1
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Elstone N, Shimizu K, Shaw EV, Lane PD, D’Andrea L, Demé B, Mahmoudi N, Rogers SE, Youngs S, Costen ML, McKendrick KG, Canongia Lopes JN, Bruce DW, Slattery JM. Understanding the Liquid Structure in Mixtures of Ionic Liquids with Semiperfluoroalkyl or Alkyl Chains. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7394-7407. [PMID: 37555779 PMCID: PMC10461228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
By mixing ionic liquids (ILs), it is possible to fine-tune their bulk and interfacial structure. This alters their physical properties and solvation behavior and is a simple way to prepare a collection of ILs whose properties can be tuned to optimize a specific application. In this study, mixtures of perfluorinated and alkylated ILs have been prepared, and links between composition, properties, and nanostructure have been investigated. These different classes of ILs vary substantially in the flexibility and polarizability of their chains. Thus, a range of useful structural and physical property variations are accessible through mixing that will expand the library of IL mixtures available in an area that to this point has received relatively little attention. In the experiments presented herein, the physical properties and bulk structure of mixtures of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C8MIM][Tf2N] and 1-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C8MIM-F13][Tf2N] have been prepared. The bulk liquid structure was investigated using a combination of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS, respectively) experiments in combination with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and the measurement of density and viscosity. We observed that the addition of [C8MIM-F13][Tf2N] to [C8MIM][Tf2N] causes changes in the nanostructure of the IL mixtures that are dependent on composition so that variation in the characteristic short-range correlations is observed as a function of composition. Thus, while the length scales associated with the apolar regions (polar non-polar peak─PNPP) increase with the proportion of [C8MIM-F13][Tf2N] in the mixtures, perhaps surprisingly given the greater volume of the fluorocarbon chains, the length scale of the charge-ordering peak decreases. Interestingly, consideration of the contact peak shows that its origins are both in the direct anion···cation contact length scale and the nature (and hence volume) of the chains appended to the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi
S. Elstone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Karina Shimizu
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049 001, Portugal
| | - Emily V. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Paul D. Lane
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot−Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Lucía D’Andrea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut
Laue−Langevin, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS
Neutron Source Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- ISIS
Neutron Source Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sarah Youngs
- ISIS
Neutron Source Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Matthew L. Costen
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot−Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Kenneth G. McKendrick
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot−Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Jose N. Canongia Lopes
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049 001, Portugal
| | - Duncan W. Bruce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
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2
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Richter J, Knies M, Ruck M. Speciation of Copper(II)-Betaine Complexes as Starting Point for Electrochemical Copper Deposition from Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:97-109. [PMID: 33565734 PMCID: PMC7874252 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of ionic liquids for the dissolution of metal oxides is a promising field for the development of more energy- and resource-efficient metallurgical processes. Using such solutions for the production of valuable chemicals or electrochemical metal deposition requires a detailed understanding of the chemical system and the factors influencing it. In the present work, several compounds are reported that crystallize after the dissolution of copper(II) oxide in the ionic liquid [Hbet][NTf2 ]. Dependent on the initial amount of chloride, the reaction temperature and the purity of the reagent, copper crystallizes in complexes with varying coordination geometries and ligands. Subsequently, the influence of these different complex species on electrochemical properties is shown. For the first time, copper is deposited from the ionic liquid [Hbet][NTf2 ], giving promising opportunities for more resource-efficient copper plating. The copper coatings were analyzed by SEM and EDX measurements. Furthermore, a mechanism for the decomposition of [Hbet][NTf2 ] in the presence of chloride is suggested and supported by experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Maximilian Knies
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids01187DresdenGermany
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3
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Pajkossy T, Müller C, Jacob T. The metal–ionic liquid interface as characterized by impedance spectroscopy and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21241-21250. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements including impedance spectroscopy and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy were performed to study the interface between solid electrodes and ionic liquids. We could reveal that the double layer rearrangement processes are not instantaneous, but that the ions can form ordered clusters at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pajkossy
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Claus Müller
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm 89081
- Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm 89081
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
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4
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Hoffmann V, Pulletikurthi G, Carstens T, Lahiri A, Borodin A, Schammer M, Horstmann B, Latz A, Endres F. Influence of a silver salt on the nanostructure of a Au(111)/ionic liquid interface: an atomic force microscopy study and theoretical concepts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4760-4771. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We combine in situ atomic force microscopy and non-equilibrium thermodynamics to investigate the Au(111)/electrolyte interface. Experiment and theory show that the concentration of solutes strongly influences the structure of the electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hoffmann
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Andriy Borodin
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Max Schammer
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Birger Horstmann
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Arnulf Latz
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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5
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Tułodziecki M, Tarascon JM, Taberna PL, Guéry C. Catalytic reduction of TFSI-containing ionic liquid in the presence of lithium cations. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Silver ion deposition on gold and silver disc electrodes from aqueous solutions and from dry or wet [EMIM][NTf2] room-temperature ionic liquid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Alwast D, Schnaidt J, Law Y, Behm R. A Novel Approach for Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Studies on the Decomposition of Ionic Liquids. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) studies of the electrochemical deposition of tantalum in two different ionic liquids with the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Liu Z, Cui T, Pulletikurthi G, Lahiri A, Carstens T, Olschewski M, Endres F. Dendrite-Free Nanocrystalline Zinc Electrodeposition from an Ionic Liquid Containing Nickel Triflate for Rechargeable Zn-Based Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2889-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Tong Cui
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Mark Olschewski
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
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10
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Liu Z, Cui T, Pulletikurthi G, Lahiri A, Carstens T, Olschewski M, Endres F. Dendritenfreie elektrochemische Abscheidung von nanokristallinem Zink aus einer Nickeltriflat-haltigen ionischen Flüssigkeit für wiederaufladbare Zn-Batterien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Tong Cui
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Mark Olschewski
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Frank Endres
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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12
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Müller C, Vesztergom S, Pajkossy T, Jacob T. The interface between Au(100) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Uhl B, Huang H, Alwast D, Buchner F, Behm RJ. Interaction of ionic liquids with noble metal surfaces: structure formation and stability of [OMIM][TFSA] and [EMIM][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23816-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Principles of structure formation and adsorbate–adsorbate interactions in ionic liquid adlayers on metal surfaces were investigated in a comparative STM study on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Uhl
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
| | - Hsinhui Huang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
| | - Dorothea Alwast
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
| | - Florian Buchner
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
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14
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Turkovic V, Engmann S, Tsierkezos N, Hoppe H, Ritter U, Gobsch G. Long-term stabilization of organic solar cells using hindered phenols as additives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18525-18537. [PMID: 25279719 DOI: 10.1021/am5024989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the improvement of long-term stability of organic solar cells (OPV) using hindered phenol based antioxidants as stabilizing additives. A set of seven commercially available hindered phenols are investigated for use in bulk-heterojunction OPV. Polymer:fullerene films based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are characterized with respect to the initial power conversion efficiency and the long-term stability improvement under illumination in ambient conditions. FTIR spectroscopy is used to trace chemical degradation over time. OPV performance is recorded under ISOS-3 conditions, and an improved long-term performance of OPV devices, manifested in increased accumulated power generation (APG), is found for octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate. Using this additive, APG is increased by a factor of 3 compared to the reference. Observed differences in the stabilization of tested additives are discussed in terms of energetic trap states formation within the HOMO/LUMO gap of the photoactive material, morphological changes, and chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Turkovic
- Institute of Physics and Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies, Ilmenau University of Technology , 98683 Ilmenau, Germany
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15
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Borisenko N, Atkin R, Lahiri A, El Abedin SZ, Endres F. Effect of dissolved LiCl on the ionic liquid-Au(111) interface: an in situ STM study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:284111. [PMID: 24919647 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/28/284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the electrolyte/electrode interface plays a significant role in electrochemical processes. To date, most studies are focusing on understanding the interfacial structure in pure ionic liquids. In this paper in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has been employed to elucidate the structure of the charged Au(111)-ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, [Py1,4]FAP) interface in the presence of 0.1 M LiCl. The addition of the Li salt to the ionic liquid has a strong influence on the interfacial structure. In the first STM scan in situ measurements reveal that Au(111) undergoes the (22 x √3) 'herringbone' reconstruction in a certain potential regime, and there is strong evidence that the gold surface dissolves at negative electrode potentials in [Py1,4]FAP containing LiCl. Bulk deposition of Li is obtained at -2.9 V in the second STM scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borisenko
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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16
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17
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Smith AM, Lovelock KRJ, Gosvami NN, Licence P, Dolan A, Welton T, Perkin S. Monolayer to Bilayer Structural Transition in Confined Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:378-382. [PMID: 26281727 DOI: 10.1021/jz301965d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids can be intricately nanostructured in the bulk and at interfaces resulting from a delicate interplay between interionic and surface forces. Here we report the structuring of a series of dialkylpyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids induced by confinement. The ionic liquids containing cations with shorter alkyl chain substituents form alternating cation-anion monolayer structures on confinement to a thin film, whereas a cation with a longer alkyl chain substituent leads to bilayer formation. The crossover from monolayer to bilayer structure occurs between chain lengths of n = 8 and 10 for these pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids. The bilayer structure for n = 10 involves full interdigitation of the alkyl chains; this is in contrast with previous observations for imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The results are pertinent to these liquids' application as electrolytes, where the electrolyte is confined inside the pores of a nanoporous electrode, for example, in devices such as supercapacitors or batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Smith
- †Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R J Lovelock
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nitya Nand Gosvami
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peter Licence
- ∥School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dolan
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Perkin
- †Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Hayes R, Borisenko N, Corr B, Webber GB, Endres F, Atkin R. Effect of dissolved LiCl on the ionic liquid-Au(111) electrical double layer structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:10246-8. [PMID: 22968524 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35737b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrical double layer at ionic liquid (IL)-Au(111) interfaces is composed of alternating ion layers. Interfacial layering is markedly weaker when small amounts of LiCl are dissolved in the IL for all potential between -2.0 V and +2.0 V (vs. Pt). This means that models developed for pure IL electrical double layers may not be valid when solutes are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Centre for Advanced Particle Processing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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19
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Smith AM, Lovelock KRJ, Perkin S. Monolayer and bilayer structures in ionic liquids and their mixtures confined to nano-films. Faraday Discuss 2013; 167:279-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Su YZ, Yan JW, Li MG, Xie ZX, Mao BW, Tian ZQ. Adsorption of Solvent Cations on Au(111) and Au(100) in Alkylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids – Worm-Like versus Micelle-Like Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2012.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
By employing high resolution in-situ STM, the adsorption of alkylimidazolium-based cations of EMI
+
, PMI
+
, BMI
+
and OMI
+
on Au(111) and Au(100) surfaces are investigated systematically. The cation adsorption on both Au(111) and Au(100) are composed of double rows arising from counter-facing imidazolium-based cation pairs. On Au(100), the double rows associated with the four cations show micelle-like appearance along the two √ 2 directions of the Au(100) surface lattice units. The width of the double rows varies depending on the side chain length of the cations, but is constrained by the periodicity along the √ 2 directions. Anions of BF
4
-
, PF
6
-
, CF3SO
3
-
and Tf2N
-
do not influence the micelle-like adsorption structure. On Au(111), the double rows are formed only when the terraces are etched to several atoms wide. Most likely, the underneath Au surface experiences restructuring to accommodate the double row structure, and the worm-like orientation of the double rows is the consequence of strain release. Both the micelle-like and worm-like adsorption structures would be lifted upon cathodic potential excursions when the surfaces are driven to undergo ordinary Au(100)-hex and Au(111)-(√ 3 × 22) reconstructions. These results reveal that the ordered micelle-like structure on Au(100) and the irregular worm-like structure on Au(111) are of the same nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- Xiamen University, State Key Lab of Physical, Xiamen, 361005, Volksrepublik China
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21
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Lauw Y, Horne MD, Rodopoulos T, Lockett V, Akgun B, Hamilton WA, Nelson ARJ. Structure of [C4mpyr][NTf2] room-temperature ionic liquid at charged gold interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7374-81. [PMID: 22515304 DOI: 10.1021/la3005757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C(4)mpyr][NTf(2)]) room-temperature ionic liquid at an electrified gold interface was studied using neutron reflectometry, cyclic voltammetry, and differential capacitance measurements. Subtle differences were observed between the reflectivity data collected on a gold electrode at three different applied potentials. Detailed analysis of the fitted reflectivity data reveals an excess of [C(4)mpyr](+) at the interface, with the amount decreasing at increasingly positive potentials. A cation rich interface was found even at a positively charged electrode, which indicates a nonelectrostatic (specific) adsorption of [C(4)mpyr](+) onto the gold electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansen Lauw
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
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Endres F, Borisenko N, El Abedin SZ, Hayes R, Atkin R. The interface ionic liquid(s)/electrode(s): in situ STM and AFM measurements. Faraday Discuss 2012; 154:221-33; discussion 313-33, 465-71. [PMID: 22455022 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the interfacial layer(s) between the extremely pure air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate and Au(111) has been investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at electrode potentials more positive than the open circuit potential. The in situ STM measurements show that layers/islands form with increasing electrode potential. According to recently published atomic force microscopy (AFM) data the anion is adsorbed even at low anodic overvoltages and adsorption becomes slightly stronger with increasing electrode potential. Furthermore, the number of interfacial layers increases with increasing electrode potential. The present discussion paper shows that these layers are not uniform and have a structure on the nanoscale, supporting earlier results that the interface electrode/ionic liquid is highly complex. It is also shown that the addition of solutes changes this structure considerably. AFM results reveal that in the pure liquid, interfacial layers lead to a repulsive force but the addition of 10 wt% of LiCl leads to an attractive force close to the surface. These preliminary results show that solutes strongly alter the interfacial structure of the ionic liquid/ electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Endres
- Institute of Particle Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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Abstract
Over recent years the Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) has been used to carry out model experiments revealing structural and dynamic properties of ionic liquids confined to thin films. Understanding characteristics such as confinement induced ion layering and lubrication is of primary importance to many applications of ionic liquids, from energy devices to nanoparticle dispersion. This Perspective surveys and compares SFA results from several laboratories as well as simulations and other model experiments. A coherent picture is beginning to emerge of ionic liquids as nano-structured in pores and thin films, and possessing complex dynamic properties. The article covers structure, dynamics, and colloidal forces in confined ionic liquids; ionic liquids are revealed as a class of liquids with unique and useful confinement properties and pertinent future directions of research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK.
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Men S, Hurisso BB, Lovelock KRJ, Licence P. Does the influence of substituents impact upon the surface composition of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids? An angle resolved XPS study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5229-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steinrück HP. Recent developments in the study of ionic liquid interfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and potential future directions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5010-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp24087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gnahm M, Berger C, Arkhipova M, Kunkel H, Pajkossy T, Maas G, Kolb DM. The interfaces of Au(111) and Au(100) in a hexaalkyl-substituted guanidinium ionic liquid: an electrochemical and in situ STM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10647-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ke J, Bartlett PN, Cook D, Easun TL, George MW, Levason W, Reid G, Smith D, Su W, Zhang W. Electrodeposition of germanium from supercritical fluids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1517-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Borisenko N, Zein El Abedin S, Endres F. An in Situ STM and DTS Study of the Extremely Pure [EMIM]FAP/Au(111) Interface. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:1736-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Endres F. Ionische Flüssigkeiten in der elektrochemischen Abscheidung - Potenzial und Herausforderungen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Atkin R, Borisenko N, Drüschler M, el-Abedin SZ, Endres F, Hayes R, Huber B, Roling B. An in situ STM/AFM and impedance spectroscopy study of the extremely pure 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/Au(111) interface: potential dependent solvation layers and the herringbone reconstruction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6849-57. [PMID: 21399819 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of the interfacial layers between the extremely pure air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and Au(111) has been investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. The in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements reveal that the Au(111) surface undergoes a reconstruction, and at -1.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference the famous (22 × √3) herringbone superstructure is probed. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that multiple ion pair layers are present at the ionic liquid/Au interface which are dependent on the electrode potential. Upon applying cathodic electrode potentials, stronger ionic liquid near surface structure is detected: both the number of near surface layers and the force required to rupture these layers increases. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results reveal that three distinct processes take place at the interface. The fastest process is capacitive in its low-frequency limit and is identified with electrochemical double layer formation. The differential electrochemical double layer capacitance exhibits a local maximum at -0.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference, which is most likely caused by changes in the orientation of cations in the innermost layer. In the potential range between -0.84 V and -1.04 V, a second capacitive process is observed which is slower than electrochemical double layer formation. This process seems to be related to the herringbone reconstruction. In the frequency range below 1 Hz, the onset of an ultraslow faradaic process is found. This process becomes faster when the electrode potential is shifted to more negative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Atkin
- Centre for Organic Electronics, Chemistry Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
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Gnahm M, Müller C, Répánszki R, Pajkossy T, Kolb DM. The interface between Au(100) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-hexafluorophosphate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11627-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20562e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Su YZ, Fu YC, Wei YM, Yan JW, Mao BW. The Electrode/Ionic Liquid Interface: Electric Double Layer and Metal Electrodeposition. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2764-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Diffusional transport in ionic liquids: Stokes–Einstein relation or “sliding sphere” model? Ferrocene (Fc) in imidazolium liquids. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wibowo R, Aldous L, Jones SEW, Compton RG. The electrode potentials of the Group I alkali metals in the ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MacFarlane DR, Pringle JM, Howlett PC, Forsyth M. Ionic liquids and reactions at the electrochemical interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1659-69. [DOI: 10.1039/b923053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Taylor AW, Lovelock KRJ, Deyko A, Licence P, Jones RG. High vacuum distillation of ionic liquids and separation of ionic liquid mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1772-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b920931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gao L, Yin H, Wang D. Ionic liquids assisted formation of an oil/water emulsion stabilised by a carbon nanotube/ionic liquid composite layer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2535-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b920568n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Endres F, Höfft O, Borisenko N, Gasparotto LH, Prowald A, Al-Salman R, Carstens T, Atkin R, Bund A, Zein El Abedin S. Do solvation layers of ionic liquids influence electrochemical reactions? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1724-32. [DOI: 10.1039/b923527m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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In situ STM studies of Ga electrodeposition from GaCl3 in the air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Endres F, Zein El Abedin S. In Situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy in Ionic Liquids: Prospects and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.9-10.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper devoted to Professor Dieter Kolb's 65th birthday the prospects and challenges of ionic liquids for fundamental investigations at the interface electrode/electrolyte are discussed. Ionic liquids consist solely of mainly organic cations and anions and they have wide electrochemical windows of up to 6 V (approximately ± 3 V vs. NHE) combined with wide thermal windows of up to 300ºC and extremely low vapour pressures between 10-11 and 10-10 mbar around room temperature. Thus, thermodynamically they give access to many elements and compounds at variable temperature which due to their reactivity cannot be electrodeposited in aqueous solutions. Apart from a discussion of electrochemical windows examples to be covered in this paper are the local probe deposition of silicon, aluminium and tantalum on Au(111). There is an incredibly high number of possible liquids (between 1012 and 1018 liquids, binary and ternary mixtures have been predicted) but also one major challenge for fundamental physicochemical studies, especially with the in situ STM: purity. It is tough to purify ionic liquids as hitherto they can neither be distilled with considerable rates without decomposition nor recrystallized nor sublimed. It will be shortly discussed that even apparently ultrapure ionic liquids can contain low amounts of inorganic impurities leading to inexpected behaviour on the single crystalline surface of Au(111). Due to their importance this paper focuses soleley on the third generation of ionic liquids, i.e. air and water stable ones.
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Borisenko N, Ispas A, Zschippang E, Liu Q, Zein El Abedin S, Bund A, Endres F. In situ STM and EQCM studies of tantalum electrodeposition from TaF5 in the air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clare B, Sirwardana A, MacFarlane DR. Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of Ionic Liquids. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2009; 290:1-40. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Randström S, Montanino M, Appetecchi GB, Lagergren C, Moreno A, Passerini S. Effect of water and oxygen traces on the cathodic stability of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Al-Salman R, El Abedin SZ, Endres F. Electrodeposition of Ge, Si and SixGe1−x from an air- and water-stable ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4650-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b806996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Endres F, Zein El Abedin S, Saad AY, Moustafa EM, Borissenko N, Price WE, Wallace GG, MacFarlane DR, Newman PJ, Bund A. On the electrodeposition of titanium in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:2189-99. [DOI: 10.1039/b800353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Plechkova NV, Seddon KR. Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:123-50. [PMID: 18197338 DOI: 10.1039/b006677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3223] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Plechkova
- QUILL, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK BT9 5AG
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Clare BR, Bayley PM, Best AS, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR. Purification or contamination? The effect of sorbents on ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2689-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b802488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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