane
- Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncaioli
- Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battaglini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rumiati
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Bundt C, Huster RJ. Corticospinal excitability reductions during action preparation and action stopping in humans: Different sides of the same inhibitory coin? Neuropsychologia 2024; 195:108799. [PMID: 38218313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Motor functions and cognitive processes are closely associated with each other. In humans, this linkage is reflected in motor system state changes both when an action must be prepared and stopped. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation showed that both action preparation and action stopping are accompanied by a reduction of corticospinal excitability, referred to as preparatory and response inhibition, respectively. While previous efforts have been made to describe both phenomena extensively, an updated and comprehensive comparison of the two phenomena is lacking. To ameliorate such deficit, this review focuses on the role and interpretation of single-coil (single-pulse and paired-pulse) and dual-coil TMS outcome measures during action preparation and action stopping in humans. To that effect, it aims to identify commonalities and differences, detailing how TMS-based outcome measures are affected by states, traits, and psychopathologies in both processes. Eventually, findings will be compared, and open questions will be addressed to aid future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - René J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Denyer R, Greeley B, Greenhouse I, Boyd LA. Interhemispheric inhibition between dorsal premotor and primary motor cortices is released during preparation of unimanual but not bimanual movements. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:415-433. [PMID: 38145976 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research applying transcranial magnetic stimulation during unimanual reaction time tasks indicates a transient change in the inhibitory influence of the dorsal premotor cortex over the contralateral primary motor cortex shortly after the presentation of an imperative stimulus. The degree of interhemispheric inhibition from the dorsal premotor cortex to the contralateral primary motor cortex shifts depending on whether the targeted effector representation in the primary motor cortex is selected for movement. Further, the timing of changes in inhibition covaries with the selection demands of the reaction time task. Less is known about modulation of dorsal premotor to primary motor cortex interhemispheric inhibition during the preparation of bimanual movements. In this study, we used a dual coil transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure dorsal premotor to primary motor cortex interhemispheric inhibition between both hemispheres during unimanual and bimanual simple reaction time trials. Interhemispheric inhibition was measured early and late in the 'pre-movement period' (defined as the period immediately after the onset of the imperative stimulus and before the beginning of voluntary muscle activity). We discovered that interhemispheric inhibition was more facilitatory early in the pre-movement period compared with late in the pre-movement period during unimanual reaction time trials. In contrast, interhemispheric inhibition was unchanged throughout the pre-movement period during symmetrical bimanual reaction time trials. These results suggest that there is greater interaction between the dorsal premotor cortex and contralateral primary motor cortex during the preparation of unimanual actions compared to bimanual actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Denyer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Greeley
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Song Y, Pi Y, Tan X, Xia X, Liu Y, Zhang J. Approach-avoidance behavior and motor-specific modulation towards smoking-related cues in smokers. Addiction 2023; 118:1895-1907. [PMID: 37400937 DOI: 10.1111/add.16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS By performing three transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiments, we measured the motor-specific modulatory mechanisms in the primary motor cortex (M1) at both the intercortical and intracortical levels when smokers actively approach or avoid smoking-related cues. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS For all experiments, the design was group (smokers versus non-smokers) × action (approach versus avoidance) × image type (neutral versus smoking-related). The study was conducted at the Shanghai University of Sport, CHN, TMS Laboratory. For experiment 1, 30 non-smokers and 30 smokers; for experiment 2, 16 non-smokers and 16 smokers; for experiment 3, 16 non-smokers and 16 smokers. MEASUREMENTS For all experiments, the reaction times were measured using the smoking stimulus-response compatibility task. While performing the task, single-pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiment 1 to measure the excitability of the corticospinal pathways, and paired-pulse TMS was applied to the M1 in experiments 2 and 3 to measure the activity of intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) circuits, respectively. FINDINGS Smokers had faster responses when approaching smoking-related cues (F1,58 = 36.660, P < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.387), accompanied by higher excitability of the corticospinal pathways (F1,58 = 10.980, P = 0.002, η p 2 = 0.159) and ICF circuits (F1,30 = 22.187, P < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.425), while stronger SICI effects were observed when they avoided these cues (F1,30 = 10.672, P = 0.003, η p 2 = 0.262). CONCLUSIONS Smokers appear to have shorter reaction times, higher motor-evoked potentials and stronger intracortical facilitation effects when performing approach responses to smoking-related cues and longer reaction times, a lower primary motor cortex descending pathway excitability and a stronger short-interval intracortical inhibition effect when avoiding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Song
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Social Development and Health Management, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Exercise and Brain Science, School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Spampinato DA, Casula EP, Koch G. The Cerebellum and the Motor Cortex: Multiple Networks Controlling Multiple Aspects of Behavior. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231189435. [PMID: 37649430 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231189435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and its thalamic projections to the primary motor cortex (M1) are well known to play an essential role in executing daily actions. Anatomic investigations in animals and postmortem humans have established the reciprocal connections between these regions; however, how these pathways can shape cortical activity in behavioral contexts and help promote recovery in neuropathological conditions remains not well understood. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive description of these pathways in animals and humans and discuss how novel noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the cerebellar-M1 connections. In the first section, we focus on recent animal literature that details how information sent from the cerebellum and thalamus is integrated into an broad network of cortical motor neurons. We then discuss how NIBS approaches in humans can be used to reliably assess the connectivity between the cerebellum and M1. Moreover, we provide the latest perspectives on using advanced NIBS approaches to investigate and modulate multiple cerebellar-cortical networks involved in movement behavior and plasticity. Finally, we discuss how these emerging methods have been used in translation research to produce long-lasting modifications of cerebellar-thalamic-M1 to restore cortical activity and motor function in neurologic patients.
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Denyer R, Greenhouse I, Boyd LA. PMd and action preparation: bridging insights between TMS and single neuron research. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:759-772. [PMID: 37244800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research has furthered understanding of human dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) function due to its unrivalled ability to measure the inhibitory and facilitatory influences of PMd over the primary motor cortex (M1) in a temporally precise manner. TMS research indicates that PMd transiently modulates inhibitory output to effector representations within M1 during motor preparation, with the direction of modulation depending on which effectors are selected for response, and the timing of modulations co-varying with task selection demands. In this review, we critically assess this literature in the context of a dynamical systems approach used to model nonhuman primate (NHP) PMd/M1 single-neuron recordings during action preparation. Through this process, we identify gaps in the literature and propose future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Denyer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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8
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Spampinato DA, Ibanez J, Rocchi L, Rothwell J. Motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation: interpreting a simple measure of a complex system. J Physiol 2023; 601:2827-2851. [PMID: 37254441 PMCID: PMC10952180 DOI: 10.1113/jp281885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that is increasingly used to study the human brain. One of the principal outcome measures is the motor-evoked potential (MEP) elicited in a muscle following TMS over the primary motor cortex (M1), where it is used to estimate changes in corticospinal excitability. However, multiple elements play a role in MEP generation, so even apparently simple measures such as peak-to-peak amplitude have a complex interpretation. Here, we summarize what is currently known regarding the neural pathways and circuits that contribute to the MEP and discuss the factors that should be considered when interpreting MEP amplitude measured at rest in the context of motor processing and patients with neurological conditions. In the last part of this work, we also discuss how emerging technological approaches can be combined with TMS to improve our understanding of neural substrates that can influence MEPs. Overall, this review aims to highlight the capabilities and limitations of TMS that are important to recognize when attempting to disentangle sources that contribute to the physiological state-related changes in corticomotor excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Adrian Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Human NeurosciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral NeurologyIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | - Jaime Ibanez
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- BSICoS group, I3A Institute and IIS AragónUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for NeurotechnologiesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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9
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Ma W, Nemdharry S, Elgueta Cancino E, Chiou SY. Influence of coil orientation on corticospinal excitability of trunk muscles during postural and volitional tasks in healthy adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1108169. [PMID: 36816500 PMCID: PMC9929149 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trunk muscles play a role in maintaining postural stability and performing goal-directed voluntary movements in activities of daily living. Evidence has shown that the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in modulation of postural control and voluntary movements of the trunk. However, it remains unknown whether the neural circuits within the M1 were recruited to the same extent between a postural task and a goal-directed voluntary task. Methods To address this, we examined latencies and amplitudes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the erector spinae (ES) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) figure-of-eight coil oriented to induce latero-medial (LM), posterior-anterior (PA), and anterior-posterior (AP) currents in the M1 in twenty healthy participants during a dynamic shoulder flexion (DSF) task, a postural task requiring anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), and during a static trunk extension (STE) task, a voluntary task without involvement of APAs. Results We found that differences in the AP-LM latency of ES MEP were longer compared with the PA-LM latency in both tasks. Corticospinal excitability was overall greater during the DSF task than during the STE task irrespective of the coil orientation. Discussion Our findings suggest that while the same neural circuits in the M1 were recruited to modulate both postural and voluntary control of the trunk, the contribution was greater to the postural task than the voluntary task, possibly due to the requirement of APAs in the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Ma
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sheanil Nemdharry
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Elgueta Cancino
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shin-Yi Chiou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Shin-Yi Chiou ✉
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10
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Wilhelm E, Quoilin C, Derosiere G, Paço S, Jeanjean A, Duque J. Corticospinal Suppression Underlying Intact Movement Preparation Fades in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2396-2406. [PMID: 36121426 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurophysiological abnormalities within the primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to contribute to bradykinesia, but exact modalities are still uncertain. We propose that such motor slowness could involve alterations in mechanisms underlying movement preparation, especially the suppression of corticospinal excitability-called "preparatory suppression"-which is considered to propel movement execution by increasing motor neural gain in healthy individuals. METHODS On two consecutive days, 29 PD patients (on and off medication) and 29 matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation over M1, eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in targeted hand muscles, while they were either at rest or preparing a left- or right-hand response in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Preparatory suppression was assessed by expressing MEP amplitudes during movement preparation relative to rest. RESULTS Contrary to HCs, PD patients showed a lack of preparatory suppression when the side of the responding hand was analyzed, especially when the latter was the most affected one. This deficit, which did not depend on dopamine medication, increased with disease duration and also tended to correlate with motor impairment, as measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (both total and bradykinesia scores). CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings indicate that preparatory suppression fades in PD, in parallel with worsening motor symptoms, including bradykinesia. Such results suggest that an alteration in this marker of intact movement preparation could indeed cause motor slowness and support its use in future studies on the relation between M1 alterations and motor impairment in PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Adult Neurology, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Quoilin
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susana Paço
- NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anne Jeanjean
- Department of Adult Neurology, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Neige C, Ciechelski V, Lebon F. The recruitment of indirect waves within primary motor cortex during motor imagery: A directional transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:6187-6200. [PMID: 36215136 PMCID: PMC10092871 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) refers to the mental simulation of an action without overt movement. While numerous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies provided evidence for a modulation of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition during MI, the neural signature within the primary motor cortex is not clearly established. In the current study, we used directional TMS to probe the modulation of the excitability of early and late indirect waves (I-waves) generating pathways during MI. Corticospinal responses evoked by TMS with posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) current flow within the primary motor cortex evoke preferentially early and late I-waves, respectively. Seventeen participants were instructed to stay at rest or to imagine maximal isometric contractions of the right flexor carpi radialis. We demonstrated that the increase of corticospinal excitability during MI is greater with PA than AP orientation. By using paired-pulse stimulations, we confirmed that short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) increased during MI in comparison to rest with PA orientation, whereas we found that it decreased with AP orientation. Overall, these results indicate that the pathways recruited by PA and AP orientations that generate early and late I-waves are differentially modulated by MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, CRNL U1028 UMR5292, PsyR2 Team, Bron, France
| | - Valentin Ciechelski
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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12
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Qiu F, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu H. Gender dimorphic M1 excitability during emotional processing: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13987. [PMID: 36061749 PMCID: PMC9438768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely held that emotions prime the body for action. However, the influence of gender on primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during emotional processing is not well explored. Methods Using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we stimulated the right or left M1 at 150 ms and 300 ms after emotional stimulation onset (presentation of negative, neutral, and positive pictures to male and female subjects). Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) ratio induced by single-pulse TMS was used to assess changes in corticospinal excitability. Results In response to right M1 stimulation, males demonstrated higher MEP ratios following presentation of negative pictures at 150 ms while MEP ratios in response to presentation of positive pictures were greater at 300 ms. Furthermore, male subjects showed larger MEP ratios in right M1 versus left M1 at 300 ms after initiation of positive pictures, indicating lateralization of motor excitability in male subjects. Conclusions The current study thus provides neurophysiological evidence to support gender differences and functional lateralization of motor excitability in response to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Leisure Sports and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
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13
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Tecilla M, Guerra A, Rocchi L, Määttä S, Bologna M, Herrojo Ruiz M, Biundo R, Antonini A, Ferreri F. Action Selection and Motor Decision Making: Insights from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:639. [PMID: 35625025 PMCID: PMC9139261 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, goal-oriented motor behaviour relies on the estimation of the rewards/costs associated with alternative actions and on the appropriate selection of movements. Motor decision making is defined as the process by which a motor plan is chosen among a set of competing actions based on the expected value. In the present literature review we discuss evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies of motor control. We focus primarily on studies of action selection for instructed movements and motor decision making. In the first section, we delve into the usefulness of various TMS paradigms to characterise the contribution of motor areas and distributed brain networks to cued action selection. Then, we address the influence of motivational information (e.g., reward and biomechanical cost) in guiding action choices based on TMS findings. Finally, we conclude that TMS represents a powerful tool for elucidating the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying action choices in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Tecilla
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE146NW, UK; (M.T.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Andrea Guerra
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N3BG, UK
| | - Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Matteo Bologna
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.G.); (M.B.)
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Herrojo Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE146NW, UK; (M.T.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Roberta Biundo
- Department of General Psychology and Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- San Camillo IRCSS Hospital, 30126 Lido di Venezia, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology and Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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14
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Gong R, Mühlberg C, Wegscheider M, Fricke C, Rumpf JJ, Knösche TR, Classen J. Cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling in repetitive movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1606-1621. [PMID: 35544757 PMCID: PMC9190732 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00541.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinesia is a cardinal motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the pathophysiology of which is not fully understood. We analyzed the role of cross-frequency coupling of oscillatory cortical activity in motor impairment in patients with PD and healthy controls. High-density EEG signals were recorded during various motor activities and at rest. Patients performed a repetitive finger-pressing task normally, but were slower than controls during tapping. Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between β (13–30 Hz) and broadband γ (50–150 Hz) was computed from individual EEG source signals in the premotor, primary motor, and primary somatosensory cortices, and the primary somatosensory complex. In all four regions, averaging the entire movement period resulted in higher PAC in patients than in controls for the resting condition and the pressing task (similar performance between groups). However, this was not the case for the tapping tasks where patients performed slower. This suggests the strength of state-related β-γ PAC does not determine Parkinsonian bradykinesia. Examination of the dynamics of oscillatory EEG signals during motor transitions revealed a distinctive motif of PAC rise and decay around press onset. This pattern was also present at press offset and slow tapping onset, linking such idiosyncratic PAC changes to transitions between different movement states. The transition-related PAC modulation in patients was similar to controls in the pressing task but flattened during slow tapping, which related to normal and abnormal performance, respectively. These findings suggest that the dysfunctional evolution of neuronal population dynamics during movement execution is an important component of the pathophysiology of Parkinsonian bradykinesia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings using noninvasive EEG recordings provide evidence that PAC dynamics might play a role in the physiological cortical control of movement execution and may encode transitions between movement states. Results in patients with Parkinson’s disease suggest that bradykinesia is related to a deficit of the dynamic regulation of PAC during movement execution rather than its absolute strength. Our findings may contribute to the development of a new concept of the pathophysiology of bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Gong
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Method and Development Group Brain Networks, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Mühlberg
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirko Wegscheider
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Fricke
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jost-Julian Rumpf
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Method and Development Group Brain Networks, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Lu B, Wang Y, Li N, Peng Y, Hou J, Qiu J, Li F, Yao D, Xu P. Dynamic corticomuscular multi-regional modulations during finger movement revealed by time-varying network analysis. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35523144 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A body movement involves the complicated information exchange between the central and peripheral systems, which is characterized by the dynamical coupling patterns between the multiple brain areas and multiple muscle units. How the central and peripheral nerves coordinate multiple internal brain regions and muscle groups is very important when accomplishing the action. APPROACH In this study, we extend the adaptive directed transfer function to construct the time-varying networks between multiple corticomuscular regions and divide the movement duration into different stages by the time-varying corticomuscular network patterns. MAIN RESULTS The inter dynamical corticomuscular network demonstrated the different interaction patterns between the central and peripheral systems during the different hand movement stages. The muscles transmit bottom-up movement information in the preparation stage, but the brain issues top-down control commands and dominates in the execution stage, and finally, the brain's dominant advantage gradually weakens in the relaxation stage. When classifying the different movement stages based on time-varying corticomuscular network indicators, an average accuracy above 74% could be reliably achieved. SIGNIFICANCE The findings of this study help deepen our knowledge of central-peripheral nerve pathways and coordination mechanisms, and also provide opportunities for monitoring and regulating movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiabing Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Shu Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Bin Lu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Yifeng Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Ning Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Yueheng Peng
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Jingming Hou
- Third Military Medical University Southwest Hospital, No. 30, Gaotanyanzheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, CHINA
| | - Jing Qiu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Fali Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Dezhong Yao
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
| | - Peng Xu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Chengdu, 610054, CHINA
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16
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Sadler CM, Maslovat D, Cressman EK, Dutil C, Carlsen AN. Response Preparation of a Secondary Reaction Time Task is Influenced by Movement Phase within a Continuous Visuomotor Tracking Task. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3645-3659. [PMID: 35445463 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous performance of two motor tasks is challenging. Currently, it is unclear how response preparation of a secondary task is impacted by the performance of a continuous primary task. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether the position of the limb performing the primary cyclical tracking task impacts response preparation of a secondary reaction time task. Participants (n=20) performed a continuous tracking task with their left hand that involved cyclical and targeted wrist flexion and extension. Occasionally, a probe reaction time task requiring isometric wrist extension was performed with the right hand in response to an auditory stimulus (80 dB or 120 dB) that was triggered when the left hand passed through one of ten locations identified within the movement cycle. On separate trials, transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the left primary motor cortex and triggered at the same 10 stimulus locations to assess corticospinal excitability associated with the probe reaction time task. Results revealed that probe reaction times were significantly longer and motor evoked potential amplitudes were significantly larger when the left hand was in the middle of a movement cycle compared to an endpoint, suggesting that response preparation of a secondary probe reaction time task was modulated by the phase of movement within the continuous primary task. These results indicate that primary motor task requirements can impact preparation of a secondary task, reinforcing the importance of considering primary task characteristics in dual-task experimental design.
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17
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Greenhouse I. Inhibition for gain modulation in the motor system. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Zeng Z, Koponen LM, Hamdan R, Li Z, Goetz SM, Peterchev AV. Modular multilevel TMS device with wide output range and ultrabrief pulse capability for sound reduction. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:10.1088/1741-2552/ac572c. [PMID: 35189604 PMCID: PMC9425059 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.This article presents a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse generator with a wide range of pulse shape, amplitude, and width.Approach.Based on a modular multilevel TMS (MM-TMS) topology we had proposed previously, we realized the first such device operating at full TMS energy levels. It consists of ten cascaded H-bridge modules, each implemented with insulated-gate bipolar transistors, enabling both novel high-amplitude ultrabrief pulses as well as pulses with conventional amplitude and duration. The MM-TMS device can output pulses including up to 21 voltage levels with a step size of up to 1100 V, allowing relatively flexible generation of various pulse waveforms and sequences. The circuit further allows charging the energy storage capacitor on each of the ten cascaded modules with a conventional TMS power supply.Main results. The MM-TMS device can output peak coil voltages and currents of 11 kV and 10 kA, respectively, enabling suprathreshold ultrabrief pulses (>8.25μs active electric field phase). Further, the MM-TMS device can generate a wide range of near-rectangular monophasic and biphasic pulses, as well as more complex staircase-approximated sinusoidal, polyphasic, and amplitude-modulated pulses. At matched estimated stimulation strength, briefer pulses emit less sound, which could enable quieter TMS. Finally, the MM-TMS device can instantaneously increase or decrease the amplitude from one pulse to the next in discrete steps by adding or removing modules in series, which enables rapid pulse sequences and paired-pulse protocols with variable pulse shapes and amplitudes.Significance.The MM-TMS device allows unprecedented control of the pulse characteristics which could enable novel protocols and quieter pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Lari M Koponen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Rena Hamdan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Zhongxi Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America
| | - Stefan M Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States of America
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19
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Rawji V, Modi S, Rocchi L, Jahanshahi M, Rothwel J. Proactive inhibition is marked by differences in the pattern of motor cortex activity during movement preparation and execution. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:819-828. [PMID: 35235439 PMCID: PMC8957347 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00359.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human behavior relies on the ability to flexibly alter movements depending on the context in which they are made. One such context-dependent modulation is proactive inhibition, a type of behavioral inhibition used when anticipating the need to stop or change movements. We investigated how the motor cortex might prepare and execute movements made under different contexts. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in different coil orientations [postero-anterior (PA) and antero-posterior (AP) flowing currents] and pulse widths (120 and 30 µs) to probe the excitability of different inputs to corticospinal neurons while participants performed two reaction time tasks: a simple reaction time task and a stop-signal task requiring proactive inhibition. We took inspiration from state space models to assess whether the pattern of motor cortex activity changed due to proactive inhibition (PA and AP neuronal circuits represent the x and y axes of a state space upon which motor cortex activity unfolds during motor preparation and execution). We found that the rise in motor cortex excitability was delayed when proactive inhibition was required. State space visualizations showed altered patterns of motor cortex activity (combined PA120 and AP30 activity) during proactive inhibition, despite adjusting for reaction time. Overall, we show that the pattern of neural activity generated by the motor cortex during movement preparation and execution is dependent upon the context under which the movement is to be made. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using directional TMS, we find that the human motor cortex flexibly changes its pattern of neural activity depending on the context in which a movement is due to be made. Interestingly, this occurs despite adjusting for reaction time. We also show that state space and dynamical systems models of movement can be noninvasively visualized in humans using TMS, thereby offering a novel method to study these powerful models in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Rawji
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sachin Modi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Rothwel
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Intracortical facilitation and inhibition in human primary motor cortex during motor skill acquisition. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3289-3304. [PMID: 36308563 PMCID: PMC9678989 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is critical for movement execution, but its role in motor skill acquisition remains elusive. Here, we examine the role of M1 intracortical circuits during skill acquisition. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms of short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) and inhibition (SICI) were used to assess excitatory and inhibitory circuits, respectively. We hypothesised that intracortical facilitation and inhibition circuits in M1 would be modulated to support acquisition of a novel visuomotor skill. Twenty-two young, neurologically healthy adults trained with their nondominant hand on a skilled and non-skilled sequential visuomotor isometric finger abduction task. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the nondominant first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Corticomotor excitability, SICF, and SICI were examined before, at the midway point, and after the 10-block motor training. SICI was assessed using adaptive threshold-hunting procedures. Task performance improved after the skilled, but not non-skilled, task training, which likely reflected the increase in movement speed during training. The amplitudes of late SICF peaks were modulated with skilled task training. There was no modulation of the early SICF peak, SICI, and corticomotor excitability with either task training. There was also no association between skill acquisition and SICF or SICI. The findings indicate that excitatory circuitries responsible for the generation of late SICF peaks, but not the early SICF peak, are modulated in motor skill acquisition for a sequential visuomotor isometric finger abduction task.
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21
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Neva JL, Brown KE, Peters S, Feldman SJ, Mahendran N, Boisgontier MP, Boyd LA. Acute Exercise Modulates the Excitability of Specific Interneurons in Human Motor Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 475:103-116. [PMID: 34487820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can modulate the excitability of the non-exercised upper-limb representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Accumulating evidence demonstrates acute exercise affects measures of M1 intracortical excitability, with some studies also showing altered corticospinal excitability. However, the influence of distinct M1 interneuron populations on the modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability following acute exercise is currently unknown. We assessed the impact of an acute bout of leg cycling exercise on unique M1 interneuron excitability of a non-exercised intrinsic hand muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in young adults. Specifically, posterior-to-anterior (PA) and anterior-to-posterior (AP) TMS current directions were used to measure the excitability of distinct populations of interneurons before and after an acute bout of exercise or rest. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were measured in the PA and AP current directions in M1 at two time points separated by 25 min of rest, as well as immediately and 30 min after a 25-minute bout of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. Thirty minutes after exercise, MEP amplitudes were significantly larger than other timepoints when measured with AP current, whereas MEP amplitudes derived from PA current did not show this effect. Similarly, SICI was significantly decreased immediately following acute exercise measured with AP but not PA current. Our findings suggest that the excitability of unique M1 interneurons are differentially modulated by acute exercise. These results indicate that M1 interneurons preferentially activated by AP current may play an important role in the exercise-induced modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Neva
- Université de Montréal, École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sue Peters
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha J Feldman
- Graduate Program in Clinical Developmental Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niruthikha Mahendran
- University of Queensland, Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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McInnes AN, Lipp OV, Tresilian JR, Vallence AM, Marinovic W. Premovement inhibition can protect motor actions from interference by response-irrelevant sensory stimulation. J Physiol 2021; 599:4389-4406. [PMID: 34339524 DOI: 10.1113/jp281849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Suppression of corticospinal excitability is reliably observed during preparation for a range of motor actions, leading to the belief that this preparatory inhibition is a physiologically obligatory component of motor preparation. The neurophysiological function of this suppression is uncertain. We restricted the time available for participants to engage in preparation and found no evidence for preparatory inhibition. The function of preparatory inhibition can be inferred from our findings that sensory stimulation can disrupt motor output in the absence of preparatory inhibition, but enhance motor output when inhibition is present. These findings suggest preparatory inhibition may be a strategic process which acts to protect prepared actions from external interference. Our findings have significant theoretical implications for preparatory processes. Findings may also have a pragmatic benefit in that acoustic stimulation could be used therapeutically to facilitate movement, but only if the action can be prepared well in advance. ABSTRACT Shortly before movement initiation, the corticospinal system undergoes a transient suppression. This phenomenon has been observed across a range of motor tasks, suggesting that it may be an obligatory component of movement preparation. We probed whether this was also the case when the urgency to perform a motor action was high, in a situation where little time was available to engage in preparatory processes. We controlled the urgency of an impending motor action by increasing or decreasing the foreperiod duration in an anticipatory timing task. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; experiment 1) or a loud acoustic stimulus (LAS; experiment 2) were used to examine how corticospinal and subcortical excitability were modulated during motor preparation. Preparatory inhibition of the corticospinal tract was absent when movement urgency was high, though motor actions were initiated on time. In contrast, subcortical circuits were progressively inhibited as the time to prepare increased. Interestingly, movement force and vigour were reduced by both TMS and the LAS when movement urgency was high, and enhanced when movement urgency was low. These findings indicate that preparatory inhibition may not be an obligatory component of motor preparation. The behavioural effects we observed in the absence of preparatory inhibition were induced by both TMS and the LAS, suggesting that accessory sensory stimulation may disrupt motor output when such stimulation is presented in the absence of preparatory inhibition. We conclude that preparatory inhibition may be an adaptive strategy which can serve to protect the prepared motor action from external interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N McInnes
- School of Population Health, Discipline of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Population Health, Discipline of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ann-Maree Vallence
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Welber Marinovic
- School of Population Health, Discipline of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Neige C, Rannaud Monany D, Lebon F. Exploring cortico-cortical interactions during action preparation by means of dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:678-692. [PMID: 34274404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Action preparation is characterized by a set of complex and distributed processes that occur in multiple brain areas. Interestingly, dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relevant technique to probe effective connectivity between cortical areas, with a high temporal resolution. In the current systematic review, we aimed at providing a detailed picture of the cortico-cortical interactions underlying action preparation focusing on dual-coil TMS studies. We considered four theoretical processes (impulse control, action selection, movement initiation and action reprogramming) and one task modulator (movement complexity). The main findings highlight 1) the interplay between primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor, prefrontal and parietal cortices during action preparation, 2) the varying (facilitatory or inhibitory) cortico-cortical influence depending on the theoretical processes and the TMS timing, and 3) the key role of the supplementary motor area-M1 interactions that shape the preparation of simple and complex movements. These findings are of particular interest for clinical perspectives, with a need to better characterize functional connectivity deficiency in clinical population with altered action preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Dylan Rannaud Monany
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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24
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Cirillo G, Di Vico IA, Emadi Andani M, Morgante F, Sepe G, Tessitore A, Bologna M, Tinazzi M. Changes in Corticospinal Circuits During Premovement Facilitation in Physiological Conditions. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:684013. [PMID: 34234660 PMCID: PMC8255790 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.684013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in corticospinal excitability have been well documented in the preparatory period before movement, however, their mechanisms and physiological role have not been entirely elucidated. We aimed to investigate the functional changes of excitatory corticospinal circuits during a reaction time (RT) motor task (thumb abduction) in healthy subjects (HS). 26 HS received single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). After a visual go signal, we calculated RT and delivered TMS at three intervals (50, 100, and 150 ms) within RT and before movement onset, recording motor evoked potentials (MEP) from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and the task-irrelevant abductor digiti minimi (ADM). We found that TMS increased MEPAPB amplitude when delivered at 150, 100, and 50 ms before movement onset, demonstrating the occurrence of premovement facilitation (PMF). MEP increase was greater at the shorter interval (MEP50) and restricted to APB (no significant effects were detected recording from ADM). We also reported time-dependent changes of the RT and a TMS side-dependent effect on MEP amplitude (greater on the dominant side). In conclusion, we here report changes of RT and side-dependent, selective and facilitatory effects on the MEPAPB amplitude when TMS is delivered before movement onset (PMF), supporting the role of excitatory corticospinal mechanisms at the basis of the selective PMF of the target muscle during the RT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Antonella Di Vico
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mehran Emadi Andani
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sepe
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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25
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Opie GM, Liao WY, Semmler JG. Interactions Between Cerebellum and the Intracortical Excitatory Circuits of Motor Cortex: a Mini-Review. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 21:159-166. [PMID: 33978934 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cerebellum (CB) and primary motor cortex (M1) are critical for effective motor function. Although the associated neurophysiological processes are yet to be fully characterised, a growing body of work using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques has significantly progressed our current understanding. In particular, recent developments with both transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (tDCS) stimulation suggest that CB modulates the activity of local excitatory interneuronal circuits within M1. These circuits are known to be important both physiologically and functionally, and understanding the nature of their connectivity with CB therefore has the potential to provide important insight for NIBS applications. Consequently, this mini-review provides an overview of the emerging literature that has investigated interactions between CB and the intracortical excitatory circuits of M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Wei-Yeh Liao
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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26
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Leukel C, Kurz A. Determining the types of descending waves from transcranial magnetic stimulation measured with conditioned H-reflexes in humans. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5038-5046. [PMID: 33966324 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive techniques are scarce with which human (motor) cortical mechanisms can be investigated. In a series of previous experiments, we have applied an advanced form of conditioning technique with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation by which excitability changes at the laminar level in the primary motor cortex can be estimated. This method builds on the assumption that the first of subsequent corticospinal waves from TMS which is assessed with H-reflexes (called early facilitation) results from indirect excitation of corticospinal neurons in motor cortex (I-wave) and not direct excitation of corticospinal axons (D-wave). So far, we have not provided strong experimental evidence that this is actually the case. In the present study, we therefore compared temporal differences of the early facilitation between transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation (TES). TES is known to excite the axons of corticospinal neurons. TES in our study caused a temporal shift of the early facilitation of H-reflexes in all subjects compared to TMS, which indicates that the early facilitation with TMS is indeed produced by an I-wave. Additionally, we investigated temporal shifts of the early facilitation with different TMS intensities and two TMS coils. It has long been known that TMS with higher intensities can induce a D-wave. Accordingly, we found that TMS with an intensity of 150% of resting motor threshold compared to 130%/110% results in a temporal shift of the early facilitation, indicating the presence of a D-wave. This effect was dependent on the coil type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leukel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Gomez IN, Ormiston K, Greenhouse I. Response preparation involves a release of intracortical inhibition in task-irrelevant muscles. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:523-532. [PMID: 33356901 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00390.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Action preparation involves widespread modulation of motor system excitability, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we investigated whether intracortical inhibition changes in task-irrelevant muscle representations during action preparation. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electromyography in healthy human adults to measure motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) in task-irrelevant muscles during the preparatory period of simple delayed response tasks. In experiment 1, participants responded with the left index finger in one task condition and the right index finger in another task condition, whereas MEPs and CSPs were measured from the contralateral nonresponding and tonically contracted index finger. During experiment 2, participants responded with the right pinky finger whereas MEPs and CSPs were measured from the tonically contracted left index finger. In both experiments, MEPs and CSPs were compared between the task preparatory period and a resting intertrial baseline. The CSP duration during response preparation decreased from baseline in every case. A laterality difference was also observed in experiment 1, with a greater CSP reduction during the preparation of left finger responses compared to right finger responses. Despite reductions in CSP duration, consistent with a release of intracortical inhibition, MEP amplitudes were smaller during action preparation when accounting for background levels of muscle activity, consistent with earlier studies that reported decreased corticospinal excitability. These findings indicate that intracortical inhibition associated with task-irrelevant muscles is transiently released during action preparation and implicate a novel mechanism for the controlled and coordinated release of motor cortex inhibition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we observed the first evidence of a release of intracortical inhibition in task-irrelevant muscle representations during response preparation. We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit cortical silent periods in task-irrelevant muscles during response preparation, and observed a consistent decrease in the silent period duration relative to a resting baseline. These findings address the question of whether cortical mechanisms underlie widespread modulation in motor excitability during response preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Gomez
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Kara Ormiston
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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28
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Opie GM, Semmler JG. Preferential Activation of Unique Motor Cortical Networks With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Review of the Physiological, Functional, and Clinical Evidence. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:813-828. [PMID: 33295685 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The corticospinal volley produced by application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex consists of a number of waves generated by trans-synaptic input from interneuronal circuits. These indirect (I)-waves mediate the sensitivity of TMS to cortical plasticity and intracortical excitability and can be assessed by altering the direction of cortical current induced by TMS. While this methodological approach has been conventionally viewed as preferentially recruiting early or late I-wave inputs from a given populations of neurons, growing evidence suggests recruitment of different neuronal populations, and this would strongly influence interpretation and application of these measures. The aim of this review is therefore to consider the physiological, functional, and clinical evidence for the independence of the neuronal circuits activated by different current directions. MATERIALS AND METHODS To provide the relevant context, we begin with an overview of TMS methodology, focusing on the different techniques used to quantify I-waves. We then comprehensively review the literature that has used variations in coil orientation to investigate the I-wave circuits, grouping studies based on the neurophysiological, functional, and clinical relevance of their outcomes. RESULTS Review of the existing literature reveals significant evidence supporting the idea that varying current direction can recruit different neuronal populations having unique functionally and clinically relevant characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Further research providing greater characterization of the I-wave circuits activated with different current directions is required. This will facilitate the development of interventions that are able to modulate specific intracortical circuits, which will be an important application of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Opie
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John G Semmler
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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29
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Vassiliadis P, Derosiere G, Grandjean J, Duque J. Motor training strengthens corticospinal suppression during movement preparation. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1656-1666. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00378.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement preparation involves a broad suppression in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway, a phenomenon called preparatory suppression. Here, we show that motor training strengthens preparatory suppression and that this strengthening is associated with faster reaction times. Our findings highlight a key role of preparatory suppression in training-driven behavioral improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vassiliadis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Grandjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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De Doncker W, Brown KE, Kuppuswamy A. Influence of post-stroke fatigue on reaction times and corticospinal excitability during movement preparation. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:191-199. [PMID: 33302061 PMCID: PMC7810236 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Higher the fatigue, lesser the inhibition in movement preparation in stroke survivors. Higher the fatigue, lesser the pre-movement facilitation and slower the reaction times. Poor excitability modulation supports sensory attenuation model of fatigue.
Objectives Reduced corticospinal excitability at rest is associated with post-stroke fatigue (PSF). However, it is not known if corticospinal excitability prior to a movement is also altered in fatigue which may then influence subsequent behaviour. We hypothesized that the levels of PSF can be explained by differences in modulation of corticospinal excitability during movement preparation. Methods 73 stroke survivors performed an auditory reaction time task. Corticospinal excitability was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Fatigue was quantified using the fatigue severity scale. The effect of time and fatigue on corticospinal excitability and reaction time was analysed using a mixed effects model. Results Those with greater levels of PSF showed reduced suppression of corticospinal excitability during movement preparation and increased facilitation immediately prior to movement onset (β = −0.0066, t = −2.22, p = 0.0263). Greater the fatigue, slower the reaction times the closer the stimulation time to movement onset (β = 0.0024, t = 2.47, p = 0.0159). Conclusions Lack of pre-movement modulation of corticospinal excitability in high fatigue may indicate poor sensory processing supporting the sensory attenuation model of fatigue. Significance We take a systems-based approach and investigate the motor system and its role in pathological fatigue allowing us to move towards gaining a mechanistic understanding of chronic pathological fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- William De Doncker
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Annapoorna Kuppuswamy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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31
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Rawji V, Latorre A, Sharma N, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L. On the Use of TMS to Investigate the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:584664. [PMID: 33224098 PMCID: PMC7669623 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.584664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a collection of disorders that result in the progressive degeneration and death of neurons. They are clinically heterogenous and can present as deficits in movement, cognition, executive function, memory, visuospatial awareness and language. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool that allows for the assessment of cortical function in vivo. We review how TMS has been used for the investigation of three neurodegenerative diseases that differ in their neuroanatomical axes: (1) Motor cortex-corticospinal tract (motor neuron diseases), (2) Non-motor cortical areas (dementias), and (3) Subcortical structures (parkinsonisms). We also make four recommendations that we hope will benefit the use of TMS in neurodegenerative diseases. Firstly, TMS has traditionally been limited by the lack of an objective output and so has been confined to stimulation of the motor cortex; this limitation can be overcome by the use of concurrent neuroimaging methods such as EEG. Given that neurodegenerative diseases progress over time, TMS measures should aim to track longitudinal changes, especially when the aim of the study is to look at disease progression and symptomatology. The lack of gold-standard diagnostic confirmation undermines the validity of findings in clinical populations. Consequently, diagnostic certainty should be maximized through a variety of methods including multiple, independent clinical assessments, imaging and fluids biomarkers, and post-mortem pathological confirmation where possible. There is great interest in understanding the mechanisms by which symptoms arise in neurodegenerative disorders. However, TMS assessments in patients are usually carried out during resting conditions, when the brain network engaged during these symptoms is not expressed. Rather, a context-appropriate form of TMS would be more suitable in probing the physiology driving clinical symptoms. In all, we hope that the recommendations made here will help to further understand the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Xia X, Wang D, Song Y, Zhu M, Li Y, Chen R, Zhang J. Involvement of the primary motor cortex in the early processing stage of the affective stimulus-response compatibility effect in a manikin task. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117485. [PMID: 33132186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compatible (positive approaching and negative avoiding) and incompatible (positive avoiding and negative approaching) behavior are of great significance for biological adaptation and survival. Previous research has found that reaction times of compatible behavior are shorter than the incompatible behavior, which is termed the stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect. However, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of the SRC effect applied to affective stimuli is still unclear. Here, we investigated preparatory activities in both the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) before the execution of an approaching-avoiding behavior using the right index finger in a manikin task based on self-identity. The results showed significantly shorter reaction times for compatible than incompatible behavior. Most importantly, motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes from left M1 stimulation were significantly higher during compatible behavior than incompatible behavior at 150 and 200 ms after stimulus presentation, whereas the reversed was observed for right M1 stimulation with lower MEP amplitude in compatible compared to incompatible behavior at 150 ms. The current findings revealed the compatibility effect at both behavioral and neurophysiological levels, indicating that the affective SRC effect occurs early in the motor cortices during stimulus processing, and MEP modulation at this early processing stage could be a physiological marker of the affective SRC effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyu Song
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyan Zhu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansong Li
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Pisa M, Chieffo R, Congiu M, Dalla Costa G, Esposito F, Romeo M, Comola M, Comi G, Leocani L. Intracortical motor conduction is associated with hand dexterity in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1222-1229. [PMID: 32975472 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520960374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand dexterity dysfunction is a key feature of disability in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). It underlies corticospinal tract (CST) and cerebellar integrity, as well as disruption of cortical networks, which are hardly assessed by standard techniques. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a promising tool for evaluating the integrity of intracortical motor pathways. OBJECTIVE To investigate neurophysiological correlates of motor hand impairment in PMS. METHODS Antero-posterior (AP) stimulation of the primary motor cortex activates the CST indirectly through polysynaptic pathways, while a direct CST activation occurs with latero-medial (LM) directed current. Thirty PMS and 15 healthy controls underwent dominant hand motor evoked potentials (MEP) using AP and LM-directed stimulation, and a clinical assessment of dexterity (nine-hole peg test) and strength (MRC scale, grip and pinch). RESULTS PMS with AP-LM latency difference 2.5 standard deviation above the mean of controls (33%) showed worse dexterity but no difference in upper limb strength. Accordingly, AP-LM latency shortening predicted dexterity (R2 = 0.538, p < 0.001), but not strength impairment. On the contrary, absolute MEP latencies only correlated with strength (grip: R2 = 0.381, p = 0.014; MRC: R2 = 0.184, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION AP-LM latency shortening may be used to assess the integrity polysynaptic intracortical networks implicated in dexterity impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pisa
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Chieffo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Congiu
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Dalla Costa
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Romeo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Comola
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy/Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Grandjean J, Duque J. A TMS study of preparatory suppression in binge drinkers. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102383. [PMID: 32828028 PMCID: PMC7451449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking consists in a pattern of consumption characterised by the repeated alternation between massive alcohol intakes and abstinence periods. A continuum hypothesis suggests that this drinking endeavour represents an early stage of alcohol dependence rather than a separate phenomenon. Among the variety of alterations in alcohol-dependent individuals (ADIs), one has to do with the motor system, which does not show a normal pattern of activity during action preparation. In healthy controls (HCs), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex (M1) show both facilitation and suppression effects, depending on the time and setting of TMS during action preparation. A recent study focusing on the suppression component revealed that this aspect of preparatory activity is abnormally weak in ADIs and that this defect scales with the risk of relapse. In the present study, we tested whether binge drinkers (BDs) present a similar deficit. To do so, we recorded MEPs in a set of hand muscles applying TMS in 20 BDs and in 20 matched HCs while they were preparing index finger responses in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Consistent with past research, the MEP data in HCs revealed a strong MEP suppression in this task. This effect was evident in all hand muscles, regardless of whether they were relevant or irrelevant in the task. BDs also showed some preparatory suppression, yet this effect was less consistent, especially in the prime mover of the responding hand. These findings suggest abnormal preparatory activity in BDs, similar to alcohol-dependent patients, though some of the current results also raise new questions regarding the significance of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grandjean
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Spampinato D. Dissecting two distinct interneuronal networks in M1 with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1693-1700. [PMID: 32661650 PMCID: PMC7413864 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions from both inhibitory and excitatory interneurons are necessary components of cortical processing that contribute to the vast amount of motor actions executed by humans daily. As transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex is capable of activating corticospinal neurons trans-synaptically, studies over the past 30 years have provided how subtle changes in stimulation parameters (i.e., current direction, pulse width, and paired-pulse) can elucidate evidence for two distinct neuronal networks that can be probed with this technique. This article provides a brief review of some fundamental studies demonstrating how these networks have separable excitatory inputs to corticospinal neurons. Furthermore, the findings of recent investigations will be discussed in detail, illustrating how each network's sensitivity to different brain states (i.e., rest, movement preparation, and motor learning) is dissociable. Understanding the physiological characteristics of each network can help to explain why interindividual responses to TMS exist, while also providing insights into the role of these networks in various human motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Spampinato
- Department for Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, London, UK.
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36
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Advanced TMS approaches to probe corticospinal excitability during action preparation. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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37
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a non-invasive window into the excitatory circuits involved in human motor behavior. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1637-1644. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Ibáñez J, Spampinato DA, Paraneetharan V, Rothwell JC. SICI during changing brain states: Differences in methodology can lead to different conclusions. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:353-356. [PMID: 31711879 PMCID: PMC7790761 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI) is extensively used to probe GABAergic inhibitory mechanisms in M1. Task-related changes in SICI are presumed to reflect changes in the central excitability of GABAergic pathways. Usually, the level of SICI is evaluated using a single intensity of conditioning stimulus so that inhibition can be compared in different brain states. OBJECTIVE Here, we show that this approach may sometimes be inadequate since distinct conclusions can be drawn if a different CS intensity is used. METHODS We measured SICI using a range of CS intensities at rest and during a warned simple reaction time task. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SICI changes that occurred during the task could be either larger or smaller than at rest depending on the intensity of the CS. These findings indicate that careful interpretation of results are needed when a single intensity of CS is used to measure task-related physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ibáñez
- Department for Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Danny A Spampinato
- Department for Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Varshini Paraneetharan
- Department for Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department for Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Yoo SBM, Hayden BY. The Transition from Evaluation to Selection Involves Neural Subspace Reorganization in Core Reward Regions. Neuron 2020; 105:712-724.e4. [PMID: 31836322 PMCID: PMC7035164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Economic choice proceeds from evaluation, in which we contemplate options, to selection, in which we weigh options and choose one. These stages must be differentiated so that decision makers do not proceed to selection before evaluation is complete. We examined responses of neurons in two core reward regions, orbitofrontal (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), during two-option choice with asynchronous offer presentation. Our data suggest that neurons selective during the first (presumed evaluation) and second (presumed comparison and selection) offer epochs come from a single pool. Stage transition is accompanied by a shift toward orthogonality in the low-dimensional population response manifold. Nonetheless, the relative position of each option in driving responses in the population subspace is preserved. The orthogonalization we observe supports the hypothesis that the transition from evaluation to selection leads to reorganization of response subspace and suggests a mechanism by which value-related signals are prevented from prematurely driving choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Bum Michael Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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40
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Tuning the Corticospinal System: How Distributed Brain Circuits Shape Human Actions. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:359-379. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858419896751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactive behaviors rely on the operation of several processes allowing the control of actions, including their selection, withholding, and cancellation. The corticospinal system provides a unique route through which multiple brain circuits can exert control over bodily motor acts. In humans, the influence of these modulatory circuits on the corticospinal system can be probed using various transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols. Here, we review neural data from TMS studies at the basis of our current understanding of how diverse pathways—including intra-cortical, trans-cortical, and subcortico-cortical circuits—contribute to action control by tuning the activity of the corticospinal system. Critically, when doing so, we point out important caveats in the field that arise from the fact that these circuits, and their impact on the corticospinal system, have not been considered equivalently for action selection, withholding, and cancellation. This has led to the misleading view that some circuits or regions are specialized in specific control processes and that they produce particular modulatory changes in corticospinal excitability (e.g., generic vs. specific modulation of corticospinal excitability). Hence, we point to the need for more transversal research approaches in the field of action control.
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41
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Opie GM, Hand BJ, Semmler JG. Age-related changes in late synaptic inputs to corticospinal neurons and their functional significance: A paired-pulse TMS study. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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42
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Escape From Oblivion: Neural Mechanisms of Emergence From General Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:726-736. [PMID: 30883418 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The question of how general anesthetics suppress consciousness has persisted since the mid-19th century, but it is only relatively recently that the field has turned its focus to a systematic understanding of emergence. Once assumed to be a purely passive process, spontaneously occurring as residual levels of anesthetics dwindle below a critical value, emergence from general anesthesia has been reconsidered as an active and controllable process. Emergence is driven by mechanisms that can be distinct from entry to the anesthetized state. In this narrative review, we focus on the burgeoning scientific understanding of anesthetic emergence, summarizing current knowledge of the neurotransmitter, neuromodulators, and neuronal groups that prime the brain as it prepares for its journey back from oblivion. We also review evidence for possible strategies that may actively bias the brain back toward the wakeful state.
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43
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Tran DMD, Harris JA, Harris IM, Livesey EJ. Motor Conflict: Revealing Involuntary Conditioned Motor Preparation Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2478-2488. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Preparing actions to achieve goals, overriding habitual responses, and substituting actions that are no longer relevant are aspects of motor control often assumed to be driven by deliberate top-down processes. In the present study, we investigated whether motor control could come under involuntary control of environmental cues that have been associated with specific actions in the past. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe corticospinal excitability as an index of motor preparation, while participants performed a Go/No-Go task (i.e., an action outcome or no action outcome task) and rated what trial was expected to appear next (Go or No-Go). We found that corticospinal excitability during a warning cue for the upcoming trial closely matched recent experience (i.e., cue–outcome pairings), despite conflicting with what participants expected would appear. The results reveal that in an action–outcome task, neurophysiological indices of motor preparation show changes that are consistent with participants learning to associate a preparatory warning cue with a specific action, and are not consistent with the action that participants explicitly anticipate making. This dissociation with conscious expectancy ratings reveals that conditioned responding and motor preparation can operate independently of conscious expectancies about having to act.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M D Tran
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - J A Harris
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - I M Harris
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - E J Livesey
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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44
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Ibáñez J, Hannah R, Rocchi L, Rothwell JC. Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability may be a Necessary Part of Movement Preparation. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2910-2923. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In reaction time (RT) tasks corticospinal excitability (CSE) rises just prior to movement. This is preceded by a paradoxical reduction in CSE, when the time of the imperative (“GO”) stimulus is relatively predictable. Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether reduced CSE reflects a mechanism for withholding prepared actions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. To address this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to estimate CSE changes preceding 1) RT movements; 2) movements synchronized with a predictable signal (predictive timing or PT movements); and 3) self-paced movements. Results show that CSE decreases with a similar temporal profile in all three cases, suggesting that it reflects a previously unrecognised state in the transition between rest and movement. Although TMS revealed reduced CSE in all movements, the TMS pulse itself had different effects on movement times. TMS given ~200 ms before the times to move speeded the onset of RT and self-paced movements, suggesting that their initiation depends on a form of trigger that can be conditioned by external events. On the contrary, PT movements did not show this effect, suggesting the use of a different triggering strategy prioritizing internal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R Hannah
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - L Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - J C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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45
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Fu L, Rocchi L, Hannah R, Xu G, Rothwell JC, Ibáñez J. Corticospinal excitability modulation by pairing peripheral nerve stimulation with cortical states of movement initiation. J Physiol 2019; 599:2471-2482. [PMID: 31579945 DOI: 10.1113/jp278536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We compare the effects on corticospinal excitability of repeatedly delivering peripheral nerve stimulation at three time points (-30 ms, 0 ms, +50 ms) relative to muscle onset in a cue-guided task. Plastic changes in excitability are only observed when stimuli are delivered immediately before the time when muscles activate, while stimuli delivered at muscle onset or shortly later (0, +50 ms) have no effect. Plastic effects are abolished if there is ongoing volitional electromyogram activity in the muscles prior to the onset of the phasic contraction. The plastic effects induced by timing peripheral stimulation relative to electromyographic markers of muscle activation are as effective as those that occur if stimulation is timed relative to electroencephalographic markers of motor cortical activation. We provide a simple alternative protocol to induce plasticity in people in whom electroencephalogram recording is difficult. ABSTRACT Plastic changes in corticospinal excitability (CSE) and motor function can be induced in a targeted and long-term manner if afferent volleys evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation are repeatedly associated with the peak of premovement brain activity assessed with an electroencephalogram (EEG). The present study investigated whether other factors might also characterize this optimal brain state for plasticity induction. In healthy human volunteers (n = 24), we found that the same reliable changes in CSE can be induced by timing peripheral afferent stimulation relative to the onset of electromyogram (EMG) activity rather than using the EEG peak. Specifically, we observed an increase in CSE when peripheral stimulation activated the cortex just before movement initiation. By contrast, there was no effect on CSE if the afferent input reached the cortex at the same time or after EMG onset, consistent with the idea that the temporal order of synaptic activation from afferent input and voluntary movement is important for production of plasticity. Finally, in 14 volunteers, we found that background voluntary muscle activity prior to movement also abolished the effect on CSE. One possible explanation is that the intervention strengthens synapses that are inactive at rest but change their activity in anticipation of movement, and that the intervention fails when the synapses are tonically active during background EMG activity. Overall, we demonstrate that, in individuals with voluntary control of muscles targeted by our intervention, EMG signals are a suitable alternative to an EEG for inducing plasticity by coupling movement-related brain states with peripheral afferent input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Fu
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guizhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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46
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Smith V, Maslovat D, Carlsen AN. StartReact effects are dependent on engagement of startle reflex circuits: support for a subcortically mediated initiation pathway. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2541-2547. [PMID: 31642402 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00505.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The "StartReact" effect refers to the rapid involuntary triggering of a prepared movement in response to a loud startling acoustic stimulus (SAS). This effect is typically confirmed by the presence of short-latency electromyographic activity in startle reflex-related muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid (SCM); however, there is debate regarding the specific neural pathways involved in the StartReact effect. Some research has implicated a subcortically mediated pathway, which would predict different response latencies depending on the presence of a startle reflex. Alternatively, other research has suggested that this effect involves the same pathways responsible for voluntary response initiation and simply reflects higher preparatory activation levels, and thus faster voluntary initiation. To distinguish between these competing hypotheses, the present study assessed preparation level during a simple reaction time (RT) task involving wrist extension in response to a control tone or a SAS. Premotor RT and startle circuitry engagement (as measured by SCM activation) were determined for each trial. Additionally, preparation level at the go signal on each trial was measured using motor-evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Results showed that SAS trial RTs were significantly shorter (P = 0.009) in the presence of startle-related SCM activity. Nevertheless, preparation levels (as indexed by MEP amplitude) were statistically equivalent between trials with and without SCM activation. These results indicate that the StartReact effect relates to engagement of the startle reflex circuitry rather than simply being a result of an increased level of preparatory activation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neural mechanism underlying the early triggering of goal-directed actions by a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) is unclear. We show that although significant reaction time differences were evident depending on whether the SAS elicited a startle reflex, motor preparatory activation was the same. Thus, in a highly prepared state, the short-latency responses associated with the StartReact effect appear to be related to engagement of startle reflex circuitry, not differences in motor preparatory level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Smith
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dana Maslovat
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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47
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Dupin L, Carment L, Guedj L, Cuenca M, Krebs MO, Maier MA, Amado I, Lindberg PG. Predictive Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability and Implicit Encoding of Movement Probability in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1358-1366. [PMID: 30561714 PMCID: PMC6811836 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to infer from uncertain information is impaired in schizophrenia and is associated with hallucinations and false beliefs. The accumulation of information is a key process for generating a predictive internal model, which statistically estimates an outcome from a specific situation. This study examines if updating the predictive model by the accumulation of information in absence of feedback is impaired in schizophrenia. We explored the implicit adaptation to the probability of being instructed to perform a movement (33%-Go, 50%-Go, or 66%-Go) in a Go/NoGo task in terms of reaction times (RTs), electromyographic activity, and corticospinal excitability (CSE) of primary motor cortex (M1). CSE was assessed at two time points to evaluate prediction of the upcoming instruction based on previously accumulated information: at rest (preceding the warning signal) and at the Go/NoGo signal onset. Three groups were compared: patients with schizophrenia (n = 20), unaffected siblings (n = 16), and healthy controls (n = 20). Controls and siblings showed earlier movement onset and increased CSE with higher Go probability. CSE adaptation seemed long-lasting, because the two CSE measures, at least 1500 ms apart, strongly correlated. Patients with schizophrenia failed to show movement onset (RT) adaptation and modulation of CSE. In contrast, all groups decreased movement duration with increasing Go probability. Modulation of CSE in the anticipatory phase of the potential movement reflected the estimation of upcoming response probability in unaffected controls and siblings. Impaired modulation of CSE supports the hypothesis that implicit adaptation to probabilistic context is altered in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Dupin
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences, FR3636, CNRS–Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 102–108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France; tel: +33 (0)1 40 78 86 63, fax: +33 (0)1 45 80 72 93, e-mail:
| | - Loïc Carment
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences, FR3636, CNRS–Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laura Guedj
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences, FR3636, CNRS–Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences, FR3636, CNRS–Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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48
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A Dynamical System Framework for Theorizing Preparatory Inhibition. J Neurosci 2019; 38:3391-3393. [PMID: 29618545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0069-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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49
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Between-hand coupling during response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1357-1366. [PMID: 31339791 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition reflects the process of terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing movements. When one hand is cued to stop after preparing a bimanual response (Partial trial), there is a substantial delay on the responding side. This delay is termed the interference effect and identifies a constraint that limits selective response inhibition. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated networks within primary motor cortex (M1) may have distinct roles during response inhibition. In this study we examined whether the interference effect is the consequence of between-hand "coupling" into a unitary response and whether this is reflected in GABAergic intracortical inhibition within M1. Eighteen healthy right-handed participants performed a bimanual synchronous and asynchronous anticipatory response inhibition task. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the first dorsal interosseous muscle bilaterally. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over right M1. As expected, Go trial performance was better with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous version of the task. Paradoxically, response delays during Partial trials were longer with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous task. Although task difficulty did not modulate GABAergic intracortical inhibition, there was a trend for between-hand coupling on asynchronous trials to be associated with greater GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition and lesser recruitment of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. The novel findings indicate that the interference effect is in part a consequence of between-hand coupling into a unitary response during movement preparation. The ability to respond independently with the two hands may rely on modulation of distinct inhibitory processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The temporal dynamics of an anticipated response task were manipulated to effect the difficulty of behavioral stopping and the underlying effects on motor neurophysiology. There were large response delays during trials where a subcomponent of an upcoming bimanual response was cued to stop in conditions where the anticipated action of the hands were synchronous, but not when asynchronous. Response delays reflected the integration of actions of both hands into a unitary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Caminiti R. Corticocortical Systems Underlying High-Order Motor Control. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4404-4421. [PMID: 30886016 PMCID: PMC6554627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2094-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are characterized by the origin, destination, and reciprocity of their connections, as well as by the diameter, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficacy of their axons. The network formed by parietal and frontal areas lies at the core of cognitive-motor control because the outflow of parietofrontal signaling is conveyed to the subcortical centers and spinal cord through different parallel pathways, whose orchestration determines, not only when and how movements will be generated, but also the nature of forthcoming actions. Despite intensive studies over the last 50 years, the role of corticocortical connections in motor control and the principles whereby selected cortical networks are recruited by different task demands remain elusive. Furthermore, the synaptic integration of different cortical signals, their modulation by transthalamic loops, and the effects of conduction delays remain challenging questions that must be tackled to understand the dynamical aspects of parietofrontal operations. In this article, we evaluate results from nonhuman primate and selected rodent experiments to offer a viewpoint on how corticocortical systems contribute to learning and producing skilled actions. Addressing this subject is not only of scientific interest but also essential for interpreting the devastating consequences for motor control of lesions at different nodes of this integrated circuit. In humans, the study of corticocortical motor networks is currently based on MRI-related methods, such as resting-state connectivity and diffusion tract-tracing, which both need to be contrasted with histological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
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