1
|
Abruzzese GA, Arbocco FCV, Ferrer MJ, Silva AF, Motta AB. Role of Hormones During Gestation and Early Development: Pathways Involved in Developmental Programming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:31-70. [PMID: 37466768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that an altered maternal milieu and environmental insults during the intrauterine and perinatal periods of life affect the developing organism, leading to detrimental long-term outcomes and often to adult pathologies through programming effects. Hormones, together with growth factors, play critical roles in the regulation of maternal-fetal and maternal-neonate interfaces, and alterations in any of them may lead to programming effects on the developing organism. In this chapter, we will review the role of sex steroids, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors, as crucial factors involved in physiological processes during pregnancy and lactation, and their role in developmental programming effects during fetal and early neonatal life. Also, we will consider epidemiological evidence and data from animal models of altered maternal hormonal environments and focus on the role of different tissues in the establishment of maternal and fetus/infant interaction. Finally, we will identify unresolved questions and discuss potential future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé Florencia Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deep Insight of the Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172672. [PMID: 36078079 PMCID: PMC9455072 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a severe metabolic disorder, which consistently requires medical care and self-management to restrict complications, such as obesity, kidney damage and cardiovascular diseases. The subtype gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy, which severely affects both the mother and the growing foetus. Obesity, uncontrolled weight gain and advanced gestational age are the prominent risk factors for GDM, which lead to high rate of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Zn in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in GDM will help researchers to design drugs for the optimal management of the condition without affecting the mother and foetus. This review article is focused on the molecular mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of GDM and the probable biomarkers, which can be helpful for the early diagnosis of the condition. The early diagnosis of the metabolic disorder, most preferably in first trimester of pregnancy, will lead to its effective long-term management, reducing foetal developmental complications and mortality along with safety measures for the mother.
Collapse
|
3
|
The effect of adiponectin and its receptors in placental development of diabetic rats. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
4
|
Sundrani DP, Karkhanis AR, Joshi SR. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR), fatty acids and microRNAs: Implications in women delivering low birth weight babies. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 67:24-41. [PMID: 33719831 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2020.1858994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) babies are associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality and are at increased risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in later life. However, the molecular determinants of LBW are not well understood. Placental insufficiency/dysfunction is the most frequent etiology for fetal growth restriction resulting in LBW and placental epigenetic processes are suggested to be important regulators of pregnancy outcome. Early life exposures like altered maternal nutrition may have long-lasting effects on the health of the offspring via epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) regulation. miRNAs have been recognized as major regulators of gene expression and are known to play an important role in placental development. Angiogenesis in the placenta is known to be regulated by transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) which is activated by ligands such as long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). In vitro studies in different cell types indicate that fatty acids can influence epigenetic mechanisms like miRNA regulation. We hypothesize that maternal fatty acid status may influence the miRNA regulation of PPAR genes in the placenta in women delivering LBW babies. This review provides an overview of miRNAs and their regulation of PPAR gene in the placenta of women delivering LBW babies.Abbreviations: AA - Arachidonic Acid; Ago2 - Argonaute2; ALA - Alpha-Linolenic Acid; ANGPTL4 - Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; C14MC - Chromosome 14 miRNA Cluster; C19MC - Chromosome 19 miRNA Cluster; CLA - Conjugated Linoleic Acid; CSE - Cystathionine γ-Lyase; DHA - Docosahexaenoic Acid; EFA - Essential Fatty Acids; E2F3 - E2F transcription factor 3; EPA - Eicosapentaenoic Acid; FGFR1 - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; GDM - Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; hADMSCs - Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hBMSCs - Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells; HBV - Hepatitis B Virus; HCC - Hepatocellular Carcinoma; HCPT - Hydroxycamptothecin; HFD - High-Fat Diet; Hmads - Human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem; HSCS - Human Hepatic Stellate Cells; IUGR - Intrauterine Growth Restriction; LA - Linoleic Acid; LBW - Low Birth Weight; LCPUFA - Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; MEK1 - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; MiRNA - MicroRNA; mTOR - Mammalian Target of Rapamycin; NCDs - NonCommunicable Diseases; OA - Oleic Acid; PASMC - Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell; PLAG1 - Pleiomorphic Adenoma Gene 1; PPAR - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor; PPARα - PPAR alpha; PPARγ - PPAR gamma; PPARδ - PPAR delta; pre-miRNA - precursor miRNA; RISC - RNA-Induced Silencing Complex; ROS - Reactive Oxygen Species; SAT - Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue; WHO - World Health Organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali P Sundrani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Aishwarya R Karkhanis
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Kruistum H, Guernsey MW, Baker JC, Kloet SL, Groenen MAM, Pollux BJA, Megens HJ. The Genomes of the Livebearing Fish Species Poeciliopsis retropinna and Poeciliopsis turrubarensis Reflect Their Different Reproductive Strategies. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1376-1386. [PMID: 31960923 PMCID: PMC7182214 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of a placenta is predicted to be accompanied by rapid evolution of genes involved in processes that regulate mother-offspring interactions during pregnancy, such as placenta formation, embryonic development, and nutrient transfer to offspring. However, these predictions have only been tested in mammalian species, where only a single instance of placenta evolution has occurred. In this light, the genus Poeciliopsis is a particularly interesting model for placenta evolution, because in this genus a placenta has evolved independently from the mammalian placenta. Here, we present and compare genome assemblies of two species of the livebearing fish genus Poeciliopsis (family Poeciliidae) that differ in their reproductive strategy: Poeciliopsis retropinna which has a well-developed complex placenta and P. turrubarensis which lacks a placenta. We applied different assembly strategies for each species: PacBio sequencing for P. retropinna (622-Mb assembly, scaffold N50 of 21.6 Mb) and 10× Genomics Chromium technology for P. turrubarensis (597-Mb assembly, scaffold N50 of 4.2 Mb). Using the high contiguity of these genome assemblies and near-completeness of gene annotations to our advantage, we searched for gene duplications and performed a genome-wide scan for genes evolving under positive selection. We find rapid evolution in major parts of several molecular pathways involved in parent-offspring interaction in P. retropinna, both in the form of gene duplications as well as positive selection. We conclude that the evolution of the placenta in the genus Poeciliopsis is accompanied by rapid evolution of genes involved in similar genomic pathways as found in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri van Kruistum
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W Guernsey
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Julie C Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Susan L Kloet
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:553-576. [PMID: 32504388 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there are certain ethical and practical limitations to what can be assessed in human studies.Thus, both in vivo and in vitro models can aid us in the understanding of the mechanisms behind these complications and, in the long run, towards their prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the existing animal and cell models used to mimic diabetes, with a specific focus on the intrauterine environment. Summary of this review.
Collapse
|
7
|
Louwagie EJ, Larsen TD, Wachal ALM, Baack ML. Placental lipid processing in response to a maternal high-fat diet and diabetes in rats. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:712-722. [PMID: 29166372 PMCID: PMC5902636 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundDiabetes and obesity during pregnancy have an impact on the health of both mothers and developing babies. Prevention focuses on glycemic control, but increasing evidence implicates a role for lipids. Using a rat model, we showed that a maternal high-fat (HF) diet increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, but lipid processing across the maternal-placental-fetal triad remained unstudied. We hypothesized that HF diet would disrupt placental lipid processing to exaggerate fuel-mediated consequences of diabetic pregnancy.MethodsWe compared circulating lipid profiles, hormones, and inflammatory markers in dams and rat offspring from normal, diabetes-exposed, HF-diet-exposed, and combination-exposed pregnancies. Placentae were examined for lipid accumulation and expression of fuel transporters.ResultsMaternal HF diet exaggerated hyperlipidemia of pregnancy, with diabetes marked dyslipidemia developed in dams but not in offspring. Placentae demonstrated lipid accumulation and lower expression of fatty acid (FA) transporters. Diet-exposed offspring had a lower fraction of circulating essential FAs. Pregnancy loss was significantly higher in diet-exposed but not in diabetes-exposed pregnancies, which could not be explained by differences in hormone production. Although not confirmed, inflammation may play a role.ConclusionMaternal hyperlipidemia contributes to placental lipid droplet accumulation, perinatal mortality, and aberrant FA profiles that may influence the health of the developing offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli J. Louwagie
- Sanford Program for Undergraduate Research (SPUR), Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD. Augustana University, 2001 S Summit Ave., Sioux Falls, SD. MD-PhD Student, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Tricia D. Larsen
- Senior Research Technician, Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Angela L. M. Wachal
- Science Educator Research Fellow, Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD. Science Teacher, Harrisburg High School, Harrisburg, SD
| | - Michelle L. Baack
- Physician Scientist, Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104. Associate Professor, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, 1400 W. 22 Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57117. Neonatologist, Sanford Children’s Health Specialty Clinic, 1600 W. 22 Street, PO Box 5039, Sioux Falls, SD 57117
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Implications of Lipids in Neonatal Body Weight and Fat Mass in Gestational Diabetic Mothers and Non-Diabetic Controls. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:7. [PMID: 29399727 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-0978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Maternal lipid metabolism greatly changes during pregnancy and we review in this article how they influence fetal adiposity and growth under non-diabetic and gestational diabetic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS In pregnant women without diabetes (control), maternal glycemia correlates with neonatal glycemia, neonatal body weight and fat mass. In pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal glucose correlates with neither neonatal glycemia, neonatal birth weight nor fat mass, but maternal triacylglycerols (TAG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol do correlate with birth weight and neonatal adiposity. The proportions of maternal plasma arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids decrease from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy, and at term these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher in cord blood plasma than in mothers, indicating efficient placental transfer. In control or pregnant women with GDM at term, the maternal concentration of individual fatty acids does not correlate with neonatal body weight or fat mass, but cord blood fatty acid levels correlate with birth weight and neonatal adiposity-positively in controls, but negatively in GDM. The proportion of AA and DHA in umbilical artery plasma in GDM is lower than in controls but not in umbilical vein plasma. Therefore, an increased utilization of those two fatty acids by fetal tissues, rather than impaired placental transfer, is responsible for their smaller proportion in plasma of GDM newborns. In control pregnant women, maternal glycemia controls neonatal body weight and fat mass, whereas in mothers with GDM-even with good glycemic control-maternal lipids and their greater utilization by the fetus play a critical role in neonatal body weight and fat mass. We propose that altered lipid metabolism rather than hyperglycemia constitutes a risk for macrosomia in GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Herrera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, E-28925, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Henar Ortega-Senovilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, E-28925, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Fowden AL. Placental phenotype and the insulin-like growth factors: resource allocation to fetal growth. J Physiol 2017; 595:5057-5093. [PMID: 28337745 DOI: 10.1113/jp273330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the main determinant of fetal growth and development in utero. It supplies all the nutrients and oxygen required for fetal growth and secretes hormones that facilitate maternal allocation of nutrients to the fetus. Furthermore, the placenta responds to nutritional and metabolic signals in the mother by altering its structural and functional phenotype, which can lead to changes in maternal resource allocation to the fetus. The molecular mechanisms by which the placenta senses and responds to environmental cues are poorly understood. This review discusses the role of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in controlling placental resource allocation to fetal growth, particularly in response to adverse gestational environments. In particular, it assesses the impact of the IGFs and their signalling machinery on placental morphogenesis, substrate transport and hormone secretion, primarily in the laboratory species, although it draws on data from human and other species where relevant. It also considers the role of the IGFs as environmental signals in linking resource availability to fetal growth through changes in the morphological and functional phenotype of the placenta. As altered fetal growth is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and a greater risk of developing adult-onset diseases in later life, understanding the role of IGFs during pregnancy in regulating placental resource allocation to fetal growth is important for identifying the mechanisms underlying the developmental programming of offspring phenotype by suboptimal intrauterine growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ionel Sandovici
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Miguel Constancia
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salehi R, Ambrose DJ. Prepartum maternal diets supplemented with oilseeds alter the fatty acid profile in bovine neonatal plasma possibly through reduced placental expression of fatty acid transporter protein 4 and fatty acid translocase. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:1846-1855. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the effects of maternal dietary fat and the type of fat on plasma fatty acids and the expression of placental fatty acid transporter genes. In Experiment 1, Holstein cows in the last 35 days of gestation received diets containing sunflower seed (n = 8; high in linoleic acid (LA)), canola seed (n = 7; high in oleic acid (OLA)) or no oilseed (n = 7; control). Fatty acids were quantified in dam and neonate plasma at calving. In Experiment 2, placental cotyledons were collected (LA: n = 4; OLA: n = 4; control: n = 5) to quantify gene expression. Maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, neonatal total n-3 fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) declined, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total fat tended to decline following fat supplementation prepartum. Feeding of LA versus OLA prepartum tended to increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA) expression, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARD) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) expression tended to be higher in OLA- than LA-fed cows. Expression of fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) expression was lower in placental tissue of cows fed fat compared with control cows. Reduced total n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA in neonates born of dams fed fat prepartum is likely due to changes in PPARs and reduced expression of placental FATP4 and FAT/CD36.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lendvai Á, Deutsch MJ, Plösch T, Ensenauer R. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors under epigenetic control in placental metabolism and fetal development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E797-810. [PMID: 26860983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The placental metabolism can adapt to the environment throughout pregnancy to both the demands of the fetus and the signals from the mother. Such adaption processes include epigenetic mechanisms, which alter gene expression and may influence the offspring's health. These mechanisms are linked to the diversity of prenatal environmental exposures, including maternal under- or overnutrition or gestational diabetes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that contribute to the developmental plasticity of the placenta by regulating lipid and glucose metabolism pathways, including lipogenesis, steroidogenesis, glucose transporters, and placental signaling pathways, thus representing a link between energy metabolism and reproduction. Among the PPAR isoforms, PPARγ appears to be the main modulator of mammalian placentation. Certain fatty acids and lipid-derived moieties are the natural activating PPAR ligands. By controlling the amounts of maternal nutrients that go across to the fetus, the PPARs play an important regulatory role in placenta metabolism, thereby adapting to the maternal nutritional status. As demonstrated in animal studies, maternal nutrition during gestation can exert long-term influences on the PPAR methylation pattern in offspring organs. This review underlines the current state of knowledge on the relationship between environmental factors and the epigenetic regulation of the PPARs in placenta metabolism and offspring development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Lendvai
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel J Deutsch
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Experimental Pediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, and Neonatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
White V, Jawerbaum A, Mazzucco MB, Gauster M, Desoye G, Hiden U. Diabetes-associated changes in the fetal insulin/insulin-like growth factor system are organ specific in rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:48-55. [PMID: 25268143 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes in pregnancy affects fetal growth and development. The insulin/insulin-like growth factors (IGF) system comprising insulin, IGF, their receptors, and binding proteins, has been implicated in fetal growth regulation. This study tested the hypothesis that maternal diabetes alters the fetal insulin/IGF system in a tissue-specific manner. METHODS Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by neonatal administration of streptozotocin and mated with control rats. At day 21 of gestation, the weights of fetuses, placentas, and fetal organs (heart, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, and pancreas) were determined. Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2 were measured by ELISA, and expression of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IR, IGFBP1, BP2, and BP3 in placenta and fetal organs by qPCR. RESULTS The well-known increase in fetal growth in this model of mild diabetes is accompanied by elevated insulin and IGF1 levels and alterations of the insulin/IGF system in the fetus and the placenta. These alterations were organ and gene specific. The insulin/IGF system was generally upregulated, especially in the fetal heart, while it was downregulated in fetal lung. CONCLUSION In our model of mild diabetes, the effect of maternal diabetes on fetal weight and fetal insulin/IGF system expression is organ specific with highly sensitive organs such as lung and heart, and organs that were less affected, such as stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica White
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B Mazzucco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFyBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ding H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H, Qu J, Shen R. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor Delta in Mouse Impacts Lipid Composition and Placental Development at Early Stage of Gestation1. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:57. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Hu L, Cui Y, Qi Z, Huang X, Cai L, Zhang T, Yin Y, Lu Z, Xiang J. Roles of PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87343. [PMID: 24489901 PMCID: PMC3906154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most prevalent pregnancy specific liver disease. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of ICP is poorly understood. Aim To assess the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in placenta and HTR-8/SVneo cell, and evaluate the serum levels of cytokines, bile acids, hepatic function and lipids in control and ICP patients and the fetal outcome, in order to explore the role of PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway in the possible mechanism of ICP. Methods Clinical data of the pregnant women were collected and serum levels of cytokines, bile acids, hepatic function and lipids were measured. Expressions of PPARγ and NF-κB in placenta and HTR-8/SVneo cell were determined. The new-born information was collected to demonstrate the relationship between PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway and ICP. Results The serum levels of bile acids, hepatic function, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in ICP group were significantly increased (P<0.01), and serum level of IL-4 was significantly decreased (P<0.01). PPARγ and NF-κB staining were found in the membrane and cytoplasm of placental trophoblast cell. The expression of PPARγ and NF-κB were significantly higher in ICP group and taurocholate acid (TCA) treated HTR-8/SVneo cell (P<0.01). The new-born information in severe ICP group were significantly different as compared to that in control group (P<0.05), and part of information in mild ICP group were also difference to that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The higher expressions of PPARγ and NF-κB in ICP placenta and TCA treated HTR-8/SVneo cell, together with the abnormal serum levels of cytokines, might induced by the imbalance of inflammatory and immune reaction, and then disturb placental bile acid and serum lipids transportation, finally result in fatal cholestasis which probably be one of the mechanism of ICP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
| | - Lingqing Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyi Cai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyi Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingying Xiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neonatally induced mild diabetes in rats and its effect on maternal, placental, and fetal parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:108163. [PMID: 22778712 PMCID: PMC3388333 DOI: 10.1155/2012/108163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess placental changes and reproductive outcomes in neonatally induced mild diabetic dams and fetal development in their offspring. At birth, female rats were assigned either to control or diabetic group (100 mg of streptozotocin/Kg, subcutaneously). At adulthood, the female rats were mated. During pregnancy, the blood glucose levels and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. At term, maternal reproductive outcomes, fetal and placental weight, and placental morphology were analyzed. Diabetic rats had smaller number of living fetuses, implantations and corpora lutea, and increased rate of embryonic loss. Placenta showed morphometric alterations in decidua area. Our results showed that mild diabetes was sufficient to trigger alterations in maternal organism leading to impaired decidua development contributing to failure in embryonic implantation and early embryonic losses. Regardless placental decidua alteration, the labyrinth, which is responsible for the maternal-fetal exchanges, showed no morphometric changes contributing to an appropriate fetal development, which was able to maintain normal fetal weight at term in mild diabetic rats. Thus, this experimental model of diabetes induction at the day of birth was more effective to reproduce the reproductive alterations of diabetic women.
Collapse
|
16
|
Review: Effects of PPAR activation in the placenta and the fetus: Implications in maternal diabetes. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Lager S, Jansson N, Olsson A, Wennergren M, Jansson T, Powell T. Effect of IL-6 and TNF-α on fatty acid uptake in cultured human primary trophoblast cells. Placenta 2011; 32:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Martínez N, White V, Kurtz M, Higa R, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A. Activation of the nuclear receptor PPARα regulates lipid metabolism in foetal liver from diabetic rats: implications in diabetes-induced foetal overgrowth. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:35-46. [PMID: 21218506 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a crucial regulator of liver lipid metabolism. As maternal diabetes impairs foetal lipid metabolism and growth, we aimed to determine whether PPARα activation regulates lipid metabolism in the foetal liver from diabetic rats as well as foetal weight and foetal liver weight. METHODS diabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). For ex vivo studies, livers from 21-day-old foetuses from control and diabetic rats were explanted and incubated in the presence of PPARα agonists (clofibrate and leukotriene B(4) ) for further evaluation of lipid levels (by thin layer chromatography and densitometry), de novo lipid synthesis (by (14) C-acetate incorporation) and lipid peroxidation (by thiobarbituric reactive substances evaluation). For in vivo studies, foetuses were injected through the uterine wall with leukotriene B(4) on days 19, 20 and 21 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation, foetal liver concentrations of lipids and lipoperoxides were evaluated. RESULTS foetuses from diabetic rats showed increased body weight and liver weight, as well as accumulation of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, increased de novo lipid synthesis and lipid peroxidation in the liver when compared to controls. Ex vivo studies showed that PPARα ligands reduced both the concentrations and synthesis of the lipid species studied and lipid peroxidation in the foetal liver from diabetic rats. In vivo experiments showed that leukotriene B(4) reduced the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, as well as lipid peroxidation, foetal weight and foetal liver weight in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS PPARα activation regulates the impaired foetal liver lipid metabolism, prevents hepatomegaly and reduces foetal overgrowth induced by maternal diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Martínez
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the incidence of diabetes, the increase in type 2 diabetes in women at reproductive ages, and the cross-generation of the intrauterine programming of type 2 diabetes are the bases for the growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of induction of developmental alterations in maternal diabetes. In this scenario, experimental models that present the most common features of diabetes in pregnancy are highly required. Several important aspects of human diabetic pregnancies such as the increased rates of spontaneous abortions, malformations, fetoplacental impairments, and offspring diseases in later life can be approached by using the appropriate animal models. The purpose of this review is to give a practical and critical guide into the most frequently used experimental models in diabetes and pregnancy, discuss their advantages and limitations, and describe the aspects of diabetes and pregnancy for which these models are thought to be adequate. This review provides a comprehensive view and an extensive analysis of the different models and phenotypes addressed in diabetic animals throughout pregnancy. The review includes an analysis of the surgical, chemical-induced, and genetic experimental models of diabetes and an evaluation of their use to analyze early pregnancy defects, induction of congenital malformations, placental and fetal alterations, and the intrauterine programming of metabolic diseases in the offspring's later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carbaprostacyclin, a PPARδ agonist, ameliorates excess lipid accumulation in diabetic rat placentas. Life Sci 2010; 86:781-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
21
|
Higa R, White V, Martinez N, Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A. Safflower and olive oil dietary treatments rescue aberrant embryonic arachidonic acid and nitric oxide metabolism and prevent diabetic embryopathy in rats. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:286-95. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
Birth defects resulting from diabetic pregnancy are associated with apoptosis of a critical mass of progenitor cells early during the formation of the affected organ(s). Insufficient expression of genes that regulate viability of the progenitor cells is responsible for the apoptosis. In particular, maternal diabetes inhibits expression of a gene, Pax3, that encodes a transcription factor which is expressed in neural crest and neuroepithelial cells. As a result of insufficient Pax3, cardiac neural crest and neuroepithelial cells undergo apoptosis by a process dependent on the p53 tumor suppressor protein. This, then provides a cellular explanation for the cardiac outflow tract and neural tube and defects induced by diabetic pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Chappell
- Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiao Dan Wang
- Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mary R. Loeken
- Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Capobianco E, Martínez N, Higa R, White V, Jawerbaum A. The effects of maternal dietary treatments with natural PPAR ligands on lipid metabolism in fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:191-9. [PMID: 18947987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes impairs fetal development and growth. We studied the effects of maternal diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids capable of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the concentrations of 15deoxyDelta12,14PGJ2 (15dPGJ2), lipid mass, and the de novo lipid synthesis in 13.5-day fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). Rats were treated with a standard diet supplemented or not with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil from days 0.5 to 13.5 of gestation. Fetuses from diabetic rats fed with the standard diet showed reduced 15dPGJ2 concentrations, whereas maternal treatments with olive and safflower oils increased 15dPGJ2 concentrations. Fetuses from diabetic rats showed increased concentrations of phospholipids and increased synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Diabetic rat treatments with olive and safflower oils reduced phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations and the de novo lipid synthesis in the fetuses. These effects were different from those observed in fetuses from control rats, and seem not to involve PPARgamma activation. In conclusion, olive oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets provide beneficial effects in maternal diabetes, as they prevent fetal impairments in 15dPGJ2 concentrations, lipid synthesis and lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|