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Green PG, Monteiro C, Holdsworth DA, Betts TR, Herring N. Cardiac resynchronization using fusion pacing during exercise. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024; 35:146-154. [PMID: 37888415 DOI: 10.1111/jce.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusion pacing requires correct timing of left ventricular pacing to right ventricular activation, although it is unclear whether this is maintained when atrioventricular (AV) conduction changes during exercise. We used cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to compare cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using fusion pacing or fixed AV delays (AVD). METHODS Patients 6 months post-CRT implant with PR intervals < 250 ms performed two CPET tests, using either the SyncAV™ algorithm or fixed AVD of 120 ms in a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study. All other programming was optimized to produce the narrowest QRS duration (QRSd) possible. RESULTS Twenty patients (11 male, age 71 [65-77] years) were recruited. Fixed AVD and fusion programming resulted in similar narrowing of QRSd from intrinsic rhythm at rest (p = .85). Overall, there was no difference in peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2 PEAK , p = .19), oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold (VT1, p = .42), or in the time to reach either V̇O2 PEAK (p = .81) or VT1 (p = .39). The BORG rating of perceived exertion was similar between groups. CPET performance was also analyzed comparing whichever programming gave the narrowest QRSd at rest (119 [96-136] vs. 134 [119-142] ms, p < .01). QRSd during exercise (p = .03), peak O2 pulse (mL/beat, a surrogate of stroke volume, p = .03), and cardiac efficiency (watts/mL/kg/min, p = .04) were significantly improved. CONCLUSION Fusion pacing is maintained during exercise without impairing exercise capacity compared with fixed AVD. However, using whichever algorithm gives the narrowest QRSd at rest is associated with a narrower QRSd during exercise, higher peak stroke volume, and improved cardiac efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peregrine G Green
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristiana Monteiro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Holdsworth
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy R Betts
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Herring
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Vătășescu RG, Târtea GC, Iorgulescu C, Cojocaru C, Deaconu A, Badiul A, Goanță EV, Bogdan Ș, Cozma D. Predictors for Super-Responders in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Ther 2024; 31:e13-e23. [PMID: 38231577 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response, particularly a super-response, is of great importance. STUDY QUESTION The aim of our study was to assess the predictors for super-responders in CRT. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective, observational study, which finally included 622 patients with heart failure treated with CRT between January 2008 and May 2020 who had a minimal follow-up of 6 months after CRT. MEASURES AND OUTCOMES A total of 192 super-responders, defined by a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of at least 45%, and/or minimum 15% increase in LVEF and an improvement of the New York Heart Association functional class by at least 2 degrees at the last follow-up, and the rest of 430 patients who did not fulfill the super-responder criteria. RESULTS The highest rate of super-responders (41.91%, n = 171) was at patients with left ventricle-only pacing with optimal fusion (OPT) compared with patients with biventricular (BiV) pacing (9.81%, n = 21, P < 0.000). In the OPT group, univariable analysis showed that nonischemic cardiomyopathy, a smaller degree of mitral regurgitation, and better left ventricle function at enrollment were predictors for super-response compared with the BiV group where a narrower QRS after implantation, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and a better baseline LVEF were predictors for super-responders. In the multivariable analysis, both narrower QRS after implantation and nonischemic cardiomyopathy were independent predictors for super-response in the BiV group compared with OPT where nonischemic cardiomyopathy remained the only independent predictor for super-response. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective study, OPT CRT programing was an additional predictor of super-response to CRT besides nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Gabriel Vătășescu
- Department of Cardiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgică Costinel Târtea
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Corneliu Iorgulescu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmin Cojocaru
- Department of Cardiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Deaconu
- Department of Cardiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Badiul
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia-Violeta Goanță
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ștefan Bogdan
- Department of Cardiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, "Elias" University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; and
| | - Dragoș Cozma
- Department of Cardiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Wijesuriya N, Mehta V, De Vere F, Strocchi M, Behar JM, Niederer SA, Rinaldi CA. The role of conduction system pacing in patients with atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1187754. [PMID: 37304966 PMCID: PMC10248047 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1187754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conduction system pacing (CSP) has emerged as a promising novel delivery method for Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT), providing an alternative to conventional biventricular epicardial (BiV) pacing in indicated patients. Despite increasing popularity and widespread uptake, CSP has rarely been specifically examined in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), a cohort which forms a significant proportion of the heart failure (HF) population. In this review, we first examine the mechanistic evidence for the importance of sinus rhythm (SR) in CSP by allowing adjustment of atrioventricular delays (AVD) to achieve the optimal electrical response, and thus, whether the efficacy of CSP may be significantly attenuated compared to conventional BiV pacing in the presence of AF. We next evaluate the largest clinical body of evidence in this field, related to patients receiving CSP following atrioventricular nodal ablation (AVNA) for AF. Finally, we discuss how future research may be designed to address the vital question of how effective CSP in AF patients is, and the potential hurdles we may face in delivering such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeev Wijesuriya
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vishal Mehta
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity De Vere
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Strocchi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Behar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research and Innovation Cluster, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Rinaldi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Waddingham PH, Mangual JO, Orini M, Badie N, Muthumala A, Sporton S, McSpadden LC, Lambiase PD, Chow AWC. Electrocardiographic imaging demonstrates electrical synchrony improvement by dynamic atrioventricular delays in patients with left bundle branch block and preserved atrioventricular conduction. Europace 2023; 25:536-545. [PMID: 36480445 PMCID: PMC9935053 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac resynchronization therapy programmed to dynamically fuse pacing with intrinsic conduction using atrioventricular (AV) timing algorithms (e.g. SyncAV) has shown promise; however, mechanistic data are lacking. This study assessed the impact of SyncAV on electrical dyssynchrony across various pacing modalities using non-invasive epicardial electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-five patients with left bundle-branch block (median QRS duration (QRSd) 162.7 ms) and intact AV conduction (PR interval 174.0 ms) were prospectively enrolled. ECGi was performed acutely during biventricular pacing with fixed nominal AV delays (BiV) and using SyncAV (optimized for the narrowest QRSd) during: BiV + SyncAV, LV-only single-site (LVSS + SyncAV), MultiPoint pacing (MPP + SyncAV), and LV-only MPP (LVMPP + SyncAV). Dyssynchrony was quantified via ECGi (LV activation time, LVAT; RV activation time, RVAT; LV electrical dispersion index, LVEDi; ventricular electrical uncoupling index, VEU; and biventricular total activation time, VVtat). Intrinsic conduction LVAT (124 ms) was significantly reduced by BiV pacing (109 ms) (P = 0.001) and further reduced by LVSS + SyncAV (103 ms), BiV + SyncAV (103 ms), LVMPP + SyncAV (95 ms), and MPP + SyncAV (90 ms). Intrinsic RVAT (93 ms), VVtat (130 ms), LVEDi (36 ms), VEU (50 ms), and QRSd (163 ms) were reduced by SyncAV across all pacing modes. More patients exhibited minimal LVAT, VVtat, LVEDi, and QRSd with MPP + SyncAV than any other modality. CONCLUSION Dynamic AV delay programming targeting fusion with intrinsic conduction significantly reduced dyssynchrony, as quantified by ECGi and QRSd for all evaluated pacing modes. MPP + SyncAV achieved the greatest synchrony overall but not for all patients, highlighting the value of pacing mode individualization during fusion optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Waddingham
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom.,William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Michele Orini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Amal Muthumala
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sporton
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pier D Lambiase
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony W C Chow
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom.,William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Vacarescu C, Luca CT, Feier H, Gaiță D, Crișan S, Negru AG, Iurciuc S, Goanță EV, Mornos C, Lazăr MA, Streian CG, Arnăutu DA, Turi VR, Cozma D. Betablockers and Ivabradine Titration According to Exercise Test in LV Only Fusion CRT Pacing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1096. [PMID: 35626251 PMCID: PMC9139204 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Betablockers (BB)/ivabradine titration in fusion CRT pacing (CRTP) is understudied. Aim: To assess drug optimization using systematic exercise tests (ET) in fusion CRTP with preserved atrioventricular conduction (AVc). Methods: Changes in drug management were assessed during systematic follow-ups in CRTP patients without right ventricle lead. Shorter AVc (PR interval) allowed BB up-titration, while longer AVc needed BB down-titration, favoring ivabradine. Constant fusion pacing was the goal to improve outcomes. Results: 64 patients, 62.5 ± 9.5 y.o divided into three groups: shorter PR (<160 ms), normal (160−200 ms), longer (200−240 ms); follow-up 59 ± 26 months. Drugs were titrated in case of: capture loss due to AVc shortening (14%), AVc lengthening (5%), chronotropic incompetence (11%), maximum tracking rate issues (9%), brady/tachyarrhythmias (8%). Interventions: BB up-titration (78% shorter PR, 19% normal PR, 5% longer PR), BB down-titration (22% shorter PR, 14% normal PR), BB exclusion (16% longer PR), adding/up-titration ivabradine (22% shorter PR, 19% normal PR, 5% longer PR), ivabradine down-titration (22% shorter PR, 3% normal PR), ivabradine exclusion (11% normal PR, 5% longer PR). Drug strategy was changed in 165 follow-ups from 371 recorded (42% patients). Conclusions: BBs/ivabradine titration and routine ET during follow-ups in patients with fusion CRTP should be a standard approach to maximize resynchronization response. Fusion CRTP showed a positive outcome with important LV reverse remodeling and significant LVEF improvement in carefully selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vacarescu
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Constantin-Tudor Luca
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Horea Feier
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dan Gaiță
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simina Crișan
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina-Gabriela Negru
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stela Iurciuc
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Emilia-Violeta Goanță
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian Mornos
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai-Andrei Lazăr
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Caius-Glad Streian
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana-Aurora Arnăutu
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Vladiana-Romina Turi
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dragos Cozma
- Cardiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.V.); (H.F.); (D.G.); (A.-G.N.); (S.I.); (E.-V.G.); (C.M.); (M.-A.L.); (C.-G.S.); (D.-A.A.); (V.-R.T.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
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Mehta VS, Elliott MK, Sidhu BS, Gould J, Porter B, Niederer S, Rinaldi CA. "Is multipoint pacing superior to optimized single-point pacing?"-Authors' reply. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32:3280-3281. [PMID: 34698426 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Mehta
- Cardiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark K Elliott
- Cardiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Baldeep S Sidhu
- Cardiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Justin Gould
- Cardiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bradley Porter
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Rinaldi
- Cardiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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