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Barry CT, Moran-Miller K, Levy HF, Gray T. Social media engagement, perceptions of social media costs and benefits, and well-being in college student-athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36395063 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2142797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigated the association between social media engagement and factors related to well-being (e.g., depression, anxiety, sleep, loneliness, self-esteem). Participants: A sample of 1120 college student-athletes (338 males, 777 females, 5 identified as non-binary) from nine universities participated in this study. Method: Data were collected through self-report measures and screen shots of participants' screen time in the previous week. Results: Overall screen time taken from devices was not associated with self-reported well-being, whereas use of social media during daily activities was related to worse well-being across domains (e.g., lower self-esteem, higher fear of missing out, stress, anxiety, depression). In addition, student-athlete perceptions that social media interfere with their lives were related to worse well-being. Conclusions: The implications of these findings, including the possibility of using protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to reduce negative impacts of social media in college students, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Barry
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kelli Moran-Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hannah F Levy
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Tiffany Gray
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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González-Ponce BM, Rojas-Tejada AJ, Carmona-Márquez J, Lozano-Rojas ÓM, Díaz-Batanero C, Fernández-Calderón F. Harm Reduction Strategies among University Students Who Use Alcohol and Cannabis, and Related Psychological Variables: A Systematic Review. J Psychoactive Drugs 2022; 54:403-418. [PMID: 35060424 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.2023240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review identifies the psychological variables associated with the use of harm reduction strategies (HRS) among university students who use alcohol or cannabis. The reviewed studies are categorized according to the psychological variables studied and the different analytic approaches used (direct effects, mediation, and moderation). Among the empirical peer-reviewed studies identified (n = 76), most (94.7%) were cross-sectional studies conducted in the US (90.8%) with samples of alcohol-using university students (86.8%). Five categories were identified: mental health, motives/expectancies, personality, social cognition, and self-efficacy. The most studied constructs were motives, anxiety and depression, impulsivity, and social norms. Most studies conducted mediation or moderation analyses including psychological variables, HRS and alcohol outcomes. Social, enhancement and coping motives, impulsivity, and social norms of alcohol use were associated with lower use of HRS, which, in turn, was associated with a higher number of alcohol/cannabis outcomes. The results of moderation studies consistently suggest that HRS use was more protective for students with poor mental health, high impulsivity, and low self-regulation. The synthesis of evidence provided in this review could be useful for guiding future research and informing the design of interventions aimed at promoting the use of HRS among university students who use alcohol and/or cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Carmona-Márquez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Óscar M Lozano-Rojas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz-Batanero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Fermín Fernández-Calderón
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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Doumas DM, Russo GM, Miller R, Esp S, Mastroleo NR, Turrisi R. Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Drinking: Do Protective Behavioral Strategies Lower Risk? JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022; 100:352-363. [PMID: 37974903 PMCID: PMC10653376 DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional design, we examined protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as a moderator of the relationship between sensation seeking and hazardous drinking and alcohol-related consequences among high school seniors (N = 212). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated sensation seeking was a significant predictor of binge drinking (β = .65, p < .001), pre-partying (β = .71, p < .001), gaming (β = .75, p < .001), and alcohol-related consequences (β = .69, p < .001). Further, PBS moderated these relationships such that among high sensation seeking adolescents, PBS use was associated with better outcomes, including lower levels of binge drinking (β = -.37, p < .01), pre-partying (β = -.44, p < .01), gaming (β = -.31, p < .05), and alcohol-related consequences (β = -.53, p < .001). We discuss counseling implications, including assessment and harm reduction strategies focusing on PBS to reduce hazardous drinking among high sensation seeking adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Doumas
- Department of Counselor Education, Boise State University
- Institute for the Study of Behavioral Health and Addiction, Boise State University
| | - G Michael Russo
- Department of Counselor Education, Boise State University
- Institute for the Study of Behavioral Health and Addiction, Boise State University
| | - Raissa Miller
- Department of Counselor Education, Boise State University
- Institute for the Study of Behavioral Health and Addiction, Boise State University
| | - Susan Esp
- Institute for the Study of Behavioral Health and Addiction, Boise State University
- School of Social Work, Boise State University
| | | | - Rob Turrisi
- Biobehavioral Health and Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University
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Schwebel FJ, Richards DK, Pearson MR. A test of interaction effects between alcohol protective behavioral strategies and antecedents of alcohol-related consequences. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106707. [PMID: 33121837 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine interaction effects between alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and a variety of risk and protective factors for experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences using data from a large, multi-site sample of college students. We recruited 5090 college students (71.2% female; 77.4% White; Mean Age = 20.89, SD = 4.44) who reported any alcohol use in the past month from psychology department participant pools at 10 universities across the U.S. to complete an online survey. Alcohol PBS use was a statistically significant negative predictor of alcohol-related problems while controlling for each antecedent variable individually. In terms of moderation effects, 26 out of 35 interactions (74.3%) were statistically significant in the models controlling only for sex. When controlling for frequency and quantity of alcohol use, 24 of 33 interactions (72.7%) were statistically significant. The nature of these interaction effects was largely the same: more frequent alcohol PBS use reduced the positive associations between risk factors and alcohol-related problems. The lack of specificity of these interaction effects calls into question the limited contributions of tests of interaction effects between alcohol PBS and individual antecedent variables. Comprehensive tests of interaction effects between alcohol PBS and antecedent variables with large samples are needed to move the field forward, especially replication attempts of interactions effects reported in single studies.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Greń J, Ostaszewski K, Pisarska A, Bobrowski K. Drinking and alcohol-related problems among at-risk adolescents: The role of protective behavioral strategies. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106746. [PMID: 33316591 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) are an alcohol-specific cognitive-behavioral strategies that may be employed before, during and/or after drinking, in order to reduce alcohol consumption and related consequences, particularly in the at-risk populations. Previous research on PBS was limited to North American college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of PBS use in a sample of Polish adolescents attending Special Educational Centers (SEC). METHOD Data were collected from a nationwide sample of 12-19 year-old (Mean = 15.8; SD = 1.22) students attending SEC in Poland (N = 1585; about 33% female). The self-administered anonymous questionnaires were completed on-site in the SEC. PBS were measured by the authors adaptation of the PBSS-20. Alcohol-related problems were assessed by the Polish adaptation of the measures used in the MINI-KID tool. Alcohol use was measured by a single question on drinking frequency. These two latter variables were measured in the past year timeframe. Hierarchical regression models were used to test the main and interaction effects of employing PBS (total and subscales scores) on alcohol-related problems, after adjusting for demographics (gender, family composition and type of SEC) and alcohol use. RESULTS The majority (about 94%) of study participants reported employment of some PBS. Regression analyses indicated that PBS use was associated with reduced risk of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. We found that PBS significantly moderated the relationship between alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, for PBS total scale (F-change (1,1555) = 15.96, p < .001) and one of the PBS subscale: Limiting/Stopping Drinking (F-change (1,1555) = 4.80, p < .029). Findings were discussed within the results of PBS literature and resilience theory framework. CONCLUSION The use of PBS helps to reduce alcohol-related problems among adolescents attending SEC. Implementation of tailored interventions that teach PBS among vulnerable adolescents may be an effective way to strengthen adolescent self-protection, reduce risky alcohol use and related negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Greń
- Public Health Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Agnieszka Pisarska
- Public Health Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- Public Health Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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López CI, Richards DK, Field CA. Perceived discrimination and alcohol-related problems among Hispanic college students: The protective role of serious harm reduction behaviors. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:272-283. [PMID: 32281908 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1747040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as moderators of the association between perceived discrimination and alcohol-related problems among Hispanic college students. Participants who were between 18 and 24 years of age (n = 379) completed self-report measures. The results showed that greater perceived discrimination was associated with less frequent PBS use, more problematic alcohol use, and more alcohol-related problems, while greater use of PBS types was associated with fewer alcohol-related problems. Furthermore, serious harm-reduction behaviors moderated the association between perceived discrimination and alcohol-related problems. The findings suggest that serious harm-reduction behaviors may protect against the negative effects of perceived discrimination on alcohol-related problems among Hispanic college students.
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Longo LM, Martin JL, Zamboanga BL, Milroy JJ, Wyrick DL. Ethnic, gender, and seasonal difference in heavy drinking and protective behavioral strategies among student-athletes. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 19:253-270. [DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1520172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Longo
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Jessica L. Martin
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - David L. Wyrick
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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Brett EI, Leffingwell TR, Leavens EL. Trait mindfulness and protective strategies for alcohol use: Implications for college student drinking. Addict Behav 2017; 73:16-21. [PMID: 28441572 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) has been strongly linked with decreased experience of alcohol-related consequences, making them a potential target for intervention. Additionally, mindfulness is associated with decreased experience of alcohol-related consequences. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a model of PBS as a mediator of the effect of mindfulness on alcohol-related consequences. Additionally, mindfulness as a moderator of the relationship between PBS and alcohol use and consequences was examined. METHODS College students (N=239) at a large South Central university completed self-report measures of demographics, alcohol use and consequences, use of PBS, and trait mindfulness. RESULTS Results indicated that both higher levels of mindfulness and using more PBS predicted decreased alcohol-related consequences and consumption, with PBS mediating both relationships (p<0.01). Those with higher levels of mindfulness were more likely to use PBS, with individuals using more PBS experiencing fewer alcohol-related consequences and consuming fewer drinks per week. Mindfulness moderated the relationship between PBS and consequences, with a significantly stronger negative relationship for those with lower levels of mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who are higher in trait mindfulness are more likely to use PBS, which leads to a decrease in the experience of alcohol-related consequences. Furthermore, for individuals lower in mindfulness, low PBS use may lead to increased experience of alcohol consequences. Interventions that incorporate PBS may be most beneficial for students who are low in mindfulness and unlikely to engage in drinking control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I Brett
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.
| | - Thad R Leffingwell
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Eleanor L Leavens
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Bravo AJ, Anthenien AM, Prince MA, Pearson MR. Marijuana protective behavioral strategies as a moderator of the effects of risk/protective factors on marijuana-related outcomes. Addict Behav 2017; 69:14-21. [PMID: 28110137 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given that both marijuana use and cannabis use disorder peak among college students, it is imperative to determine the factors that may reduce risk of problematic marijuana use and/or the development of cannabis use disorder. From a harm reduction perspective, the present study examined whether the use of marijuana protective behavioral strategies (PBS) buffers or amplifies the effects of several distinct risk and protective factors that have been shown to relate to marijuana-related outcomes (i.e., use frequency and consequences). Specifically, we examined marijuana-PBS use as a moderator of the effects of impulsivity-like traits, marijuana use motives, gender, and marijuana use frequency on marijuana-related outcomes in a large sample of college students (n=2093 past month marijuana users across 11 universities). In all models PBS use was robustly related with use frequency and consequences (i.e., strongly negatively associated with marijuana outcomes). Among interactions, we found: 1) unique significant interactions between specific impulsivity-like traits (i.e., premeditation, perseverance, and sensation seeking) and marijuana-PBS use in predicting marijuana consequences, 2) unique significant interactions between each marijuana use motive and marijuana-PBS use in predicting marijuana use frequency and 3) marijuana-PBS use buffered the risk associated with male gender in predicting both marijuana outcomes. Our results suggest that marijuana-PBS use can buffer risk factors and enhance protective factors among marijuana using college students. Future research is needed to understand context-specific factors and individual-level factors that may make marijuana-PBS use more effective.
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Haeny AM, Weaver CC, Martinez JA, Steinley D, Sher KJ. Is the deliberate self-induction of alcohol tolerance associated with negative alcohol outcomes? Addict Behav 2017; 65:98-101. [PMID: 27816046 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates 10% of college student drinkers report deliberately training to increase alcohol tolerance (a diagnostic criterion for alcohol use disorder) to avoid passing out early or to keep up with peers. Given that tolerance training may be considered a harm reduction technique designed to reduce acute aversive consequences, we examined the associations between tolerance training and the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) more generally. A cross-sectional survey of 1080 lifetime drinkers was conducted at a large Midwestern university. Of this sample, 5.6% (n=60) reported training to increase their tolerance. Drinkers who endorsed having trained to increase tolerance reported notably more alcohol-related problems than those who reported never training (Madj=51.80 versus Madj=39.30; p<0.0001). Further, participants who endorsed tolerance training reported utilizing significantly fewer PBS (e.g., avoid drinking games) on the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS, Martens et al., 2005) than participants who had never trained (Madj=16.89 versus Madj=18.90; p<0.01). An exception was that drinkers who trained to avoid passing out early used significantly more PBS (e.g., using a designated driver, knowing where your drink is at all times). Despite this, these trainers consumed more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related harms. The present findings support previous research demonstrating that trainers consume more alcohol than non-trainers, and provide further evidence that deliberately training to increase tolerance is indicative of problematic drinking behavior. Prevention efforts might aim to inform drinkers of the problems associated with deliberately inducing alcohol tolerance, and focus on developing alternative strategies for minimizing acute harm from drinking.
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Doumas DM, Miller R, Esp S. Impulsive sensation seeking, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences: Do protective behavioral strategies help high risk adolescents? Addict Behav 2017; 64:6-12. [PMID: 27533076 PMCID: PMC10662253 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as a moderator of the relationship between impulsive sensation seeking and binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of high school seniors (N=346). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that impulsive sensation seeking was a significant predictor of binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences and that PBS moderated these relationships. Specifically, manner of drinking moderated the relationships such that among students with high impulsive sensation seeking, those using strategies related to how they drink (e.g. avoiding rapid and excessive drinking) reported lower levels of binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences than those using fewer of these strategies. Clinical implications are discussed including using personality-targeted interventions that equip high impulsive sensation seeking adolescents with specific strategies to reduce binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Doumas
- Department of Counselor Education, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA; Institute for the Study of Addiction, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Raissa Miller
- Department of Counselor Education, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA; Institute for the Study of Addiction, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Susan Esp
- Institute for the Study of Addiction, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA; Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Grazioli VS, Lewis MA, Garberson LA, Fossos-Wong N, Lee CM, Larimer ME. Alcohol expectancies and alcohol outcomes: effects of the use of protective behavioral strategies. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 76:452-8. [PMID: 25978832 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol expectancies (AEs) are positively associated with drinking behaviors, whereas the use of protective behavioural strategies (PBS) is negatively related to alcohol outcomes among young adults. PBS have been shown to weaken relationships between some alcohol risk factors and alcohol outcomes. This study aimed to examine longitudinally the moderating effect of PBS on the relationships between AEs and alcohol outcomes among young adults. METHOD Participants (N = 188; 61.7% female) were U.S. young adults participating in a larger longitudinal study. Measures of PBS, AEs, alcohol use, and related consequences were used from the baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments. RESULTS Negative binomial hurdle models found that PBS (total score) significantly moderated the relationship between positive AEs and consequences, such that among high school seniors endorsing higher positive AEs, those using more PBS in high school reported fewer negative consequences 1 year later. PBS (Manner of Drinking) also moderated the relationship between negative AEs and alcohol use, revealing the use of PBS in high school as having a protective function against later drinking among participants with high positive AEs. Last, PBS (Serious Harm Reduction) significantly moderated the associations between positive AEs and alcohol use and between negative AEs and consequences, such that participants with higher AEs and higher PBS use in high school were at greatest risk for drinking and experiencing negative consequences later. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings suggest that PBS use may be protective by weakening relationships between positive AEs and alcohol outcomes. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique S Grazioli
- Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa A Garberson
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicole Fossos-Wong
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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The Impact of Impulsivity on Problem Drinking in College Student: Mediating Effect of Drinking Motives and Protective Behavioral Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15703/kjc.15.5.201410.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A cross-lagged panel model examining protective behavioral strategies: are types of strategies differentially related to alcohol use and consequences? Addict Behav 2014; 39:480-6. [PMID: 24229842 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are skills that can be used to reduce the risk of alcohol-related negative consequences. Studies have shown that, in general, PBS are related to less alcohol consumption and fewer negative consequences; however, other studies have suggested that not all types of PBS (e.g., stopping/limiting drinking [SLD], manner of drinking [MOD] and serious harm reduction [SHR]) are equally effective at reducing alcohol risk. In addition, few studies have explored the longitudinal relationships among PBS, alcohol use and consequences. Using a sample of heavy drinking college students (N=338), the current study examined PBS use, alcohol consumption and consequences across two time points three months apart. Cross-lagged panel models revealed that MOD predicted a reduction in alcohol use and negative consequences. SHR was longitudinally related to fewer negative consequences, but unrelated to alcohol use. SLD was not associated with drinking or consequences at follow-up. These results highlight the need for future research to examine the effects of different types of PBS and have implications for alcohol intervention programs that incorporate PBS skills training.
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Pearson MR. Use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies among college students: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:1025-40. [PMID: 24036089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are specific behaviors one can utilize to minimize the harmful consequences of alcohol consumption. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of interest in use of PBS among college students, especially as an intervention target. The purpose of the present comprehensive review of the PBS literature was to examine the measurement of PBS and summarize the quantitative relationships between PBS use and other variables. The review found inconsistency across studies in terms of how the use of PBS is operationalized and found only two PBS measures with good psychometric properties that have been replicated. Although several antecedents to PBS use were identified, most were only examined in single studies. Moderators of the predictive effects of PBS use on outcomes have similarly suffered from lack of replication in the literature. Of all 62 published reports reviewed, 80% reported only cross-sectional data, which is unfortunate given that PBS use may change over time and in different contexts. In addition, only two attempted to minimize potential recall biases associated with retrospective assessment of PBS use, and only two used an approach that allowed the examination of both within-subject and between-subject effects. In terms of the gaps in the literature, there is a dearth of longitudinal studies of PBS use, especially intensive longitudinal studies, which are integral to identifying more specifically how, when, and for whom use of PBS can be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pearson
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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