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Watanabe E, Nakajima T, Shinohara A, Kasamatsu Y. Hydration Structure of 102No 2+: A Density Functional Theory-Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2717-2726. [PMID: 38563068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The hydration structure of No2+, the divalent cation of nobelium in water, was investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. First, a series of benchmark calculations were performed to validate the density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods for a molecule containing a No atom. The DFT-MD simulation of the hydration structure of No2+ was conducted after the MD method was validated by simulating the hydration structures of Ca2+ and Sr2+, whose behavior was previously reported to be similar to that of No2+. The model cluster containing M2+ (M = Ca, Sr, or No) and 32 water molecules was used for DFT-MD simulation. The results showed that the hydration distance of No2+ was intermediate between those of Ca2+ and Sr2+. This trend in the hydration distance is in good agreement with the elution position trend obtained in a previous radiochemical experiment. The calculated No-O bond lengths in the optimized structure of [No(H2O)8]2+ was 2.59 Å, while the average No-O bond length of [No(H2O)8]2+ in water by DFT-MD was 2.55 Å. This difference implies the importance of dynamic solvent effects, considering the second (and further) coordination sphere in the theoretical calculation of solution chemistry for superheavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyamacho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Nishina Accelerator-based Science Center, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Minatojimaminamimachi 7-1-26, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-4, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Osaka Aoyama University, Niina 2-11-1, Minoh, Osaka 562-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyamacho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Nishina Accelerator-based Science Center, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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2
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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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3
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Bertoli AC, Miguita AGC, Mingote RM, Augusti R, Duarte HA. Unveiling the Zirconium and Hafnium Speciation in Fluoride‐Nitric Acid Solutions by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Combined with DFT Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C. Bertoli
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Química Inorgânica Teórica (GPQIT) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ana Gabriella C. Miguita
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Mingote
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Hélio A. Duarte
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Química Inorgânica Teórica (GPQIT) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270-901 Brazil
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4
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Kasamatsu Y, Toyomura K, Haba H, Yokokita T, Shigekawa Y, Kino A, Yasuda Y, Komori Y, Kanaya J, Huang M, Murakami M, Kikunaga H, Watanabe E, Yoshimura T, Morita K, Mitsugashira T, Takamiya K, Ohtsuki T, Shinohara A. Co-precipitation behaviour of single atoms of rutherfordium in basic solutions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:226-230. [PMID: 33589784 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All superheavy elements (SHEs), with atomic numbers (Z) ≥104, have been artificially synthesized one atom at a time and their chemical properties are largely unknown. Because these heavy nuclei have short lifetimes as well as extremely low production rates, chemical experiments need to be carried out on single atoms and have mostly been limited to adsorption and extraction. We have now investigated the precipitation properties of the SHE Rf (Z = 104). A co-precipitation method with samarium hydroxide had previously established that the co-precipitation behaviour of a range of elements reflected these elements' tendency to form hydroxide precipitates and/or ammine complex ions. Here we investigated co-precipitation of Rf in basic solutions containing NH3 or NaOH. Comparisons between the behaviour of Rf with that of Zr and Hf (lighter homologues of Rf) and actinide Th (a pseudo-homologue of Rf) showed that Rf does not coordinate strongly with NH3, but forms a hydroxide (co)precipitate that is expected to be Rf(OH)4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kanaya
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Minghui Huang
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
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5
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Censi P, Sirota I, Zuddas P, Lensky N, Merli M, Saiano F, Piazzese D, Sposito F, Venturelli M. Trace element fractionation through halite crystallisation: Geochemical mechanisms and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137926. [PMID: 32217400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halite is an important mineral for industry, agriculture and food production. It crystallises during water evaporation, and the progressive increase of dissolved metal ions in the brine occurs simultaneously. Thus, halite exploitation may deliver metal ions into the environment and the mechanism of this trace element accumulation has to be studied. In this work, we investigate the distribution of lanthanides and Y (hereafter called rare earth elements, REE), Zr and Hf between crystallising halite and brines in the Dead Sea as geochemical tools for recognising the mechanism of metal ion removal from brines and accumulation in halite. Halite forms cubic crystals where octahedral planes sometimes occur under particular thermal gradient conditions. Our findings indicate that crystal morphology influences the mechanism of metal ion removal from brines because octahedral surfaces are polar unlike those that are cubic. Accordingly, octahedra preferentially fractionate aqueous charged species such as [Hf(OH)5]-, compared to neutral species such as [Zr(OH)4]0. Cubic surfaces do not fractionate aqueous species. In crystal cores, positive Eu anomalies occur suggesting Eu substitution for Na in the lattice. This substitution is energetically justified by ab initio calculations. Hf enrichment relative to Zr also occurs in primary halite-rich evaporites. It is not found in cubic halite from saltworks. The results of this study suggest that primary halite kinetically crystallised from brines can concentrate dissolved metal ions onto crystal surfaces where dissolved charged species are adsorbed. Accordingly, the dissolution of halite due to human activity can release these metal ions to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Censi
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - I Sirota
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'yahu Leibowitz, Jerusalem 9371234, Israel; The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - P Zuddas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, METIS, F75005 Paris, France
| | - N Lensky
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'yahu Leibowitz, Jerusalem 9371234, Israel
| | - M Merli
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Saiano
- SAF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - D Piazzese
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Sposito
- SIDERCEM S.R.L., Via Libero Grassi 7, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - M Venturelli
- SIDERCEM S.R.L., Via Libero Grassi 7, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
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6
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Pershina V. Relativity in the electronic structure of the heaviest elements and its influence on periodicities in properties. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical chemical studies demonstrated crucial importance of relativistic effects in the physics and chemistry of superheavy elements (SHEs). Performed, with many of them, in a close link to the experimental research, those investigations have shown that relativistic effects determine periodicities in physical and chemical properties of the elements in the chemical groups and rows of the Periodic Table beyond the 6th one. They could, however, also lead to some deviations from the established trends, so that the predictive power of the Periodic Table in this area may be lost. Results of those studies are overviewed here, with comparison to the recent experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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7
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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8
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Yokoyama A, Kitayama Y, Fukuda Y, Kikunaga H, Murakami M, Komori Y, Yano S, Haba H, Tsukada K, Toyoshima A. Extraction behavior of rutherfordium as a cationic fluoride complex with a TTA chelate extractant from HF/HNO3 acidic solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify relevant Rf chemical species by using reversed-phase extraction chromatography with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) resin as the stationary phase. Because TTA can be used to extract specific metal ions, the distribution ratios of the system enabled determination of the specific complex formation constant of Rf. We performed several experiments on chemical systems with Zr, Hf, No, and Rf, determined their adsorption coefficients, and deduced the K
d values for Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yokoyama
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yuta Kitayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fukuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi 982-0826 , Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yano
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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9
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Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Yokokita T, Kasamatsu Y, Kino A, Haba H, Shigekawa Y, Yasuda Y, Nakamura K, Toyomura K, Komori Y, Murakami M, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Morita K, Shinohara A. Observation of the chemical reaction equilibria of element 104, rutherfordium: solid-liquid extraction of Rf, Zr, Hf and Th with Aliquat 336 resin from HCl. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18827-18831. [PMID: 27853791 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03497g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We successfully observed the equilibrium state of the chemical reactions for superheavy elements on a one-atom-at-a-time scale; we investigated the time dependence of the extraction behaviour of element 104, Rf. The distribution coefficient of Rf in 9 M HCl was found to be higher than those of its homologous elements, probably due to differences in the chloride complexation of Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Aiko Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naruto Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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11
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Alfonso MC, Bennett ME, Folden CM. Extraction chromatography of the Rf homologs, Zr and Hf, using TEVA and UTEVA resins in HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 media. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Schädel M. Chemistry of the superheavy elements. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0191. [PMID: 25666065 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently 'known' SHEs (11 are officially 'discovered' and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe 'relativistically' influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Banda R, Lee MS. Solvent Extraction for the Separation of Zr and Hf from Aqueous Solutions. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2014.920876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of superheavy elements - or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table - is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators (“pre-separator”) are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan / GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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16
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Ishii Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Li Z, Nagame Y, Miyashita S, Mori T, Suganuma H, Haba H, Goto SI, Kudo H, Akiyama K, Oura Y, Shinohara A, Schädel M, Pershina V, Kratz JV. Fluorido Complex Formation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Li ZJ, Toyoshima A, Asai M, Tsukada K, Sato TK, Sato N, Kikuchi T, Nagame Y, Schädel M, Pershina V, Liang XH, et al.. Sulfate complexation of element 104, Rf, in H2SO4/HNO3 mixed solution. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cation-exchange behavior of 261Rf (T
1/2= 78 s) produced in the 248Cm(18O, 5n) reaction was studied on a “one-atom-at-a-time” scale in 0.15–0.69 M H2SO4/HNO3 mixed solutions ([H+]=1.0 M) using an automated ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the detection system for alpha-spectroscopy (AIDA). It was found that adsorption probabilities ( decrease with an increase of [HSO4
−], showing a successive formation of Rf sulfate complexes. Rf exhibits a weaker complex formation tendency compared to the lighter homologues Zr and Hf. This is in good agreement with theoretical predictions including relativistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. J. Li
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - A. Toyoshima
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Science Research Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - M. Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Science Research Centre, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - K. Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Advanced Science Research Centre, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - T. K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Advanced Science Research Centre, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - N. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Advanced Science Research Centre, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - T. Kikuchi
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Advanced Science Research Centre, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | | | - M. Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Deutschland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Deutschland
| | - X. H. Liang
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 275, Volksrepublik China
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Abstract
Abstract
The experimental techniques developed to perform rapid chemical separations of the heaviest elements in the aqueous phase are presented. In general, these include transport of the nuclear reaction products to a separation device by the gas-jet technique and dissolution in an aqueous solution containing inorganic ligands for complex formation. The complexes are chemically characterized by a partition method which can be liquid–liquid extraction, ion-exchange- or reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The separated fractions are quickly evaporated to dryness for the preparation of samples for α-particle spectroscopy. Comments are given on the special situation in which chemistry has to be studied with single atoms. Theoretical predictions of chemical properties are compared to the presently known chemical behaviour of rutherfordium, Rf (element 104), dubnium, Db (element 105), seaborgium, Sg (element 106), and hassium, Hs (element 108) and to that of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table in order to assess the role of relativistic effects in the chemistry of the heaviest elements.
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Pershina V. Electronic Structure and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Abstract
SummaryFully relativistic density-functional calculations of the electronic structures of various oxo-fluoro-complexes were performed for group-6 elements Mo, W, and element 106, Sg. Based on the electronic density distribution data, relative values of the free energy change of complex formation reactions in HF solutions have been defined. On their basis, sequences in the sorption of Mo, W, and Sg by an anion exchange resin (Kdvalues) have been predicted. The results show a complex situation depending on the acid concentration and pH of the solution. The predicted trends are in agreement with the known data for Mo and W. The following sequence in the sorption of Mo, W, and Sg by an anion exchange resin from 5×10-3HF/0.1 M HNO3solutions is predicted: Mo>Sg>W. A very good separation of Sg from Mo and W is expected at concentrated HF solutions, where MOF5-is formed. The sequence of the sorption in this case should be Sg ≫W > Mo.
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Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Ishii Y, Toume H, Sato T, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa T, Ichikawa S, Nagame Y, Sato W, Matsuo K, Kitamoto Y, Tashiro Y, Shinohara A, Saito J, Ito M, Ikezawa T, Sakamaki M, Goto S, Kudo H, Kikunaga H, Arai M, Kamataki S, Yokoyama A, Akiyama K, Sueki K, Oura Y, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Extraction behavior of rutherfordium into tributylphosphate from hydrochloric acid. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2007.95.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The extraction behavior of rutherfordium (Rf) into tributylphosphate (TBP) from hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been studied together with those of the lighter group-4 elements Zr and Hf. The extractability of261Rf,169Hf, and85Zr into TBP was investigated under identical conditions in 7.2–8.0 M HCl by on-line reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The percent extractions of Rf, Hf, and Zr into the TBP resin increase steeply with increasing HCl concentration, and the order of extraction is Zr > Hf ≈ Rf. By considering the order of chloride complexation among these elements, it is suggested that the stability of the TBP complex of Rf tetrachloride is lower than those of Zr and Hf.
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Sudowe R, Calvert M, Düllmann CE, Farina LM, Folden CM, Gregorich KE, Gallaher SEH, Hoffman DC, Nelson SL, Phillips DC, Schwantes JM, Wilson RE, Zielinski PM, Nitsche H. Extraction of short-lived zirconium and hafnium isotopes using crown ethers: A model system for the study of rutherfordium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2006.94.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The extraction of zirconium and hafnium from hydrochloric acid media was studied using the crown ethers dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) and dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (DC24C8) as extractants. The goal was to find an extraction system that exhibits a high selectivity between the members of group 4 of the periodic table and is suitable for the study of rutherfordium. It was found that Zr and Hf are both extracted using DB18C6, DC18C6 and DC24C8. The extraction yield increases with increasing acid concentration and increasing concentration of crown ether. The extracted species most likely consists of an ion-association complex formed between a Zr or Hf chloro complex and a hydronium crown ether complex. Conditions can be found for each extractant that provide for the separation of Zr from Hf. This selective separation between Zr and Hf makes the extraction with crown ethers from HCl well suited to study the extraction behaviour of Rf and compare it to the behaviour of Zr and Hf. These extraction systems can be used to determine whether the extraction behaviour of Rf is similar to Zr, similar to Hf or follows the trend established by the lighter homologs. The extraction kinetics are fast enough for the study of the 78-s isotope 261mRf.
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Ishii Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toume H, Nishinaka I, Nagame Y, Miyashita S, Mori T, Suganuma H, Haba H, Sakamaki M, Goto SI, Kudo H, Akiyama K, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Tashiro Y, Shinohara A, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Pershina V, Kratz JV. Fluoride Complexation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf), Investigated by Cation-exchange Chromatography. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Toyoshima A, Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Akiyama K, Goto S, Ishii Y, Nishinaka I, Sato TK, Nagame Y, Sato W, Tani Y, Hasegawa H, Matsuo K, Saika D, Kitamoto Y, Shinohara A, Ito M, Saito J, Kudo H, Yokoyama A, Sakama M, Sueki K, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Hexafluoro complex of rutherfordium in mixed HF/HNO3 solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2008. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2008.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nagame Y, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Ishii Y, Kaneko-Sato T, Hirata M, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa S, Haba H, Enomoto S. Chemical studies on rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2007. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2005.93.9-10.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryChemical studies on element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), at JAERI (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute) are reviewed. The transactinide nuclide261Rf has been produced in the reaction248Cm(18O, 5n) at the JAERI tandem accelerator with the production cross section of about 13 nb. On-line anion-exchange experiments on Rf together with the lighter homologues, group-4 elements Zr and Hf, in acidic solutions have been conducted with a rapid ion-exchange separation apparatus. From the systematic study of the anion-exchange behavior of Rf, it has been found that the properties of Rf in HCl and HNO3solutions are quite similar to those of Zr and Hf, definitely confirming that Rf is a member of the group-4 elements. However, we have observed an unexpected chemical behavior of Rf in HF solutions; the fluoride complex formation of Rf is significantly different from those of the homologues. Prospects of extending chemical studies on transactinide elements in the near future at JAERI are briefly considered.
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Abstract
The number of chemical elements has increased considerably in the last few decades. Most excitingly, these heaviest, man-made elements at the far-end of the Periodic Table are located in the area of the long-awaited superheavy elements. While physical techniques currently play a leading role in these discoveries, the chemistry of superheavy elements is now beginning to be developed. Advanced and very sensitive techniques allow the chemical properties of these elusive elements to be probed. Often, less than ten short-lived atoms, chemically separated one-atom-at-a-time, provide crucial information on basic chemical properties. These results place the architecture of the far-end of the Periodic Table on the test bench and probe the increasingly strong relativistic effects that influence the chemical properties there. This review is focused mainly on the experimental work on superheavy element chemistry. It contains a short contribution on relativistic theory, and some important historical and nuclear aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- KPII-Kernchemie, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Nishinaka I, Hirata M, Yaita T, Ichikawa SI, Nagame Y, Yasuda KI, Miyamoto Y, Kaneko T, Goto SI, Ono S, Hirai T, Kudo H, Shigekawa M, Shinohara A, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Sueki K, Kikunaga H, Kinoshita N, Tsuruga N, Yokoyama A, Sakama M, Enomoto S, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Fluoride Complexation of Element 104, Rutherfordium. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:5219-24. [PMID: 15099106 DOI: 10.1021/ja031824u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride complexation of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), produced in the 248Cm(18O,5n)261Rf reaction has been studied by anion-exchange chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale. The anion-exchange chromatographic behavior of Rf was investigated in 1.9-13.9 M hydrofluoric acid together with those of the group-4 elements Zr and Hf produced in the 18O-induced reactions on Ge and Gd targets, respectively. It was found that the adsorption behavior of Rf on anion-exchange resin is quite different from those of Zr and Hf, suggesting the influence of relativistic effects on the fluoride complexation of Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Haba
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
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The Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements and Relativistic Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(04)80028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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