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Haluska C, Jin F, Wang Y. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) promotes anaphase entry after DNA replication stress in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar36. [PMID: 34668760 PMCID: PMC8694091 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication stress activates the S-phase checkpoint that arrests the cell cycle, but it is poorly understood how cells recover from this arrest. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are key cell cycle regulators, and Cdc55 is a regulatory subunit of PP2A in budding yeast. We found that yeast cells lacking functional PP2ACdc55 showed slow growth in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, without obvious viability loss. Moreover, PP2A mutants exhibited delayed anaphase entry and sustained levels of anaphase inhibitor Pds1 after HU treatment. A DNA damage checkpoint Chk1 phosphorylates and stabilizes Pds1. We show that chk1Δ and mutation of the Chk1 phosphorylation sites in Pds1 largely restored efficient anaphase entry in PP2A mutants after HU treatment. In addition, deletion of SWE1, which encodes the inhibitory kinase for CDK or mutation of the Swe1 phosphorylation site in CDK (cdc28F19), also suppressed the anaphase entry delay in PP2A mutants after HU treatment. Our genetic data suggest that Swe1/CDK acts upstream of Pds1. Surprisingly, cdc55Δ showed significant suppression to the viability loss of S-phase checkpoint mutants during DNA synthesis block. Together, our results uncover a PP2A-Swe1-CDK-Chk1-Pds1 axis that promotes recovery from DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Haluska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Fengzhi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
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Örd M, Venta R, Möll K, Valk E, Loog M. Cyclin-Specific Docking Mechanisms Reveal the Complexity of M-CDK Function in the Cell Cycle. Mol Cell 2019; 75:76-89.e3. [PMID: 31101497 PMCID: PMC6620034 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) coordinate hundreds of molecular events during the cell cycle. Multiple cyclins are involved, but the global role of cyclin-specific phosphorylation has remained unsolved. We uncovered a cyclin docking motif, LxF, that mediates binding of replication factor Cdc6 to mitotic cyclin. This interaction leads to phospho-adaptor Cks1-mediated inhibition of M-CDK to facilitate Cdc6 accumulation and sequestration in mitosis. The LxF motif and Cks1 also mediate the mutual inhibition between M-CDK and the tyrosine kinase Swe1. Additionally, the LxF motif is critical for targeting M-CDK to phosphorylate several mitotic regulators; for example, Spo12 is targeted via LxF to release the phosphatase Cdc14. The results complete the full set of G1, S, and M-CDK docking mechanisms and outline the unified role of cyclin specificity and CDK activity thresholds. Cooperation of cyclin and Cks1 docking creates a variety of CDK thresholds and switching orders, including combinations of last in, first out (LIFO) and first in, first out (FIFO) ordering. Mitotic cyclin Clb2 binds a specific linear motif, LxF, in targets or inhibitors LxF interaction enhances mitotic CDK substrate phosphorylation Phospho-adaptor Cks1 and the LxF docking mediate CDK inhibition by Cdc6 and Swe1 Cyclin-specific targeting enables finetuning of CDK function
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Rainis Venta
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kaidi Möll
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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Botchkarev VV, Haber JE. Functions and regulation of the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 in the absence and presence of DNA damage. Curr Genet 2018; 64:87-96. [PMID: 28770345 PMCID: PMC6249032 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases are essential cell cycle regulators that are conserved from yeast to humans. Unlike higher eukaryotes, who express multiple Polo-like kinase family members that perform many important functions, budding yeast express only a single Polo-like kinase, Cdc5, which is the homolog of mammalian cell cycle master regulator Polo-like kinase 1. Cdc5 is a fascinating multifaceted protein that is programmed to target its many substrates in a timely, sequential manner to ensure proper cell cycle progression. Over the years, many lessons about Polo-like kinase 1 have been learned by studying Cdc5 in budding yeast. Cdc5 has been well documented in regulating mitotic entry, chromosome segregation, mitotic exit, and cytokinesis. Cdc5 also plays important roles during cell division after DNA damage. Here, we briefly review the many functions of Cdc5 and its regulation in the absence and presence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Botchkarev
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James E Haber
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA.
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Lengefeld J, Hotz M, Rollins M, Baetz K, Barral Y. Budding yeast Wee1 distinguishes spindle pole bodies to guide their pattern of age-dependent segregation. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:941-951. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Song R, Liu P, Acar M. Network-dosage compensation topologies as recurrent network motifs in natural gene networks. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:69. [PMID: 24929807 PMCID: PMC4071340 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Global noise in gene expression and chromosome duplication during cell-cycle progression cause inevitable fluctuations in the effective number of copies of gene networks in cells. These indirect and direct alterations of network copy numbers have the potential to change the output or activity of a gene network. For networks whose specific activity levels are crucial for optimally maintaining cellular functions, cells need to implement mechanisms to robustly compensate the effects of network dosage fluctuations. Results Here, we determine the necessary conditions for generalized N-component gene networks to be network-dosage compensated and show that the compensation mechanism can robustly operate over large ranges of gene expression levels. Furthermore, we show that the conditions that are necessary for network-dosage compensation are also sufficient. Finally, using genome-wide protein-DNA and protein-protein interaction data, we search the yeast genome for the abundance of specific dosage-compensation motifs and show that a substantial percentage of the natural networks identified contain at least one dosage-compensation motif. Conclusions Our results strengthen the hypothesis that the special network topologies that are necessary for network-dosage compensation may be recurrent network motifs in eukaryotic genomes and therefore may be an important design principle in gene network assembly in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murat Acar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, P,O, Box 27391, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Multisite phosphorylation of the Sum1 transcriptional repressor by S-phase kinases controls exit from meiotic prophase in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2249-63. [PMID: 24710277 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01413-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the meiotic transcription factor Ndt80 is a key regulatory transition in the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae because it triggers exit from pachytene and entry into meiosis. The NDT80 promoter is held inactive by a complex containing the DNA-binding protein Sum1 and the histone deacetylase Hst1. Meiosis-specific phosphorylation of Sum1 by the protein kinases Cdk1, Ime2, and Cdc7 is required for NDT80 expression. Here, we show that the S-phase-promoting cyclin Clb5 activates Cdk1 to phosphorylate most, and perhaps all, of the 11 minimal cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phospho-consensus sites (S/T-P) in Sum1. Nine of these sites can individually promote modest levels of meiosis, yet these sites function in a quasiadditive manner to promote substantial levels of meiosis. Two Cdk1 sites and an Ime2 site individually promote high levels of meiosis, likely by preparing Sum1 for phosphorylation by Cdc7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that the phosphorylation sites are required for removal of Sum1 from the NDT80 promoter. We also find that Sum1, but not its partner protein Hst1, is required to repress NDT80 transcription. Thus, while the phosphorylation of Sum1 may lead to dissociation from DNA by influencing Hst1, it is the presence of Sum1 on DNA that determines whether NDT80 will be expressed.
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Machu C, Eluère R, Signon L, Simon MN, de La Roche Saint-André C, Bailly E. Spatially distinct functions of Clb2 in the DNA damage response. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:383-98. [PMID: 24300211 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast four mitotic cyclins (Clb1-4) cooperate in a partially redundant manner to bring about M-phase specific events, including the apical isotropic switch that ends polarized bud growth initiated at bud emergence. How exactly this morphogenetic transition is regulated by mitotic CDKs remains poorly understood. We have taken advantage of the isotropic bud growth that prevails in cells responding to DNA damage to unravel the contribution of mitotic cyclins in this cellular context. We find that clb2∆, in contrast to the other mitotic cyclin mutants, inappropriately respond to the presence of DNA damage. This aberrant response is characterized by a Cdc42- and Bni1-dependent but Cln-independent resumption of polarized bud growth after a brief period of actin depolarization. Biochemical and genetic evidence is presented that formally excludes the possibility of indirect effects due for instance to unrestrained APC activity, untimely mitotic exit or Swe1-mediated CDK inhibition. Importantly, our data demonstrate that in order to maintain the characteristic dumbbell arrest phenotype upon checkpoint activation Clb2 needs to be efficiently exported into the cytoplasm. We propose that the inhibition of mitotic cyclin destruction by the DNA damage checkpoint pathway leads to a buildup of Clb2 in the cytoplasm where this cyclin can stabilize the apical isotropic switch throughout a G 2/M checkpoint arrest. Our study also unveils an essential role of nuclear Clb2 in both survival and adaptation to the DNA damage checkpoint, illustrating a spatially distinct dual function of this mitotic cyclin in the response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Machu
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France
| | - Raïssa Eluère
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France; CNRS; UPR3081; Instabilité du Génome et Cancérogenèse; Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Signon
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Simon
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France; CNRS; UPR3081; Instabilité du Génome et Cancérogenèse; Marseille, France
| | - Christophe de La Roche Saint-André
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France; CNRS; UPR3081; Instabilité du Génome et Cancérogenèse; Marseille, France
| | - Eric Bailly
- CNRS; UPR9027; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires; Marseille, France; CNRS; UPR3081; Instabilité du Génome et Cancérogenèse; Marseille, France
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McQueen J, van Dyk D, Young B, Loewen C, Measday V. The Mck1 GSK-3 kinase inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 post-nuclear division. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3421-32. [PMID: 22918234 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog, Mck1, has been implicated in many cellular functions, from sporulation to calcium stress response in budding yeast. Here, we report a novel function for Mck1 in the inhibition of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post nuclear division. Clb2-Cdk1, the major mitotic cyclin-Cdk complex in yeast, accumulates before anaphase and must be inhibited in telophase for cells to exit mitosis and enter into the next cell cycle. We show that the mck1Δ mutant is highly sensitive to increased Clb2-Cdk1 activity caused either by overexpression of Clb2 or the Cdk1-activating phosphatase Mih1. Deletion of the Cdk1 inhibitory kinase, SWE1, in combination with a mck1Δ mutant results in a synthetic growth defect, suggesting that Mck1 and Swe1 function in parallel pathways to inhibit Clb2-Cdk1. We find that mck1Δ strains have a delay in mitotic exit as well as elevated levels of Clb2-Cdk1 activity post-nuclear division. Using a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we identify a physical interaction between Mck1 and both Clb2 and Mih1. Finally, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of purified Clb2 by Cdk1 is inhibited by catalytically active Mck1 but not catalytically inactive Mck1 in vitro. We propose that Mck1 inhibits the activity of Clb2-Cdk1 via interaction with Clb2. The mammalian glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog has been implicated in cyclin inhibition, suggesting a conserved cell cycle function for both yeast and mammalian glycogen synthase kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McQueen
- Genetics Graduate Program; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
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Knott SRV, Peace JM, Ostrow AZ, Gan Y, Rex AE, Viggiani CJ, Tavaré S, Aparicio OM. Forkhead transcription factors establish origin timing and long-range clustering in S. cerevisiae. Cell 2012; 148:99-111. [PMID: 22265405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The replication of eukaryotic chromosomes is organized temporally and spatially within the nucleus through epigenetic regulation of replication origin function. The characteristic initiation timing of specific origins is thought to reflect their chromatin environment or sub-nuclear positioning, however the mechanism remains obscure. Here we show that the yeast Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, are global determinants of replication origin timing. Forkhead regulation of origin timing is independent of local levels or changes of transcription. Instead, we show that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are required for the clustering of early origins and their association with the key initiation factor Cdc45 in G1 phase, suggesting that Fkh1 and Fkh2 selectively recruit origins to emergent replication factories. Fkh1 and Fkh2 bind Fkh-activated origins, and interact physically with ORC, providing a plausible mechanism to cluster origins. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of the epigenetic basis for differential origin regulation and its connection to chromosomal domain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R V Knott
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Among B-type cyclins only CLB5 and CLB6 promote premeiotic S phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2011; 190:1001-16. [PMID: 22209902 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.134684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclin Clb5 is required for premeiotic S phase, meiotic recombination, and successful progression through meiosis. Clb5 is not essential for mitotic proliferation because Clb1-Clb4 can support DNA replication in clb5 clb6 mutants. Clb1, Clb3, and Clb4 accumulate in clb5 clb6 cells during meiotic differentiation yet fail to promote premeiotic DNA replication. When expressed under the regulation of the CLB5 promoter, Clb1 and Clb3 accumulate and are active in the early stages of meiotic differentiation but cannot induce premeiotic DNA replication, suggesting that they do not target Cdk1 to the necessary substrates. The Clb5 hydrophobic patch (HP) residues are important for Clb5 function but this motif alone does not provide the specificity required for Clb5 to induce premeiotic S phase. Domain exchange experiments demonstrated that the amino terminus of Clb5 when fused to Clb3 confers upon Clb3 the ability to induce premeiotic S phase. Chimeric cyclins containing smaller regions of the Clb5 amino terminus displayed reduced ability to activate premeiotic DNA replication despite being more abundant and having greater associated histone H1 kinase activity than endogenous Clb5. These observations suggest that Clb5 has a unique ability to trigger premeiotic S phase and that the amino-terminal region of Clb5 contributes to its specificity and regulates the functions performed by the cyclin-Cdk complex.
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Simpson-Lavy KJ, Brandeis M. Phosphorylation of Cdc5 regulates its accumulation. Cell Div 2011; 6:23. [PMID: 22204387 PMCID: PMC3269358 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cdc5 (polo kinase/Plk1) is a highly conserved key regulator of the S. cerevisiae cell cycle from S-phase until cytokinesis. However, much of the regulatory mechanisms that govern Cdc5 remain to be determined. Cdc5 is phosphorylated on up to 10 sites during mitosis. In this study, we investigated the function of phosphorylation site T23, the only full consensus Cdk1 (Cdc28) phosphorylation site present. Findings Cdc5T23A introduces a degron that reduces its cellular amount to undetectable levels, which are nevertheless sufficient for normal cell proliferation. The degron acts in cis and is reversed by N-terminal GFP-tagging. Cdk1 kinase activity is required to maintain Cdc5 levels during G2. This, Cdk1 inhibited, Cdc5 degradation is APC/CCdh1 independent and requires new protein synthesis. Cdc5T23E is hyperactive, and reduces the levels of Cdc5 (in trans) and drastically reduces Clb2 levels. Conclusions Phosphorylation of Cdc5 by Cdk1 is required to maintain Cdc5 levels during G2. However, phosphorylation of T23 (probably by Cdk1) caps Cdc5 and other CLB2 cluster protein accumulation, preventing potential protein toxicity, which may arise from their overexpression or from APC/CCdh1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi J Simpson-Lavy
- The Department of Genetics, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Abstract
'…in Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace-and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock'. Orson Welles as Harry Lime: The Third Man. Orson Welles might have been a little unfair on the Swiss, after all cuckoo clocks were developed in the Schwartzwald, but, more importantly, Swiss democracy gives remarkably stable government with considerable decision-making at the local level. The alternative is the battling city-states of Renaissance Italy: culturally rich but chaotic at a higher level of organization. As our understanding of the cell cycle improves, it appears that the cell is organized more along the lines of Switzerland than Renaissance Italy, and one major challenge is to determine how local decisions are made and coordinated to produce the robust cell cycle mechanisms that we observe in the cell as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Pines
- Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Iain Hagan
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Gitter A, Klein-Seetharaman J, Gupta A, Bar-Joseph Z. Discovering pathways by orienting edges in protein interaction networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:e22. [PMID: 21109539 PMCID: PMC3045580 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern experimental technology enables the identification of the sensory proteins that interact with the cells’ environment or various pathogens. Expression and knockdown studies can determine the downstream effects of these interactions. However, when attempting to reconstruct the signaling networks and pathways between these sources and targets, one faces a substantial challenge. Although pathways are directed, high-throughput protein interaction data are undirected. In order to utilize the available data, we need methods that can orient protein interaction edges and discover high-confidence pathways that explain the observed experimental outcomes. We formalize the orientation problem in weighted protein interaction graphs as an optimization problem and present three approximation algorithms based on either weighted Boolean satisfiability solvers or probabilistic assignments. We use these algorithms to identify pathways in yeast. Our approach recovers twice as many known signaling cascades as a recent unoriented signaling pathway prediction technique and over 13 times as many as an existing network orientation algorithm. The discovered paths match several known signaling pathways and suggest new mechanisms that are not currently present in signaling databases. For some pathways, including the pheromone signaling pathway and the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, our method suggests interesting and novel components that extend current annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gitter
- Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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