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Prapaharan B, Lea M, Beaudry JL. Weighing in on the role of brown adipose tissue for treatment of obesity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 27:13157. [PMID: 39087083 PMCID: PMC11290130 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2024.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is an emerging target for obesity treatments due to its thermogenic properties stemming from its ability to shuttle energy through uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Recent rodent studies show how BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) activity can be modulated to increase the expression of thermogenic proteins. Consequently, these alterations enable organisms to endure cold-temperatures and elevate energy expenditure, thereby promoting weight loss. In humans, BAT is less abundant in obese subjects and impacts of thermogenesis are less pronounced, bringing into question whether energy expending properties of BAT seen in rodents can be translated to human models. Our review will discuss pharmacological, hormonal, bioactive, sex-specific and environmental activators and inhibitors of BAT to determine the potential for BAT to act as a therapeutic strategy. We aim to address the feasibility of utilizing BAT modulators for weight reduction in obese individuals, as recent studies suggest that BAT's contributions to energy expenditure along with Ucp1-dependent and -independent pathways may or may not rectify energy imbalance characteristic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacqueline L. Beaudry
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Baranowska-Bik A, Bik W. The Association of Obesity with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Thyroid Function-Possible Mechanisms of Bilateral Interaction. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8894792. [PMID: 33381173 PMCID: PMC7755496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of patients suffer from autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. There has simultaneously been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. It is still an open question whether adiposity can directly influence activation of inflammatory processes affecting the thyroid in genetically predisposed individuals. Adipokines, biologically active substances derived from the adipocytes, belong to a heterogenic group of compounds involved in numerous physiological functions, including the maintenance of metabolism, hormonal balance, and immune response. Notably, the presence of obesity worsens the course of selected autoimmune diseases and impairs response to treatment. Moreover, the excess of body fat may result in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Nutritional status, body weight, and energy expenditure may influence thyroid hormone secretion. Interestingly, thyroid hormones might influence the activity of adipose tissue as metabolic alterations related to fat tissue are observed under pathological conditions in which there are deficits or overproduction of thyroid hormones. Functioning TSH receptors are expressed on adipocytes. Thermogenesis may presumably be stimulated by TSH binding to its receptor on brown adipocytes. There could be a bilateral interaction between the thyroid and adipose. Obesity may influence the onset and course of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Ceglowska 80, Warsaw 01-809, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bik
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, Warsaw 01-813, Poland
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Liu X, Zhang C, Meng Z, Li X, Liu M, Ren X, Zhu M, He Q, Zhang Q, Song K, Jia Q, Yan Z, Zhou P, Zhao F, Wang H, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang X, Wang X, Pan Z, Chen Q. Waist Circumference and Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction in a Large Cohort of Chinese Men and Women. Endocr Pract 2018; 24:733-739. [PMID: 30113215 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2018-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and waist circumference (WC) is still controversial, especially from the perspective of sex differences. We aimed to explore the impact of sex on this relationship in a large Chinese cohort. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 13,505 healthy participants (8,346 males, 5,159 females) who were enrolled in a health check program. Clinical data were collected. The association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and WC of both sexes was analyzed separately after dividing WC into quartiles. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by binary logistic regression models, and linear regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS The prevalence rates of subclinical hyper-and hypothyroidism were significantly lower in males. Binary logistic regression models showed that WC in females with subclinical hypothyroidism had a detrimental effect with an OR of 1.011, but the effect disappeared when we included other covariates. The other ORs indicated no significant effects. The weak negative relationship between WC and thyrotropin was also indicated by linear regression analyses with very low R2 values. CONCLUSION The current research did not show WC as a risk factor for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in either sex. Regional and ancestral origin differences may account for the variations with other studies. ABBREVIATIONS ALT = alanine aminotransferase; BMI = body mass index; FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; TG = triglycerides; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; UA = uric acid; WC = waist circumference.
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Mousa U, Bozkuş Y, Kut A, Demir C, Tutuncu N. FAT DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLIC PROFILE IN SUBJECTS WITH HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:105-112. [PMID: 31149243 PMCID: PMC6516596 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have associated overt/subclinical hypothyroidism and obesity but have failed to confirm a causative relationship between them. Confusion is even more for subjects with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT). OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fat distribution and metabolic profile of subjects with euthyroid HT as well as to establish an appropriate cut-off level of TSH for the development of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in both groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS All subjects were euthyroid whether under levothyroxine replacement or not. We recruited 301 volunteers (99 with HT and 202 without thyroid autoimmunity). Together with some metabolic variables, we measured the waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference manually; the total body fat with a body composition analyzer; and the visceral fat/trunk fat percentage via abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was established between TSH levels and insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR and body mass index (r=0.28; p<0.001; r=0.27; p<0.05: r=0.32; p<0.001: r=0.13; p<0.05 respectively). The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) was comparable in HT and control groups (27.3% vs. 30.7%; p>0.05). The prevalence of Mets was similar when HT subjects using levothyroxine or HT subjects with accompanying thyroid nodules were taken into consideration. Similarly, anthropometric and metabolic parameters were similar in both the HT group and the control group.We were unable to establish the TSH cut-off level by ROC analysis with desired sensitivity and specificity (AUC: 0.563 with 95% C.I. p=0.35; standard error 0.76). CONCLUSIONS Although weight gain is frequently encountered in subjects with HT, such subjects with thyroid function tests in the euthyroid range have a similar prevalence of Mets and similar metabolic and anthropometric measurements compared to subjects without autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Mousa
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y. Bozkuş
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Kut
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C.C. Demir
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N.B. Tutuncu
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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Witte T, Völzke H, Lerch MM, Hegenscheid K, Friedrich N, Ittermann T, Batsis JA. Association between Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Visceral Adipose Tissue: A Population-Based Study in Northeast Germany. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:12-19. [PMID: 28611943 PMCID: PMC5465717 DOI: 10.1159/000450977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal obesity is a major driver for adverse medical conditions. While an interaction between adipose tissue and thyroid function is thought to exist, to our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a population-based context. OBJECTIVE We determined an association between serum TSH levels and VAT. METHODS A sample of 1,021 female and 956 male adults aged 20-79 years was drawn from registry offices in the cross-sectional, population-based Study of Health in Pomerania Trend (SHIP Trend) in Northeast Germany from 2008 to 2012. Our main exposure was serum TSH levels. Our main outcome was VAT measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The possibly mediating role of leptin on the TSH-VAT association was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 1,719 participants (87.9%) had serum TSH levels within the reference range. The mean volume of VAT was 5.33 liters for men and 2.83 liters for women. No association between TSH and VAT (β = 0.06, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.14) was observed, and there were no differences detected between sexes. VAT was strongly associated with leptin with a greater effect in women than in men. Leptin was strongly associated with TSH. CONCLUSIONS No association between TSH and VAT was observed. Other biomarkers such as leptin may play a role in the relationship between thyroid function and metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Witte
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, N.H., USA
- Institute for Community Medicine, Departments of, Greifswald, Germany
- *Tilman Witte, MPH, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 35 Centerra Parkway, Lebanon, NH 03766 (USA), E-Mail
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Departments of, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Medicine A, University of Greifswald School of Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Diagnostic Radiology, University of Greifswald School of Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald School of Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, Departments of, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John A. Batsis
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, N.H., USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, N.H., USA
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Akbaba G, Berker D, Isık S, Tuna MM, Koparal S, Vural M, Yılmaz FM, Topcuoglu C, Guler S. Changes in the before and after thyroxine treatment levels of adipose tissue, leptin, and resistin in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 128:579-85. [PMID: 26394780 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) occurs when serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations are raised and serum thyroid hormone concentrations are normal. The effect of SH on the proinflammatory adipose cytokine releasing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the difference between the pre and posttreatment levels of VAT, leptin, and resistin in SH patients. METHODS There were 51 SH patients and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects included in the study. Thyroid functions, biochemical tests, leptin, resistin, and visceral and subcutaneous fat measurements were made. The measurements were repeated in the SH group in the third month following L-thyroxin treatment. RESULTS Initially, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid artery intima-media thickness (mm), leptin, and resistin levels were significantly higher in the SH group compared to the controls, while the other parameters were similar. While no correlation was observed between TSH levels and adipokines, a positive correlation was detected between waist circumference and leptin levels (r = 0.549, p < 0.01). Visceral adipose tissue was positively correlated to age, waist circumference, and leptin levels, but negatively correlated to free thyroxin (T4) levels (r = 0.419, p = 0.009; r = 0.794, p < 0.01; r = 0.515, p < 0.01 and r = - 0.416, p = 0.009, respectively). A significant decrease was observed in VAT volume, leptin, and resistin levels of SH patients following levothyroxine treatment. Conclusion The reduced VAT volume, leptin, and resistin levels in SH patients following treatment may support the idea that TSH affects adipose tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulhan Akbaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University School of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Berker
- Clinics of Endocrinology and Diseases of Metabolism, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serhat Isık
- Clinics of Endocrinology and Diseases of Metabolism, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Muslum Tuna
- Clinics of Endocrinology and Diseases of Metabolism, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suha Koparal
- Clinics of Radiology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Vural
- Clinics of Radiology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Meric Yılmaz
- Clinics of Biochemistry, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Topcuoglu
- Clinics of Biochemistry, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Guler
- Clinics of Endocrinology and Diseases of Metabolism, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diseases of Metabolism, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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Kocyigit I, Gungor O, Unal A, Yasan M, Orscelik O, Tunca O, Eroglu E, Sipahioglu MH, Tokgoz B, Ozdogru I, Dogan A, Oymak O. A low serum free triiodothyronine level is associated with epicardial adipose tissue in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1066-74. [PMID: 24898381 DOI: 10.5551/jat.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in dialysis patients. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been proposed as a cardiovascular risk marker in this population. Subclinical hypothyroidism and low free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels are associated with EAT in patients without chronic renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between EAT and low free T3 levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS A total of 125 prevalent PD patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The epicardial fat thickness (EFT) was measured by echocardiography, and the endothelial function was assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD). Thyroid function tests were performed by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 51 ± 13, and the time on PD was 36 months. The mean EFT was 6.7 ± 2.9 mm. The EFT correlated positively with the patient age, systolic blood pressure (BP), mean BP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level and body mass index (BMI), and negatively with the fT3 level and FMD. The median fT3 value was 2.53, and patients were divided according to their serum fT3 values (within the normal range and below the reference level). Compared with patients in the low fT3 group, the subjects in the normal fT3 group had higher serum albumin levels and FMD, but a lower BMI, plasma fasting glucose level, EFT, TSH level, hs-CRP level, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level and mean BP in office measurements, and both the diastolic BP and mean BP by ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the EFT was predicted by the hs-CRP and fT3 levels. CONCLUSION Low free T3 levels are associated with the epicardial fat thickness in PD patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenesis and to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Kocyigit
- Department of Nephrology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty
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Abete P, Adlbrecht C, Assimakopoulos SF, Côté N, Dullaart RP, Evsyukova HV, Fang TC, Goswami N, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Ho YL, Hoebaus C, Hülsmann M, Indridason OS, Kholová I, Lin YH, Maniscalco M, Mathieu P, Mizukami H, Ndrepepa G, Roessler A, Sánchez-Ramón S, Santamaria F, Schernthaner GH, Scopa CD, Sharp KM, Skuladottir GV, Steichen O, Stenvinkel P, Tejera-Alhambra M, Testa G, Visseren FL, Westerink J, Witasp A, Yagihashi S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2011. Eur J Clin Invest 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eci.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Abete
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - Christopher Adlbrecht
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine II; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Nancy Côté
- Department of Surgery; Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec/Research Center; Laval University; Québec Canada
| | - Robin P.F. Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology; University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Helen V. Evsyukova
- Department of Hospital Therapy; Medical Faculty; St Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Te-Chao Fang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Institute of Physiology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | | | - Yi-Lwun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Clemens Hoebaus
- Department of Medicine II; Angiology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine II; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Olafur S. Indridason
- Internal Medicine Services; Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Ivana Kholová
- Pathology; Fimlab Laboratories; Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Section of Respiratory Diseases; Hospital “S. Maria della Pietà”; Casoria Naples Italy
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Department of Surgery; Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV); Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec/Research Center; Laval University; Québec Canada
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Gjin Ndrepepa
- Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen; Deutsches Herzzentrum München; Technische Universität; Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Francesca Santamaria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gudrun V. Skuladottir
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Olivier Steichen
- Internal Medicine Department; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Tenon Hospital; Paris France
- Faculty of Medicine; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6; Paris France
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute; Università del Molise; Campobasso Italy
| | - Frank L.J. Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anna Witasp
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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