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Turner LD, Zarkovic A, Lee Siew Hua J, Chan W, Ogra S, Brettell D, Ohana O, Gounder P, Hayes M, Madge S. Does the histopathological subtype of primary basal cell carcinoma predict the subtype of secondary tumours? What role do genetic mutations play? SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 3:e123. [PMID: 37013122 PMCID: PMC10066757 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The frequency of histopathological subtypes and the distribution on the body of BCC has been well documented. Less has been written on the nature of secondary tumours. The genetics of BCC is starting to be understood, particularly with the advent of newer medical treatments (hedgehog inhibitors). Objectives To determine if primary basal cell carcinoma histopathological subtype predicts secondary tumour subtype, as well as their anatomical distribution. Methods A retrospective case series of patients over the age of 18 was performed from 2009 to 2014, with at least two separate diagnoses of BCC. Results In 394 identified patients, a total of 1355 BCCs arose in the cohort over the 6-year study period. The number of secondary BCCs per patient ranged from 2 to 19 tumours. Nodular BCC was the most likely to reoccur in secondary tumours (53.3%), followed by mixed subtypes (45.7%). Conclusions Within our study, we did find a predisposition for secondary BCCs to be of the same histopathological subtype as the primary, particularly with respect to nodular and mixed tumours. Furthermore, we found that secondary tumours were also more likely to occur on the same anatomical site as the primary tumour. We are only just beginning to under the genetic mutations involved in subtype formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D. Turner
- Department of Ophthalmology Hereford County Hospital Hereford UK
| | - Andrea Zarkovic
- Department of Ophthalmology Hereford County Hospital Hereford UK
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2
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR, Minz S, Sahu KK, Kaurav M, Pradhan M. Dermal nanomedicine: Uncovering the ability of nucleic acid to alleviate autoimmune and other related skin disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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In GK, Nallagangula A, Choi JS, Tachiki L, Blackburn MJ, Capone S, Bollin KB, Reuben DY, Shirai K, Zhang-Nunes S, Ragab O, Terando A, Hu JC, Lee H, Bhatia S, Chandra S, Lutzky J, Gibney GT. Clinical activity of PD-1 inhibition in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004839. [PMID: 35545318 PMCID: PMC9096532 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, yet the management of patients with advanced or metastatic disease is challenging, with limited treatment options. Recently, programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibition has demonstrated activity in BCC after prior Hedgehog inhibitor treatment. Methods We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of BCC patients treated with PD-1 inhibitor therapy. We examined the efficacy and safety of PD-1 therapy, as well as clinical and pathological variables in association with outcomes. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and duration of response (DOR) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Toxicity was graded per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.5.0. Results A total of 29 patients with BCC who were treated with PD-1 inhibition were included for analysis, including 20 (69.0%) with locally advanced and 9 (31.0%) with metastatic disease. The objective response rate was 31.0%, with five partial responses (17.2%), and four complete responses (13.8%). Nine patients had stable disease (31.0%), with a disease control rate of 62.1%. The median DOR was not reached. Median PFS was 12.2 months (95% CI 0.0 to 27.4). Median OS was 32.4 months (95% CI 18.1 to 46.7). Two patients (6.9%) developed grade 3 or higher toxicity, while four patients (13.8%) discontinued PD-1 inhibition because of toxicity. Higher platelets (p=0.022) and any grade toxicity (p=0.024) were significantly associated with disease control rate. Conclusions The clinical efficacy of PD-1 inhibition among patients with advanced or metastatic BCC in this real-world cohort were comparable to published trial data. Further investigation of PD-1 inhibition is needed to define its optimal role for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Kim In
- Division of Oncology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aparna Nallagangula
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jacob Seung Choi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Tachiki
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew J Blackburn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen Capone
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn B Bollin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Scripps Clinic, Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel Y Reuben
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth University, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sandy Zhang-Nunes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Omar Ragab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alicia Terando
- Section of Surgical Oncology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny C Hu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose Lutzky
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Geoffrey Thomas Gibney
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Saytburkhanov RR, Kubanov AA, Kondrakhina IN, Plakhova XI. Modern understanding of the pathogenesis of basal cell skin cancer. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of basal cell skin cancer is increasing worldwide. The initiation and progression of basal cell skin cancer is due to the interaction of environmental factors and the patient's genetic characteristics. Aberrant activation of the transmission of the Hedgehog signaling pathway is the main pathogenetic pathway of carcinogenesis.
Since basal cell skin cancer is manifested by significant variability of morphological structure, aggressiveness and response to treatment, the disclosure of the molecular genetics of pathogenesis will become the basis for developing new approaches and increasing the effectiveness of treatment, as well as overcoming tumor resistance to treatment.
To search for the necessary literature, the PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science and RSCI databases were used.
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Is miRNA Regulation the Key to Controlling Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Evolution? Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121929. [PMID: 34946878 PMCID: PMC8701953 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is one of the most common types of skin cancer. It has a number of subtypes, which include basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules, capable of regulating gene expression at a post transcriptional level. They play a pivotal role in a variety of physiologic cellular functions and pathologies, including malignant diseases. The development of miRNAs represents an important study field, which has been extensively exploited in melanoma for almost a decade with promising results, therefore we consider it a stepstone for further research projects also in non-melanoma skin cancers. The aim of our study was to explore the current literature in order to present the role of the different miRNAs in some of the most frequent types of NMSC pertaining to oncogenesis, evolution and therapy. The most relevant and accurate available data from the literature were evaluated. Our study concluded that there are almost 100 miRNAs which can be upregulated or downregulated and can play a role in oncogenesis. They can be easily identified in circulation, are stable and they can be important diagnosis/prognosis and therapy monitoring markers.
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6
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Non-coding RNA dysregulation in skin cancers. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:641-655. [PMID: 34414406 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. They can be classified in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the latter includes squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In recent years, the crucial role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in skin cancer pathogenesis has become increasingly evident. NcRNAs are functional RNA molecules that lack any protein-coding activity. These ncRNAs are classified based on their length: small, medium-size, and long ncRNAs. Among the most studied ncRNAs there are microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNA (circRNAs). ncRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and are involved in skin cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Many ncRNAs exhibit tissue- or cell-specific expression while others have been correlated to tumor staging, drug resistance, and prognosis. For these reasons, ncRNAs have both a diagnostic and prognostic significance in skin cancers. Our review summarizes the functional role of ncRNAs in skin cancers and their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Onodera S, Morita N, Nakamura Y, Takahashi S, Hashimoto K, Nomura T, Katakura A, Kosaki K, Azuma T. Novel alterations in IFT172 and KIFAP3 may induce basal cell carcinoma. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:443. [PMID: 34674729 PMCID: PMC8529737 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly occurring neoplasm in patients with Gorlin syndrome. It is widely accepted that multiple basal cell carcinomas simultaneously develop in middle-aged patients with this syndrome. However, the presence of driver genes other than the PTCH1 in Gorlin syndrome has not been explored. This study aimed to identify common gene mutations other than PTCH1 in simultaneously occurring basal cell carcinomas in patients with Gorlin syndrome via exome sequencing analysis. Methods Next-generation sequencing analysis was performed using four basal cell carcinoma samples, one dental keratinocyte sample, and two epidermoid cyst samples, which were surgically resected from one patient with Gorlin syndrome on the same day. Results Overall, 282 somatic mutations were identified in the neoplasms. No additional somatic mutations in PTCH1, PTCH2, TP53, and SMO were identified. However, enrichment analysis showed that multiple genes, such as IFT172 and KIFAP3, could regulate ciliary functions important for Hedgehog signaling. Conclusion The development of BCCs in patients with Gorlin syndrome may be triggered by mutations that cause substantial dysfunction of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Nana Morita
- Department of Oral Medicine and Hospital Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan.,Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, 1-7-1, aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, 189-8511, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nakamura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hashimoto
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13, Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan
| | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, 2-15-45, Mita, Minatoku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda Misakichou, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
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Vasconcelos AM, Carmo MB, Ferreira B, Viegas I, Gama-Carvalho M, Ferreira A, Amaral AJ. IsomiR_Window: a system for analyzing small-RNA-seq data in an integrative and user-friendly manner. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:37. [PMID: 33522913 PMCID: PMC7852101 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-03955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IsomiRs are miRNA variants that vary in length and/or sequence when compared to their canonical forms. These variants display differences in length and/or sequence, including additions or deletions of one or more nucleotides (nts) at the 5' and/or 3' end, internal editings or untemplated 3' end additions. Most available tools for small RNA-seq data analysis do not allow the identification of isomiRs and often require advanced knowledge of bioinformatics. To overcome this, we have developed IsomiR Window, a platform that supports the systematic identification, quantification and functional exploration of isomiR expression in small RNA-seq datasets, accessible to users with no computational skills. METHODS IsomiR Window enables the discovery of isomiRs and identification of all annotated non-coding RNAs in RNA-seq datasets from animals and plants. It comprises two main components: the IsomiR Window pipeline for data processing; and the IsomiR Window Browser interface. It integrates over ten third-party softwares for the analysis of small-RNA-seq data and holds a new algorithm that allows the detection of all possible types of isomiRs. These include 3' and 5'end isomiRs, 3' end tailings, isomiRs with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or potential RNA editings, as well as all possible fuzzy combinations. IsomiR Window includes all required databases for analysis and annotation, and is freely distributed as a Linux virtual machine, including all required software. RESULTS IsomiR Window processes several datasets in an automated manner, without restrictions of input file size. It generates high quality interactive figures and tables which can be exported into different formats. The performance of isomiR detection and quantification was assessed using simulated small-RNA-seq data. For correctly mapped reads, it identified different types of isomiRs with high confidence and 100% accuracy. The analysis of a small RNA-seq data from Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCCs) using isomiR Window confirmed that miR-183-5p is up-regulated in Nodular BCCs, but revealed that this effect was predominantly due to a novel 5'end variant. This variant displays a different seed region motif and 1756 isoform-exclusive mRNA targets that are significantly associated with disease pathways, underscoring the biological relevance of isomiR-focused analysis. IsomiR Window is available at https://isomir.fc.ul.pt/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vasconcelos
- Lasige - Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Beatriz Ferreira
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Viegas
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Ferreira
- Lasige - Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia J Amaral
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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9
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Kashyap MP, Sinha R, Mukhtar MS, Athar M. Epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:36-56. [PMID: 33242578 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of cancer with the help of ever-expanding cutting edge technological tools and bioinformatics is revolutionizing modern cancer research by broadening the space of discovery window of various genomic and epigenomic processes. Genomics data integrated with multi-omics layering have advanced cancer research. Uncovering such layers of genetic mutations/modifications, epigenetic regulation and their role in the complex pathophysiology of cancer progression could lead to novel therapeutic interventions. Although a plethora of literature is available in public domain defining the role of various tumor driver gene mutations, understanding of epigenetic regulation of cancer is still emerging. This review focuses on epigenetic regulation association with the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC has higher prevalence in Caucasian populations compared to other races. Due to lack of proper reporting to cancer registries, the incidence rates for NMSC worldwide cannot be accurately estimated. However, this is the most common neoplasm in humans, and millions of new cases per year are reported in the United States alone. In organ transplant recipients, the incidence of NMSC particularly of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high and these SCCs frequently become metastatic and lethal. Understanding of solar ultraviolet (UV) light-induced damage and impaired DNA repair process leading to DNA mutations and nuclear instability provide an insight into the pathogenesis of metastatic neoplasm. This review discusses the recent advances in the field of epigenetics of NMSCs. Particularly, the role of DNA methylation, histone hyperacetylation and non-coding RNA such as long-chain noncoding (lnc) RNAs, circular RNAs and miRNA in the disease progression are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pratap Kashyap
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rajesh Sinha
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Fania L, Didona D, Morese R, Campana I, Coco V, Di Pietro FR, Ricci F, Pallotta S, Candi E, Abeni D, Dellambra E. Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110449. [PMID: 33113965 PMCID: PMC7690754 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. Although the mortality from BCC is negligible, this tumor can be associated with significant morbidity and cost. This review presents a literature overview of BCC from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Several histopathological BCC subtypes with different prognostic values have been described. Dermoscopy and, more recently, reflectance confocal microscopy have largely improved BCC diagnosis. Although surgery is the first-line treatment for localized BCC, other nonsurgical local treatment options are available. BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. Notably, Hedgehog signaling inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, are successfully used as targeted treatment for advanced or metastatic BCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has demonstrated to be useful in the patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fania
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Roberto Morese
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Irene Campana
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Valeria Coco
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Romana Di Pietro
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Sabatino Pallotta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Abeni
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
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11
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Gerloff D, Sunderkötter C, Wohlrab J. Importance of microRNAs in Skin Oncogenesis and Their Suitability as Agents and Targets for Topical Therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:270-279. [PMID: 33080592 DOI: 10.1159/000509879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, with rapidly increasing incidence and consistent mortality. Skin cancer encompasses melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, which in turn is mainly divided into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Small noncoding micro-RNAs (miRNAs) regulate protein expression after transcription and play a role in the development and progression of skin cancer. Deregulated expression of miRNAs in skin cancer is associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, immune response, and drug resistance. Specific patterns of miRNAs in specific skin cancer types can be used as diagnostic markers. For therapeutic purposes, both miRNA and chemically modified variants thereof as well as miRNA antagonists (antagomiRs) or RNA inhibitors may be applied topically. Due to their specific physicochemical properties, physical or chemical diffusion promoters are used with varying degrees of success. There is no question by now that such preparations have a high potential for the treatment of epithelial skin tumors in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gerloff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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12
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Dika E, Scarfì F, Ferracin M, Broseghini E, Marcelli E, Bortolani B, Campione E, Riefolo M, Ricci C, Lambertini M. Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155572. [PMID: 32759706 PMCID: PMC7432343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of carcinoma worldwide. BCC development is the result of a complex interaction between environmental, phenotypic and genetic factors. However, despite the progress in the field, BCC biology and mechanisms of resistance against systemic treatments have been poorly investigated. The aim of the present review is to provide a revision of BCC histological and molecular features, including microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation, with a specific focus on the molecular basis of BCC systemic therapies. Papers from the last ten years regarding BCC genetic and phenotypic alterations, as well as the mechanism of resistance against hedgehog pathway inhibitors vismodegib and sonidegib were included. The involvement of miRNAs in BCC resistance to systemic therapies is emerging as a new field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Dika
- Division of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italia; (F.S.); (M.L.)
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0512144849
| | - Federica Scarfì
- Division of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italia; (F.S.); (M.L.)
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Broseghini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Emanuela Marcelli
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Bortolani
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mattia Riefolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Martina Lambertini
- Division of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italia; (F.S.); (M.L.)
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Mitsiogianni M, Amery T, Franco R, Zoumpourlis V, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. From chemo-prevention to epigenetic regulation: The role of isothiocyanates in skin cancer prevention. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:187-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Singhvi G, Manchanda P, Krishna Rapalli V, Kumar Dubey S, Gupta G, Dua K. MicroRNAs as biological regulators in skin disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:996-1004. [PMID: 30372911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are being investigated as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers for different disease conditions. miRNAs serve as essential regulators of cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. The involvement of miRNAs in the functioning and regulation of the skin cells and skin diseases is a rapidly advancing area in dermatological research. miRNAs have been identified to play a key role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the skin diseases. Skin is one of the largest organs of the body, primarily functioning as the first line of defence against external insults including bacteria, virus and other pathogens. Various miRNAs have been identified to demonstrate significant effects in various skin inflammatory conditions such as wounds, cancer, psoriasis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis. The current review explores the possible roles of the miRNAs in skin disorders and reports relating to the clinical trials involving skin diseases and miRNAs. The review has also compiled the information of the databases available, which correlates the miRNAs with different diseases and give details about targeting interactions of miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
| | - Prachi Manchanda
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Vamshi Krishna Rapalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017, Jaipur, India.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Cross-Talk between Wnt and Hh Signaling Pathways in the Pathology of Basal Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071442. [PMID: 29987229 PMCID: PMC6069411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequently occurring form of all cancers. The cost of care for BCC is one of the highest for all cancers in the Medicare population in the United States. Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway appears to be a key driver of BCC development. Studies involving mouse models have provided evidence that activation of the glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family of transcription factors is a key step in the initiation of the tumorigenic program leading to BCC. Activation of the Wnt pathway is also observed in BCCs. In addition, the Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to be required in Hh pathway-driven development of BCC in a mouse model. Cross-talks between Wnt and Hh pathways have been observed at different levels, yet the mechanisms of these cross-talks are not fully understood. In this review, we examine the mechanism of cross-talk between Wnt and Hh signaling in BCC development and its potential relevance for treatment. Recent studies have identified insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as the factor that binds to GLI1 mRNA and upregulates its levels and activities. This mode of regulation of GLI1 appears important in BCC tumorigenesis and could be explored in the treatment of BCCs.
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Bakshi A, Chaudhary SC, Rana M, Elmets CA, Athar M. Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy involving hedgehog signaling and beyond. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2543-2557. [PMID: 28574612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by aberrant hedgehog signaling. Thus blocking this signaling pathway by small molecules such as vismodegib inhibits tumor growth. Primary cilium in the epidermal cells plays an integral role in the processing of hedgehog signaling-related proteins. Recent genomic studies point to the involvement of additional genetic mutations that might be associated with the development of BCCs, suggesting significance of other signaling pathways, such as WNT, NOTCH, mTOR, and Hippo, aside from hedgehog in the pathogenesis of this human neoplasm. Some of these pathways could be regulated by noncoding microRNA. Altered microRNA expression profile is recognized with the progression of these lesions. Stopping treatment with Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors often leads to tumor reoccurrence in the patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, who develop 10-100 of BCCs. In addition, the initial effectiveness of these SMO inhibitors is impaired due to the onset of mutations in the drug-binding domain of SMO. These data point to a need to develop strategies to overcome tumor recurrence and resistance and to enhance efficacy by developing novel single agent-based or multiple agents-based combinatorial approaches. Immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy could be additional successful approaches particularly if developed in combination with chemotherapy for inoperable and metastatic BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mehtab Rana
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Ivina AA, Semkin VA, Babichenko II. [Immunohistochemical criteria for differential diagnostics of squamous epithelium changes in pyogenic granuloma and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2017; 96:33-35. [PMID: 28514345 DOI: 10.17116/stomat201796233-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents an example of differential diagnostic studies for pyogenic granuloma and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the described case immunohistochemistry with antibodies to Ki-67 and Gli1 was used as conventional histological procedure proved to be inconvenient for adequate diagnostics. The immunohistochemical study established increased proliferative activity of epithelial cells specific both pyogenic granuloma and oral SCC, but intensive Gli1 protein expression in membranes and cytoplasm of epithelial cells with malignant transformation allowed differentiation of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ivina
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Semkin
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Babichenko
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Kaushik SB, Kaushik N. Non-coding RNAs in skin cancers: An update. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:83-86. [PMID: 30159415 PMCID: PMC6096428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common form of cancer in humans. They can largely be categorized into Melanoma and Non-melanoma skin cancers. The latter mainly includes Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), and have a higher incidence than melanomas. There has been a recent emergence of interest in the role of non-coding RNA's in pathogenesis of skin cancers. The transcripts which lack any protein coding capacity are called non-coding RNA. These non-coding RNA are further classified based on their length; small non-coding RNA (<200 nucleotides) and long non-coding RNA (>200 nucleotides). ncRNA They are involved at multiple transcriptional, post transcriptional and epigenetic levels, modulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, senescence and apoptosis. Their expression pattern has also been linked to metastases, drug resistance and long term prognosis. They have both diagnostic and prognostic significance for skin cancers, and can also be a target for future therapies for cutaneous malignancies. More research is needed to further utilize their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani B. Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Sand M, Bechara FG, Sand D, Gambichler T, Hahn SA, Bromba M, Stockfleth E, Hessam S. Circular RNA expression in basal cell carcinoma. Epigenomics 2016; 8:619-32. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Circular RNAs (circRNAs), are nonprotein coding RNAs consisting of a circular loop with multiple miRNA, binding sites called miRNA response elements (MREs), functioning as miRNA sponges. This study was performed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs and their MREs in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Materials & methods: Microarray circRNA expression profiles were acquired from BCC and control followed by qRT-PCR validation. Bioinformatical target prediction revealed multiple MREs. Sequence analysis was performed concerning MRE interaction potential with the BCC miRNome. Results: We identified 23 upregulated and 48 downregulated circRNAs with 354 miRNA response elements capable of sequestering miRNA target sequences of the BCC miRNome. Conclusion: The present study describes a variety of circRNAs that are potentially involved in the molecular pathogenesis of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sand
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Catholic Clinics of the Ruhr Peninsula, 45257 Essen, Germany
| | - Falk G Bechara
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Sand
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Thilo Gambichler
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus University of Bochum, Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, Labor für Molekulare Gastroenterologische Onkologie, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Bromba
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Catholic Clinics of the Ruhr Peninsula, 45257 Essen, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Schapoor Hessam
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Sand M, Bechara FG, Gambichler T, Sand D, Friedländer MR, Bromba M, Schnabel R, Hessam S. Next-generation sequencing of the basal cell carcinoma miRNome and a description of novel microRNA candidates under neoadjuvant vismodegib therapy: an integrative molecular and surgical case study. Ann Oncol 2015; 27:332-8. [PMID: 26578727 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as key players in posttranscriptional gene regulation and have a significant impact on basal cell carcinoma (BCC) development. The Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib has been approved for oral therapy of metastatic or advanced BCC. Here, a high-throughput miRNA sequencing analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and possible novel miRNA candidates in vismodegib-treated BCC tissue. Additionally, we described our surgical experience with neoadjuvant oral vismodegib therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A punch biopsy (4 mm) from a patient with an extensive cranial BCC under oral vismodegib therapy and a corresponding nonlesional epithelial skin biopsy were harvested. Total RNA was isolated, after which a sequencing cDNA library was prepared, and cluster generation was carried out, which was followed by an ultra-high-throughput miRNA sequencing analysis to indicate the read number of miRNA expression based on miRBase 21. In addition to the identification of differentially expressed miRNAs from RNA sequencing data, additional novel miRNA candidates were determined with a tool for identifying new miRNA sequences (miRDeep2). RESULTS We identified 33 up-regulated miRNAs (fold change ≥2) and 39 potentially new miRNA candidates (miRDeep scores 0-43.6). A manual sequence analysis of the miRNA candidates on the genomic locus of chromosome 1 with provisional IDs of chr1_1913 and chr1_421 was further carried out and rated as promising (chr1_1913) and borderline (chr1_421). Histopathology revealed skip lesions in clinically healthy appearing skin at the tumor margins, which were the cause of seven re-excisions by micrographic controlled surgery to achieve tumor-free margins. CONCLUSION miRNA sequencing revealed novel miRNA candidates that need to be further confirmed in functional Dicer knockout studies. Clinically, on the basis of our surgical experience described here, neoadjuvant vismodegib therapy in BCC appears to impede histopathologic evaluations with effects on surgical therapy. Thus, larger studies are necessary, but are not preferable at this time if other options are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sand
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum Department of Plastic Surgery, St Josef Hospital, Catholic Clinics of the Ruhr Peninsula, Essen, Germany
| | - F G Bechara
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
| | - T Gambichler
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
| | - D Sand
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - M R Friedländer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bromba
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St Josef Hospital, Catholic Clinics of the Ruhr Peninsula, Essen, Germany
| | | | - S Hessam
- Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum
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Essential Role of microRNA in Skin Physiology and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 888:307-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Syed DN, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. MicroRNAs and Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:173-87. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N. Syed
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
| | - Rahul K. Lall
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
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23
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Candi E, Amelio I, Agostini M, Melino G. MicroRNAs and p63 in epithelial stemness. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:12-21. [PMID: 25168241 PMCID: PMC4262770 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that suppress the expression of protein-coding genes by repressing protein translation. Although the roles that miRs and the miR processing machinery have in regulating epithelial stem cell biology are not fully understood, their fundamental contributions to these processes have been demonstrated over the last few years. The p53-family member p63 is an essential transcription factor for epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis. p63 functions as a determinant for keratinocyte cell fate and helps to regulate the balance between stemness, differentiation and senescence. An important factor that regulates p63 function is the reciprocal interaction between p63 and miRs. Some miRs control p63 expression, and p63 regulates the miR expression profile in the epidermis. p63 controls miR expression at different levels. It directly regulates the transcription of several miRs and indirectly regulates their processing by regulating the expression of the miR processing components Dicer and DGCR8. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the miR–p63 interaction in epidermal biology, particularly focusing on the ΔNp63-dependent regulation of DGCR8 recently described in the ΔNp63−/− mouse. We provide a unified view of the current knowledge and discuss the apparent discrepancies and perspective therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Candi
- 1] Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome 00133, Italy [2] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - I Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - M Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - G Melino
- 1] Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome 00133, Italy [2] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy [3] Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Dreier J, Dummer R, Felderer L, Nägeli M, Gobbi S, Kunstfeld R. Emerging drugs and combination strategies for basal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:353-65. [PMID: 24773312 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.914171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a malignancy that is driven by an activated Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Smoothened inhibitors are a new promising treatment option for patients with locally advanced or metastatic BCC or basal cell nevus syndrome. But long-term data are still limited, the optimal treatment duration is not yet defined and there are already documented cases with acquired resistance. AREAS COVERED Treatment modalities with Hh inhibitors, side effects and potential pharmacological combination options are discussed. The current literature, including PubMed, Cochrane database and registered trials on ClinicalTrials.gov, was searched. EXPERT OPINION BCCs typically regress during therapy with Hh inhibitors. Muscle toxicity, dysgeusia and hair loss can be considered as on target adverse reactions. Muscle toxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity of sonidegib. It was not seen with vismodegib because of its high binding to plasma protein α-1-acid glycoprotein. Sonidegib is different and shows a clear dose-toxicity relationship, which allows to address the question of whether there is a dose dependency of regression rate, cure rate and progression-free survival. In addition, basic research has offered strategies to enhance efficacy by the combination with other molecules, such as EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jil Dreier
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Dermatology , Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich , Switzerland
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Ruland R, Florea AM. Are microRNAs key players in epithelial skin cancers? A review focused on basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5339/jlghs.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cancer of the skin is an increasing problem for public health worldwide. The fair skin populations that are environmentally or occupationally exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV)-radiation are the most affected. Intensive research investigating the molecular mechanisms of skin cancer is ongoing, however the role of noncoding RNAs in the pathology of cutaneous cell carcinoma is not fully understood. Accumulating evidence show that miRNAs play an important role in physiologic, pathologic and carcinogenic processes but their role in epithelial skin cancers (i.e. basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) was to date not sufficiently highlighted. MiRNAs are single-stranded small RNAs which specifically target mRNAs for translational repression and/or mRNA decay. In this review we focus on the latest findings in this area of research reviewing the newest research trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ruland
- Environmental Toxicology, University of Trier, FBVI, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier
| | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Environmental Toxicology, University of Trier, FBVI, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier
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UVA and UVB irradiation differentially regulate microRNA expression in human primary keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83392. [PMID: 24391759 PMCID: PMC3877020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of the cellular transcriptome is an important epigenetic mechanism for fine-tuning regulatory pathways. These include processes related to skin cancer development, progression and metastasis. However, little is known about the role of microRNA as an intermediary in the carcinogenic processes following exposure to UV-radiation. We now show that UV irradiation of human primary keratinocytes modulates the expression of several cellular miRNAs. A common set of miRNAs was influenced by exposure to both UVA and UVB. However, each wavelength band also activated a distinct subset of miRNAs. Common sets of UVA- and UVB-regulated miRNAs harbor the regulatory elements GLYCA-nTRE, GATA-1-undefined-site-13 or Hox-2.3-undefined-site-2 in their promoters. In silico analysis indicates that the differentially expressed miRNAs responding to UV have potential functions in the cellular pathways of cell growth and proliferation. Interestingly, the expression of miR-23b, which is a differentiation marker of human keratinocytes, is remarkably up-regulated after UVA irradiation. Studying the interaction between miR-23b and its putative skin-relevant targets using a Luciferase reporter assay revealed that RRAS2 (related RAS viral oncogene homolog 2), which is strongly expressed in highly aggressive malignant skin cancer, to be a direct target of miR-23b. This study demonstrates for the first time a differential miRNA response to UVA and UVB in human primary keratinocytes. This suggests that selective regulation of signaling pathways occurs in response to different UV energies. This may shed new light on miRNA-regulated carcinogenic processes involved in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis.
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McDermott AM, Kerin MJ, Miller N. Identification and validation of miRNAs as endogenous controls for RQ-PCR in blood specimens for breast cancer studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83718. [PMID: 24391813 PMCID: PMC3877087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A prerequisite to accurate interpretation of RQ-PCR data is robust data normalization. A commonly used method is to compare the cycle threshold (CT) of target miRNAs with those of a stably expressed endogenous (EC) miRNA(s) from the same sample. Despite the large number of studies reporting miRNA expression patterns, comparatively few appropriate ECs have been reported thus far. The purpose of this study was to identify stably expressed miRNAs with which to normalize RQ-PCR data derived from human blood specimens. Methods MiRNA profiling of approximately 380 miRNAs was performed on RNA derived from blood specimens from 10 women with breast cancer and 10 matched controls. Analysis of mean expression values across the dataset (GME) identified stably expressed candidates. Additional candidates were selected from the literature and analyzed by the geNorm algorithm. Further validation of three candidate ECs by RQ-PCR was performed in a larger cohort (n = 40 cancer, n = 20 control) was performed, including analysis by geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Results Microarray screening identified 10 candidate ECs with expression patterns closest to the global mean. Geometric averaging of candidate ECs from the literature using geNorm identified miR-425 as the most stably expressed miRNA. MiR-425 and miR-16 were the best combination, achieving the lowest V-value of 0.185. Further validation by RQ-PCR confirmed that miR-16 and miR-425 were the most stably expressed ECs overall. Their combined use to normalize expression data enabled the detection of altered target miRNA expression that reliably differentiated between cancers and controls in human blood specimens. Conclusion This study identified that the combined use of 2 miRNAs, (miR-16 and miR-425) to normalize RQ-PCR data generated more reliable results than using either miRNA alone, or use of U6. Further investigation into suitable ECs for use in miRNA RQ-PCR studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe M. McDermott
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Kerin
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Pepe D, McCall M, Zheng H, Lopes LB. Protein transduction domain-containing microemulsions as cutaneous delivery systems for an anticancer agent. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1476-87. [PMID: 23436680 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed cationic microemulsions containing a protein transduction domain (penetratin) for optimizing paclitaxel localization within the skin. Microemulsions were prepared by mixing a surfactant blend (BRIJ:ethanol:propylene glycol 2:1:1, w/w/w) with monocaprylin (oil phase) at 1.3:1 ratio, and adding water at 30% (ME-30), 43% (ME-43), and 50% (ME-50). Electrical conductivity and viscosity measurements indicated that ME-30 is most likely a bicontinuous system, whereas ME-43 and ME-50 are water continuous. Their irritation potential, studied in bioengineered skin equivalents, decreased as aqueous content increased. Because ME-50 was not stable in the presence of paclitaxel (0.5%), ME-43 was selected for penetratin incorporation (0.4%). The microemulsion containing penetratin (ME-P) displayed zeta potential of +5.2 mV, and promoted a 1.8-fold increase in paclitaxel cutaneous (but not transdermal) delivery compared with the plain ME-43, whereas the enhancement promoted by another cationic microemulsion containing phytosphingosine was 1.3-fold. Compared with myvacet oil, ME-P promoted a larger increase on transepidermal water loss (twofold) than the plain or the phytosphingosine-containing microemulsions (1.5-fold), suggesting that penetratin addition increases the barrier-disrupting and penetration-enhancing effects of microemulsions. The ratio Δcutaneous/Δtransdermal delivery promoted by ME-P was the highest among the formulations, suggesting its potential for drug localization within cutaneous tumor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pepe
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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