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Baxter RC. Endocrine and cellular physiology and pathology of the insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:414-425. [PMID: 38514815 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP) complex, encoded in humans by IGFALS, has a vital role in regulating the endocrine transport and bioavailability of IGF-1 and IGF-2. Accordingly, ALS has a considerable influence on postnatal growth and metabolism. ALS is a leucine-rich glycoprotein that forms high-affinity ternary complexes with IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 when they are occupied by either IGF-1 or IGF-2. These complexes constitute a stable reservoir of circulating IGFs, blocking the potentially hypoglycaemic activity of unbound IGFs. ALS is primarily synthesized by hepatocytes and its expression is lower in non-hepatic tissues. ALS synthesis is strongly induced by growth hormone and suppressed by IL-1β, thus potentially serving as a marker of growth hormone secretion and/or activity and of inflammation. IGFALS mutations in humans and Igfals deletion in mice cause modest growth retardation and pubertal delay, accompanied by decreased osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis. In hepatocellular carcinoma, IGFALS is described as a tumour suppressor; however, its contribution to other cancers is not well delineated. This Review addresses the endocrine physiology and pathology of ALS, discusses the latest cell and proteomic studies that suggest emerging cellular roles for ALS and outlines its involvement in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Scholl A, Ndoja I, Dhakal N, Morante D, Ivan A, Newman D, Mossington T, Clemans C, Surapaneni S, Powers M, Jiang L. The Osiris family genes function as novel regulators of the tube maturation process in the Drosophila trachea. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010571. [PMID: 36689473 PMCID: PMC9870157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila trachea is a premier model to study tube morphogenesis. After the formation of continuous tubes, tube maturation follows. Tracheal tube maturation starts with an apical secretion pulse that deposits extracellular matrix components to form a chitin-based apical luminal matrix (aECM). This aECM is then cleared and followed by the maturation of taenidial folds. Finally, air fills the tubes. Meanwhile, the cellular junctions are maintained to ensure tube integrity. Previous research has identified several key components (ER, Golgi, several endosomes) of protein trafficking pathways that regulate the secretion and clearance of aECM, and the maintenance of cellular junctions. The Osiris (Osi) gene family is located at the Triplo-lethal (Tpl) locus on chromosome 3R 83D4-E3 and exhibits dosage sensitivity. Here, we show that three Osi genes (Osi9, Osi15, Osi19), function redundantly to regulate adherens junction (AJ) maintenance, luminal clearance, taenidial fold formation, tube morphology, and air filling during tube maturation. The localization of Osi proteins in endosomes (Rab7-containing late endosomes, Rab11-containing recycling endosomes, Lamp-containing lysosomes) and the reduction of these endosomes in Osi mutants suggest the possible role of Osi genes in tube maturation through endosome-mediated trafficking. We analyzed tube maturation in zygotic rab11 and rab7 mutants, respectively, to determine whether endosome-mediated trafficking is required. Interestingly, similar tube maturation defects were observed in rab11 but not in rab7 mutants, suggesting the involvement of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but not Rab7-mediated trafficking, in this process. To investigate whether Osi genes regulate tube maturation primarily through the maintenance of Rab11-containing endosomes, we overexpressed rab11 in Osi mutant trachea. Surprisingly, no obvious rescue was observed. Thus, increasing endosome numbers is not sufficient to rescue tube maturation defects in Osi mutants. These results suggest that Osi genes regulate other aspects of endosome-mediated trafficking, or regulate an unknown mechanism that converges or acts in parallel with Rab11-mediated trafficking during tube maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Istri Ndoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Niraj Dhakal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Doria Morante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Abigail Ivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Darren Newman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mossington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christian Clemans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sruthi Surapaneni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Rice C, De O, Alhadyian H, Hall S, Ward RE. Expanding the Junction: New Insights into Non-Occluding Roles for Septate Junction Proteins during Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33801162 PMCID: PMC8006247 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The septate junction (SJ) provides an occluding function for epithelial tissues in invertebrate organisms. This ability to seal the paracellular route between cells allows internal tissues to create unique compartments for organ function and endows the epidermis with a barrier function to restrict the passage of pathogens. Over the past twenty-five years, numerous investigators have identified more than 30 proteins that are required for the formation or maintenance of the SJs in Drosophila melanogaster, and have determined many of the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. Along the way, it has become clear that SJ proteins are also required for a number of developmental events that occur throughout the life of the organism. Many of these developmental events occur prior to the formation of the occluding junction, suggesting that SJ proteins possess non-occluding functions. In this review, we will describe the composition of SJs, taking note of which proteins are core components of the junction versus resident or accessory proteins, and the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. We will then elaborate on the functions that core SJ proteins likely play outside of their role in forming the occluding junction and describe studies that provide some cell biological perspectives that are beginning to provide mechanistic understanding of how these proteins function in developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Rice
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Oindrila De
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Robert E. Ward
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Papakyrikos AM, Kim MJ, Wang X. Drosophila PTPMT1 Has a Function in Tracheal Air Filling. iScience 2020; 23:101285. [PMID: 32629421 PMCID: PMC7334580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fly trachea is the equivalent of the mammalian lung and is a useful model for human respiratory diseases. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal air filling during larval development. In this study, we discover that PTPMT1 has a function in tracheal air filling. PTPMT1 is a widely conserved, ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial phosphatase. To reveal PTPMT1's functions in genetically tractable invertebrates and whether those functions are tissue specific, we generate a Drosophila model of PTPMT1 depletion. We find that fly PTPMT1 mutants show impairments in tracheal air filling and subsequent activation of innate immune responses. On a cellular level, these defects are preceded by aggregation of mitochondria within the tracheal epithelial cells. Our work demonstrates a cell-type-specific role for PTPMT1 in fly tracheal epithelial cells to support air filling and to prevent immune activation. The establishment of this model will facilitate exploration of PTPMT1's physiological functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Papakyrikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Diabetes Type 2 Progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1417528. [PMID: 29854726 PMCID: PMC5941822 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a very versatile and potent model in the past few years for studies in metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes types 1 and 2. Drosophila insulin signaling, despite having seven insulin-like peptides with partially redundant functions, is very similar to the human insulin pathway and has served to study many different aspects of diabetes and the diabetic state. Yet, very few studies have addressed the chronic nature of diabetes, key for understanding the full-blown disease, which most studies normally explore. One of the advantages of having Drosophila mutant viable combinations at different levels of the insulin pathway, with significantly reduced insulin pathway signaling, is that the abnormal metabolic state can be studied from the onset of the life cycle and followed throughout. In this review, we look at the chronic nature of impaired insulin signaling. We also compare these results to the results gleaned from vertebrate model studies.
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Gill HK, Cohen JD, Ayala-Figueroa J, Forman-Rubinsky R, Poggioli C, Bickard K, Parry JM, Pu P, Hall DH, Sundaram MV. Integrity of Narrow Epithelial Tubes in the C. elegans Excretory System Requires a Transient Luminal Matrix. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006205. [PMID: 27482894 PMCID: PMC4970718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most epithelial cells secrete a glycoprotein-rich apical extracellular matrix that can have diverse but still poorly understood roles in development and physiology. Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain glycoproteins are common constituents of these matrices, and their loss in humans is associated with a number of diseases. Understanding of the functions, organization and regulation of apical matrices has been hampered by difficulties in imaging them both in vivo and ex vivo. We identified the PAN-Apple, mucin and ZP domain glycoprotein LET-653 as an early and transient apical matrix component that shapes developing epithelia in C. elegans. LET-653 has modest effects on shaping of the vulva and epidermis, but is essential to prevent lumen fragmentation in the very narrow, unicellular excretory duct tube. We were able to image the transient LET-653 matrix by both live confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy. Structure/function and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies revealed that LET-653 exists in two separate luminal matrix pools, a loose fibrillar matrix in the central core of the lumen, to which it binds dynamically via its PAN domains, and an apical-membrane-associated matrix, to which it binds stably via its ZP domain. The PAN domains are both necessary and sufficient to confer a cyclic pattern of duct lumen localization that precedes each molt, while the ZP domain is required for lumen integrity. Ectopic expression of full-length LET-653, but not the PAN domains alone, could expand lumen diameter in the developing gut tube, where LET-653 is not normally expressed. Together, these data support a model in which the PAN domains regulate the ability of the LET-653 ZP domain to interact with other factors at the apical membrane, and this ZP domain interaction promotes expansion and maintenance of lumen diameter. These data identify a transient apical matrix component present prior to cuticle secretion in C. elegans, demonstrate critical roles for this matrix component in supporting lumen integrity within narrow bore tubes such as those found in the mammalian microvasculature, and reveal functional importance of the evolutionarily conserved ZP domain in this tube protecting activity. Most organs in the body are made up of networks of tubes that transport fluids or gases. These tubes come in many different sizes and shapes, with some narrow capillaries being only one cell in diameter. As tubes develop and take their final shapes, they secrete various glycoproteins into their hollow interior or lumen. The functions of these luminal proteins are not well understood, but there is increasing evidence that they are important for lumen shaping and that their loss can contribute to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Through studies of the nematode C. elegans, we identified a luminal glycoprotein, LET-653, that is transiently expressed in multiple developing tube types but is particularly critical to maintain integrity of the narrowest, unicellular tubes. We identified protein domains that direct LET-653 to specific apical matrix compartments and mediate its oscillatory pattern of lumen localization. Furthermore, we showed that the LET-653 tube-protecting activity depends on a Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain similar to that found in the mammalian egg-coat and in many other luminal or sensory matrix proteins involved in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasreet K. Gill
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jesus Ayala-Figueroa
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Forman-Rubinsky
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corey Poggioli
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Bickard
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Parry
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Georgian Court University, Lakewood, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pu Pu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Meera V. Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Öztürk-Çolak A, Moussian B, Araújo SJ. Drosophila chitinous aECM and its cellular interactions during tracheal development. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:259-67. [PMID: 26442625 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of organs, and hence their proper physiology, relies to a considerable extent on the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by their cells. The ECM is a structure contributed to and commonly shared by many cells in an organism that plays an active role in morphogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that the ECM not only provides a passive contribution to organ shape but also impinges on cell behaviour and genetic programmes. The ECM is emerging as a direct modulator of many aspects of cell biology, rather than as a mere physical network that supports cells. Here, we review how the apical chitinous ECM is generated in Drosophila trachea and how cells participate in the formation of this supracellular structure. We discuss recent findings on the molecular and cellular events that lead to the formation of this apical ECM (aECM) and how it is influenced and affects tracheal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Öztürk-Çolak
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (IRB Barcelona), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute of Biology Valrose (IBV), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Université de Nice - Faculté des Sciences-Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Sofia J Araújo
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (IRB Barcelona), Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Dong B, Hayashi S. Shaping of biological tubes by mechanical interaction of cell and extracellular matrix. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Kelley M, Yochem J, Krieg M, Calixto A, Heiman MG, Kuzmanov A, Meli V, Chalfie M, Goodman MB, Shaham S, Frand A, Fay DS. FBN-1, a fibrillin-related protein, is required for resistance of the epidermis to mechanical deformation during C. elegans embryogenesis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25798732 PMCID: PMC4395870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, biomechanical forces contour the body and provide shape to internal organs. Using genetic and molecular approaches in combination with a FRET-based tension sensor, we characterized a pulling force exerted by the elongating pharynx (foregut) on the anterior epidermis during C. elegans embryogenesis. Resistance of the epidermis to this force and to actomyosin-based circumferential constricting forces is mediated by FBN-1, a ZP domain protein related to vertebrate fibrillins. fbn-1 was required specifically within the epidermis and FBN-1 was expressed in epidermal cells and secreted to the apical surface as a putative component of the embryonic sheath. Tiling array studies indicated that fbn-1 mRNA processing requires the conserved alternative splicing factor MEC-8/RBPMS. The conserved SYM-3/FAM102A and SYM-4/WDR44 proteins, which are linked to protein trafficking, function as additional components of this network. Our studies demonstrate the importance of the apical extracellular matrix in preventing mechanical deformation of the epidermis during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06565.001 For an animal embryo to develop, its cells must organize themselves into tissues and organs. For example, skin and the lining of internal organs—such as the lungs and gut—are made from cells called epithelial cells, which are tightly linked to form flat sheets. In a microscopic worm called Caenorhabditis elegans, the outermost layer of epithelial cells (called the epidermis) forms over the surface of the embryo early on in embryonic development. Shortly afterwards, the embryonic epidermis experiences powerful contractions along the surface of the embryo. The force generated by these contractions converts the embryo from an oval shape to a roughly cylindrical form. These contractions also squeeze the internal tissues and organs, which correspondingly elongate along with the epidermis. It has been known for decades that such ‘mechanical’ forces are important for the normal development of embryos. However, it remains poorly understood how these forces generate tissues and organs of the proper shape—partly because it is difficult to measure forces in living embryos. It is also not clear how the mechanical properties of specific tissues are controlled. Now, Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. have analyzed the development of C. elegans' embryos and discovered a novel mechanical interplay between the feeding organ (called the pharynx) and the worm's epidermis. The experiments involved studying several mutant worms that perturb epidermal contractions and disrupt the attachment of the pharynx to the epidermis. These studies suggested that the pharynx exerts a strong inward pulling force on the epidermis during development. Using recently developed methods, Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. then measured mechanical forces within intact worm embryos and demonstrated that greater forces were experienced in cells that were being pulled by the pharynx. Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. further analyzed how the epidermis normally resists this pulling force from the pharynx and implicated a protein called FBN-1. This worm protein is structurally related to a human protein that is affected in people with a disorder called Marfan Syndrome. Worm embryos without the FBN-1 protein become severely deformed because they are unable to withstand mechanical forces at the epidermis. FBN-1 is normally synthesized and then transported to the outside of the worm embryo by epidermal cells, where it is thought to assemble into a meshwork of long fibers. This provides a strong scaffold that attaches to the epidermis to prevent the epidermis from undergoing excessive deformation while it experiences mechanical forces. The work of Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. provides an opportunity to understand how FBN-1 and other fiber-forming proteins are produced and transported to the cell surface. Moreover, these findings may have implications for human diseases and birth defects that result from an inability of tissues to respond appropriately to mechanical forces. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06565.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kelley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - John Yochem
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrea Calixto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Aleksandra Kuzmanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Vijaykumar Meli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Martin Chalfie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Alison Frand
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - David S Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
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The extracellular matrix protein artichoke is required for integrity of ciliated mechanosensory and chemosensory organs in Drosophila embryos. Genetics 2014; 196:1091-102. [PMID: 24496014 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.156323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cilia are often encapsulated by an extracellular matrix (ECM). In Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and vertebrates, this ECM is thought to be directly involved in ciliary mechanosensing by coupling external forces to the ciliary membrane. Drosophila mechano- and chemosensory cilia are both associated with an ECM, indicating that the ECM may have additional roles that go beyond mechanosensory cilium function. Here, we identify Artichoke (ATK), an evolutionarily conserved leucine-rich repeat ECM protein that is required for normal morphogenesis and function of ciliated sensilla in Drosophila. atk is transiently expressed in accessory cells in all ciliated sensory organs during their late embryonic development. Antibody stainings show ATK protein in the ECM that surrounds sensory cilia. Loss of ATK protein in atk null mutants leads to cilium deformation and disorientation in chordotonal organs, apparently without uncoupling the cilia from the ECM, and consequently to locomotion defects. Moreover, impaired chemotaxis in atk mutant larvae suggests that, based on ATK protein localization, the ECM is also crucial for the correct assembly of chemosensory receptors. In addition to defining a novel ECM component, our findings show the importance of ECM integrity for the proper morphogenesis of ciliated organs in different sensory modalities.
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Gissendanner CR, Kelley TD. The C. elegans gene pan-1 encodes novel transmembrane and cytoplasmic leucine-rich repeat proteins and promotes molting and the larva to adult transition. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:21. [PMID: 23682709 PMCID: PMC3679943 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Extracellular leucine-rich repeat (eLRR) proteins are a highly diverse superfamily of membrane-associated or secreted proteins. In the membrane-associated eLRR proteins, the leucine-rich repeat motifs interact with the extracellular matrix and other ligands. Characterizing their functions in animal model systems is key to deciphering their activities in various developmental processes. Results In this study, we identify pan-1 as a critical regulator of C. elegans larval development. pan-1 encodes both transmembrane and cytoplasmic isoforms that vary in the presence and number of leucine-rich repeats. RNAi experiments reveal that pan-1 is required for developmental processes that occur during the mid to late larval stages. Specifically, pan-1 loss of function causes a late larval arrest with a failure to complete development of the gonad, vulva, and hypodermis. pan-1 is also required for early larval ecdysis and execution of the molting cycle at the adult molt. We also provide evidence that pan-1 functionally interacts with the heterochronic gene lin-29 during the molting process. Conclusions We show that PAN-1 is a critical regulator of larval development. Our data suggests that PAN-1 promotes developmental progression of multiple tissues during the transition from a larva to a reproductive adult. We further demonstrate that the activity of PAN-1 is complex with diverse roles in the regulation of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Gissendanner
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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13
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Maina JN. Comparative molecular developmental aspects of the mammalian- and the avian lungs, and the insectan tracheal system by branching morphogenesis: recent advances and future directions. Front Zool 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22871018 PMCID: PMC3502106 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas exchangers fundamentally form by branching morphogenesis (BM), a mechanistically profoundly complex process which derives from coherent expression and regulation of multiple genes that direct cell-to-cell interactions, differentiation, and movements by signaling of various molecular morphogenetic cues at specific times and particular places in the developing organ. Coordinated expression of growth-instructing factors determines sizes and sites where bifurcation occurs, by how much a part elongates before it divides, and the angle at which branching occurs. BM is essentially induced by dualities of factors where through feedback- or feed forward loops agonists/antagonists are activated or repressed. The intricate transactions between the development orchestrating molecular factors determine the ultimate phenotype. From the primeval time when the transformation of unicellular organisms to multicellular ones occurred by systematic accretion of cells, BM has been perpetually conserved. Canonical signalling, transcriptional pathways, and other instructive molecular factors are commonly employed within and across species, tissues, and stages of development. While much still remain to be elucidated and some of what has been reported corroborated and reconciled with rest of existing data, notable progress has in recent times been made in understanding the mechanism of BM. By identifying and characterizing the morphogenetic drivers, and markers and their regulatory dynamics, the elemental underpinnings of BM have been more precisely explained. Broadening these insights will allow more effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of developmental abnormalities and pathologies in pre- and postnatal lungs. Conservation of the molecular factors which are involved in the development of the lung (and other branched organs) is a classic example of nature's astuteness in economically utilizing finite resources. Once purposefully formed, well-tested and tried ways and means are adopted, preserved, and widely used to engineer the most optimal phenotypes. The material and time costs of developing utterly new instruments and routines with every drastic biological change (e.g. adaptation and speciation) are circumvented. This should assure the best possible structures and therefore functions, ensuring survival and evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, P,O, Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Mancuso VP, Parry JM, Storer L, Poggioli C, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Sundaram MV. Extracellular leucine-rich repeat proteins are required to organize the apical extracellular matrix and maintain epithelial junction integrity in C. elegans. Development 2012; 139:979-90. [PMID: 22278925 PMCID: PMC3274359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.075135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are linked by apicolateral junctions that are essential for tissue integrity. Epithelial cells also secrete a specialized apical extracellular matrix (ECM) that serves as a protective barrier. Some components of the apical ECM, such as mucins, can influence epithelial junction remodeling and disassembly during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the molecular composition and biological roles of the apical ECM are not well understood. We identified a set of extracellular leucine-rich repeat only (eLRRon) proteins in C. elegans (LET-4 and EGG-6) that are expressed on the apical surfaces of epidermal cells and some tubular epithelia, including the excretory duct and pore. A previously characterized paralog, SYM-1, is also expressed in epidermal cells and secreted into the apical ECM. Related mammalian eLRRon proteins, such as decorin or LRRTM1-3, influence stromal ECM or synaptic junction organization, respectively. Mutants lacking one or more of the C. elegans epithelial eLRRon proteins show multiple defects in apical ECM organization, consistent with these proteins contributing to the embryonic sheath and cuticular ECM. Furthermore, epithelial junctions initially form in the correct locations, but then rupture at the time of cuticle secretion and remodeling of cell-matrix interactions. This work identifies epithelial eLRRon proteins as important components and organizers of the pre-cuticular and cuticular apical ECM, and adds to the small but growing body of evidence linking the apical ECM to epithelial junction stability. We propose that eLRRon-dependent apical ECM organization contributes to cell-cell adhesion and may modulate epithelial junction dynamics in both normal and disease situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Mancuso
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean M. Parry
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luke Storer
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Corey Poggioli
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ken C. Q. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Meera V. Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wang S, Meyer H, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Buchwald U, Onel S, Altenhein B, Heinisch JJ, Affolter M, Paululat A. GBF1 (Gartenzwerg)-dependent secretion is required for Drosophila tubulogenesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:461-72. [PMID: 22302994 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on the generation and in vivo analysis of a series of loss-of-function mutants for the Drosophila ArfGEF, Gartenzwerg. The Drosophila gene gartenzwerg (garz) encodes the orthologue of mammalian GBF1. garz is expressed ubiquitously in embryos with substantially higher abundance in cells forming diverse tubular structures such as salivary glands, trachea, proventriculus or hindgut. In the absence of functional Garz protein, the integrity of the Golgi complex is impaired. As a result, both vesicle transport of cargo proteins and directed apical membrane delivery are severely disrupted. Dysfunction of the Arf1-COPI machinery caused by a loss of Garz leads to perturbations in establishing a polarized epithelial architecture of tubular organs. Furthermore, insufficient apical transport of proteins and other membrane components causes incomplete luminal diameter expansion and deficiencies in extracellular matrix assembly. The fact that homologues of Garz are present in every annotated metazoan genome indicates that secretion processes mediated by the GBF-type ArfGEFs play a universal role in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Zoology/Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Sakaidani Y, Nomura T, Matsuura A, Ito M, Suzuki E, Murakami K, Nadano D, Matsuda T, Furukawa K, Okajima T. O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine on extracellular protein domains mediates epithelial cell-matrix interactions. Nat Commun 2011; 2:583. [PMID: 22158438 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins regulates basic cellular functions and is involved in the aetiology of diabetes and neurodegeneration. This intracellular O-GlcNAcylation is catalyzed by a single O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. Here we report a novel OGT, EOGT, responsible for extracellular O-GlcNAcylation. Although both OGT and EOGT are regulated by hexosamine flux, EOGT localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers GlcNAc to epidermal growth factor-like domains in an OGT-independent manner. Loss of Eogt gives phenotypes similar to those caused by defects in the apical extracellular matrix. Dumpy (Dp), a membrane-anchored extracellular protein, is O-GlcNAcylated, and EOGT is required for Dp-dependent epithelial cell-matrix interactions. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation of secreted and membrane glycoproteins is a novel mediator of cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sakaidani
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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Laplante C, Paul SM, Beitel GJ, Nilson LA. Echinoid regulates tracheal morphology and fusion cell fate in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2509-19. [PMID: 20730906 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic trachea involves a stereotyped pattern of epithelial tube branching and fusion. Here, we report unexpected phenotypes resulting from maternal and zygotic (M/Z) loss of the homophilic cell adhesion molecule Echinoid (Ed), as well as the subcellular localization of Ed in the trachea. ed(M/Z) embryos have convoluted trachea reminiscent of septate junction (SJ) and luminal matrix mutants. However, Ed does not localize to SJs, and ed(M/Z) embryos have intact SJs and show normal luminal accumulation of the matrix-modifying protein Vermiform. Surprisingly, tracheal length is not increased in ed(M/Z) mutants, but a previously undescribed combination of reduced intersegmental spacing and deep epidermal grooves produces a convoluted tracheal phenotype. In addition, ed(M/Z) mutants have unique fusion defects involving supernumerary fusion cells, ectopic fusion events and atypical branch breaks. Tracheal-specific expression of Ed rescues these fusion defects, indicating that Ed acts in trachea to control fusion cell fate.
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18
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Schottenfeld J, Song Y, Ghabrial AS. Tube continued: morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:633-9. [PMID: 20739171 PMCID: PMC2948593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila respiratory organ (tracheal system) consists of epithelial tubes, the morphogenesis of which is controlled by distinct sets of signaling pathways and transcription factors. The downstream events controlling tube formation and shape are only now beginning to be identified. Here we review recent insight into the communication between neighboring tracheal cells, their interactions with the surrounding matrix, and the impact of these processes on tube morphogenesis. We focus on cell-cell interactions that drive rearrangement of cells within the epithelium and that are essential for maintenance of epithelial integrity, and also on cell-matrix interactions that play key roles in determining and maintaining the size and shape of tube lumens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Schottenfeld
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 1214 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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The Functions of Insulin-like Peptides in Insects. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04302-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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