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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Kasamatsu Y, Kondo N, Nakamura K, Kuboki Y, Ninomiya H, Shigekawa Y, Watanabe E, Yasuda Y, Toyomura K, Nagase M, Yokokita T, Komori Y, Haba H, Yoshimura T, Itabashi H, Shinohara A. Solvent Extraction of Zr and Hf from HCl by Aliquat 336 using a Flow-Type Extraction Apparatus Toward Online Chemical Studies of Element 104, Rutherfordium. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1726075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuboki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
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Yokoyama A, Kitayama Y, Fukuda Y, Kikunaga H, Murakami M, Komori Y, Yano S, Haba H, Tsukada K, Toyoshima A. Extraction behavior of rutherfordium as a cationic fluoride complex with a TTA chelate extractant from HF/HNO3 acidic solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify relevant Rf chemical species by using reversed-phase extraction chromatography with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) resin as the stationary phase. Because TTA can be used to extract specific metal ions, the distribution ratios of the system enabled determination of the specific complex formation constant of Rf. We performed several experiments on chemical systems with Zr, Hf, No, and Rf, determined their adsorption coefficients, and deduced the K
d values for Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yokoyama
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yuta Kitayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fukuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi 982-0826 , Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yano
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Characterization of Group 5 dubnium homologs on diglycolamide extraction chromatography resins from nitric and hydrofluoric acid matrices. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of superheavy elements - or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table - is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators (“pre-separator”) are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan / GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Trautmann N, Wendt K. Fast chemical separations and laser mass spectrometry – tools for nuclear research. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2014. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFast chemical separation procedures applied in nuclear research require dedicated experimental techniques. Rapid discontinuous separation procedures are illustrated by an example to isolate technetium from fission products. The use of a gas jet and its combination with a thermochromatographic separation and with the continuous solvent extraction technique SISAK is described and examples are given for the investigation of short-lived fission products. The potential of resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) as a highly sensitive technique using different experimental systems is outlined for ultra trace analysis of long-lived plutonium and neptunium isotopes, including isotope ratio measurements of the plutonium isotopes. In addition, the precise determination of the first ionization potentials (IP) of ten actinide elements up to einsteinium and of technetium carried out by using the photoionization threshold method and requiring sample sizes of ∼ 1012atoms is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Institut für Kernchemie, Fritz-Straßmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Wendt
- Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Institut für Physik, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Toyoshima A, Li Z, Asai M, Sato N, Sato TK, Kikuchi T, Kaneya Y, Kitatsuji Y, Tsukada K, Nagame Y, Schädel M, Ooe K, Kasamatsu Y, Shinohara A, Haba H, Even J. Measurement of the Md3+/Md2+ reduction potential studied with flow electrolytic chromatography. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12311-3. [PMID: 24116851 DOI: 10.1021/ic401571h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reduction behavior of mendelevium (Md) was studied using a flow electrolytic chromatography apparatus. By application of the appropriate potentials on the chromatography column, the more stable Md(3+) is reduced to Md(2+). The reduction potential of the Md(3+) + e(-) → Md(2+) couple was determined to be -0.16 ± 0.05 V versus a normal hydrogen electrode.
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Adsorption behavior of 181W and 93mMo as lighter homologues of seaborgium (Sg) in HF/HNO3 on anion-exchange resin. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ishii Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Li Z, Nagame Y, Miyashita S, Mori T, Suganuma H, Haba H, Goto SI, Kudo H, Akiyama K, Oura Y, Shinohara A, Schädel M, Pershina V, Kratz JV. Fluorido Complex Formation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The experimental techniques developed to perform rapid chemical separations of the heaviest elements in the aqueous phase are presented. In general, these include transport of the nuclear reaction products to a separation device by the gas-jet technique and dissolution in an aqueous solution containing inorganic ligands for complex formation. The complexes are chemically characterized by a partition method which can be liquid–liquid extraction, ion-exchange- or reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The separated fractions are quickly evaporated to dryness for the preparation of samples for α-particle spectroscopy. Comments are given on the special situation in which chemistry has to be studied with single atoms. Theoretical predictions of chemical properties are compared to the presently known chemical behaviour of rutherfordium, Rf (element 104), dubnium, Db (element 105), seaborgium, Sg (element 106), and hassium, Hs (element 108) and to that of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table in order to assess the role of relativistic effects in the chemistry of the heaviest elements.
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Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Ishii Y, Toume H, Sato T, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa T, Ichikawa S, Nagame Y, Sato W, Matsuo K, Kitamoto Y, Tashiro Y, Shinohara A, Saito J, Ito M, Ikezawa T, Sakamaki M, Goto S, Kudo H, Kikunaga H, Arai M, Kamataki S, Yokoyama A, Akiyama K, Sueki K, Oura Y, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Extraction behavior of rutherfordium into tributylphosphate from hydrochloric acid. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2007.95.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The extraction behavior of rutherfordium (Rf) into tributylphosphate (TBP) from hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been studied together with those of the lighter group-4 elements Zr and Hf. The extractability of261Rf,169Hf, and85Zr into TBP was investigated under identical conditions in 7.2–8.0 M HCl by on-line reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The percent extractions of Rf, Hf, and Zr into the TBP resin increase steeply with increasing HCl concentration, and the order of extraction is Zr > Hf ≈ Rf. By considering the order of chloride complexation among these elements, it is suggested that the stability of the TBP complex of Rf tetrachloride is lower than those of Zr and Hf.
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Kasamatsu Y, Toyoshima A, Haba H, Toume H, Tsukada K, Akiyama K, Yoshimura T, Nagame Y. Adsorption of Nb, Ta and Pa on anion-exchanger in HF and HF/HNO3 solutions: Model experiments for the chemical study of Db. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-7320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsukada K, Haba H, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Kasamatsu Y, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa S, Yasuda K, Miyamoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al.. Adsorption of Db and its homologues Nb and Ta, and the pseudo-homologue Pa on anion-exchange resin in HF solution. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2009.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Toyoshima A, Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Akiyama K, Goto S, Ishii Y, Nishinaka I, Sato TK, Nagame Y, Sato W, Tani Y, Hasegawa H, Matsuo K, Saika D, Kitamoto Y, Shinohara A, Ito M, Saito J, Kudo H, Yokoyama A, Sakama M, Sueki K, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Hexafluoro complex of rutherfordium in mixed HF/HNO3 solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2008. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2008.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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