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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Eichler R, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Adachi S, Dressler R, Hirose K, Inoue H, Ito Y, Kashihara A, Makii H, Nishio K, Sakama M, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Tsukada K, Watanabe E, Nagame Y. Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Chiera
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Robert Eichler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Tomitsuka
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Sadia Adachi
- Graduate School of Science Tsukuba University Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Hirose
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Ayuna Kashihara
- Graduate School of Science Tsukuba University Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Makii
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Nishio
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Minoru Sakama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima 770-8503 Japan
| | - Kaori Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Eichler R, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Adachi S, Dressler R, Hirose K, Inoue H, Ito Y, Kashihara A, Makii H, Nishio K, Sakama M, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Tsukada K, Watanabe E, Nagame Y. Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17871-17874. [PMID: 33978998 PMCID: PMC8456785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The formation and the chemical characterization of single atoms of dubnium (Db, element 105), in the form of its volatile oxychloride, was investigated using the on‐line gas phase chromatography technique, in the temperature range 350–600 °C. Under the exactly same chemical conditions, comparative studies with the lighter homologues of Group 5 in the Periodic Table clearly indicate the volatility sequence being NbOCl3 > TaOCl3 ≥ DbOCl3. From the obtained experimental results, thermochemical data for DbOCl3 were derived. The present study delivers reliable experimental information for theoretical calculations on chemical properties of transactinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Chiera
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya K Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Robert Eichler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Tomitsuka
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Sadia Adachi
- Graduate School of Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Hirose
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ayuna Kashihara
- Graduate School of Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Makii
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Nishio
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of physical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) was used to investigate the influence of various reaction parameters onto the formation and transport of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions. FORA is based on a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes. Those are recoiling from the spontaneous fission source into a reaction chamber flushed with a gas-mixture containing CO. Upon contact with CO, fission products form volatile MCCs which are further transported by the gas stream to the detection setup, consisting of a charcoal trap mounted in front of a HPGe γ-detector. Depending on the reaction conditions, MCCs are formed and transported with different efficiencies. Using this setup, the impact of varying physical parameters like gas flow, gas pressure, kinetic energy of fission products upon entering the reaction chamber and temperature of the reaction chamber on the formation and transport yields of MCCs was investigated. Using a setup similar to FORA called Miss Piggy, various gas mixtures of CO with a selection of noble gases, as well as N2 and H2, were investigated with respect to their effect onto MCC formation and transport. Based on this measurements, optimized reaction conditions to maximize the synthesis and transport of MCCs are suggested. Explanations for the observed results supported by simulations are suggested as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Ito Y, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Nagame Y. Optimization of an isothermal gas-chromatographic setup for the chemical exploration of dubnium (Db, Z = 105) oxychlorides. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Nagame Y. Formation and thermochemical properties of oxychlorides of niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta): Towards the gas-phase investigation of dubnium (Db) oxychloride. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pershina V, Borschevsky A, Iliaš M, Türler A. Theoretical predictions of properties and volatility of chlorides and oxychlorides of group-4 elements. II. Adsorption of tetrachlorides and oxydichlorides of Zr, Hf, and Rf on neutral and modified surfaces. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:064315. [PMID: 25134579 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to interpret results of gas-phase chromatography experiments on volatility of group-4 tetrachlorides and oxychlorides including those of Rf, adsorption enthalpies of these species on neutral, and modified quartz surfaces were estimated on the basis of relativistic, two-component Density Functional Theory calculations of MCl4, MOCl2, MCl6(-), and MOCl4(2) with the use of adsorption models. Several mechanisms of adsorption were considered. In the case of physisorption of MCl4, the trend in the adsorption energy in the group should be Zr > Hf > Rf, so that the volatility should change in the opposite direction. The latter trend complies with the one in the sublimation enthalpies, ΔH(sub), of the Zr and Hf tetrachlorides, i.e., Zr < Hf. On the basis of a correlation between these quantities, ΔH(sub)(RfCl4) was predicted as 104.2 kJ/mol. The energy of physisorption of MOCl2 on quartz should increase in the group, Zr < Hf < Rf, as defined by increasing dipole moments of these molecules along the series. In the case of adsorption of MCl4 on quartz by chemical forces, formation of the MOCl2 or MOCl4(2-) complexes on the surface can take place, so that the sequence in the adsorption energy should be Zr > Hf > Rf, as defined by the complex formation energies. In the case of adsorption of MCl4 on a chlorinated quartz surface, formation of the MCl6(2-) surface complexes can occur, so that the trend in the adsorption strength should be Zr ≤ Hf < Rf. All the predicted sequences, showing a smooth change of the adsorption energy in the group, are in disagreement with the reversed trend Zr ≈ Rf < Hf, observed in the "one-atom-at-a-time" gas-phase chromatography experiments. Thus, currently no theoretical explanation can be found for the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, Darmstadt D-64291, Germany
| | - A Borschevsky
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany and Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, 0745 North Shore MSC, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, SK-974 00 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - A Türler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland and Laboratory for Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Pershina V, Anton J. Theoretical predictions of properties and gas-phase chromatography behaviour of bromides of group-5 elements Nb, Ta, and element 105, Db. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:034308. [PMID: 22280761 DOI: 10.1063/1.3676176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Abstract
Abstract
The isothermal gas chromatographic behaviour of the group 5 elements Nb, Ta and Db was investigated in a brominating atmosphere using the OLGA technique. It was found that Db forms a very volatile compound, most likely the pentabromide, being more volatile than similar compounds formed under identical conditions with Nb and Ta, respectively. This observation is in disagreement with previous experimental investigations of the same compound but in agreement with theoretical prediction.
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Eichler R, Eichler B, Gäggeler HW, Jost D, Piguet D, Türler A. Gas phase chemistry of technetium and rhenium oxychlorides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2000.88.2.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chloride and oxychloride chemistry of the group 7 elements Tc and Re was investigated in order to develop an experimental approach to a gas chemical characterisation of bohrium (Bh, element 107). In thermochromatography experiments with trace amounts of101,104Tc and183,184Re the formation of one volatile compound was observed in O2/HCl containing carrier gas, which was attributed to MO3Cl (M = Tc, Re). From the measured deposition temperatures the adsorption enthalpies on quartz surfaces ΔHads(TcO3Cl) = -51 ± 3 kJ/mol and ΔHads(ReO3Cl) = -62 ± 3 kJ/mol were evaluated. The sublimation enthalpies were derived using an empirical correlation between Δ Hadsand ΔHsubl: ΔHsubl(TcO3Cl) = 49±10 kJ/mol and ΔHsubl(ReO3Cl) = 67±10 kJ/mol. A fast gas chemical separation technique for highly volatile compounds of short-lived isotopes based on isothermal gas solid adsorption chromatography (OLGA-principle) was developed. With a modified OLGA device, model studies with the short-lived nuclides106,107,108Tc and169,170,174,176Re were carried out in preparation of an experimental gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107). Separation times of less than 3 s were achieved. A good separation of the oxychlorides of group 7 elements from chloride and oxychloride compounds of152-155Er,151-154Ho (as models for actinide elements),98-101Nb,99-102Zr (as models for light transactinide elements),218Po, and214Bi was accomplished in this chemical system.
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Momoshima N, Fukuda A, Ishida A, Yoshinaga C. Impact of microorganism on polonium volatilization. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-0538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements and Relativistic Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(04)80028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Eichler B, Türler A, Gäggeler HW. Thermochemical Characterization of Seaborgium Compounds in Gas Adsorption Chromatography. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9917751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Eichler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Türler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H. W. Gäggeler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland, and Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Kaneko T, Tamura K, Kimura S, Kudo H. Reaction of LaCl3 with dipivaloylmethane in gas phase. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02349136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zvára I. Gas phase chemistry studies of transactionoid elements and the relativistic effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s10582-999-1034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schädel M, Brüchle W, Dressler R, Eichler B, Gäggeler HW, Günther R, Gregorich KE, Hoffman DC, Hübener S, Jost DT, Kratz JV, Paulus W, Schumann D, Timokhin S, Trautmann N, Türler A, Wirth G, Yakuschev A. Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium). Nature 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/40375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pershina VG. Electronic Structure and Properties of the Transactinides and Their Compounds. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1977-2010. [PMID: 11848818 DOI: 10.1021/cr941182g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria G. Pershina
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, Postfach 11 05 52, D-64200 Darmstadt, Germany
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