Interactions Between Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibition, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibition and BRCA1 Status in Breast Cancer Cells

[Effect and Mechanism of Radiosensitization of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor n Lewis Cells and Xenografts]

背景与目的

受电离辐射的肿瘤细胞DNA损伤主要为单链断裂(single strand break, SSB)与双链断裂(double strand break, DSB)，其中SSBs发生的频率数十倍于DSBs，而SSBs多能通过聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase, PARP]等因子进行修复。相关新药Olaparib(PARP1/PARP2/PARP3抑制剂)靶向作用于细胞SSBs损伤修复，其联合化疗的临床研究取得令人鼓舞结果。本实验旨在研究Olaparib对Lewis肺癌细胞及移植瘤放疗增敏作用，初步探讨其可能机制。

方法

采用MTT法检测Olaparib对Lewis细胞10%抑制浓度(10% inhibitory concentration, IC₁₀)值，克隆形成实验验证Olaparib联合放疗的体外增敏作用；成瘤小鼠分为空白对照、Olaparib、放疗(radiotherapy, RT, 2 Gy×5 d)、Olaparib+RT组，动态测量各组移植瘤体积变化；流式细胞术比较各组细胞体外凋亡率，TUNEL法比较移植瘤细胞凋亡；Western blot检测各组DNA损伤相关蛋白γH2AX，凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2、Caspase-3表达。

结果

Olaparib对Lewis细胞IC₁₀值为4.4 μmol/L，克隆形成实验测得Olaparib放疗增敏比为1.211；移植瘤初体积(处理前)增长4倍所需天数，Olaparib+RT组显著高于单纯RT组(P < 0.001)；流式及TUNEL法检测Lewis细胞体内外凋亡率均Olaparib+RT组高于RT组(P < 0.05)；Olaparib+RT组细胞及移植瘤中γH2AX、Bax、Caspase-3显著高于RT组，Bcl-2显著低于RT组(均P < 0.05)。

结论

Olaparib对Lewis肺癌细胞及移植瘤起到显著放疗增敏作用，其机制可能与增加受照肿瘤细胞DNA双链断裂形成，上调Bax/Bcl-2促凋亡体系蛋白有关。

Differential Potential of Pharmacological PARP Inhibitors for Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

BRCA1/2-mutant cells are hypersensitive to inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). We recently showed that inhibition of PARP-1 by NU1025 is strongly cytotoxic for BRCA1-positive BT-20 cells, but not BRCA1-deficient SKBr-3 cells. These results raised the possibility that other PARP-1 inhibitors, particularly those tested in clinical trials, may be more efficacious against BRCA1-deficient SKBr-3 breast cancer cells than NU1025. Thus, in the presented study the cytotoxicity of four PARP inhibitors under clinical evaluation (olaparib, rucaparib, iniparib and AZD2461) was examined and compared to that of NU1025. The sensitivity of breast cancer cells to the PARP-1 inhibition strongly varied. Remarkably, BRCA-1-deficient SKBr-3 cells were almost completely insensitive to NU1025, olaparib and rucaparib, whereas BRCA1-expressing BT-20 cells were strongly affected by NU1025 even at low doses. In contrast, iniparib and AZD2461 were cytotoxic for both BT-20 and SKBr-3 cells. Of the four tested PARP-1 inhibitors only AZD2461 strongly affected cell cycle progression. Interestingly, the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic potential of the tested PARP-1 inhibitors clearly correlated with their capacity to damage DNA. Further analyses revealed that proteomic signatures of the two studied breast cancer cell lines strongly differ, and a set of 197 proteins was differentially expressed in NU1025-treated BT-20 cancer cells. These results indicate that BT-20 cells may harbor an unknown defect in DNA repair pathway(s) rendering them sensitive to PARP-1 inhibition. They also imply that therapeutic applicability of PARP-1 inhibitors is not limited to BRCA mutation carriers but can be extended to patients harboring deficiencies in other components of the pathway(s).

DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer

For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.

Trapping Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase

Recent findings indicate that a major mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors kill cancer cells is by trapping PARP1 and PARP2 to the sites of DNA damage. The PARP enzyme-inhibitor complex "locks" onto damaged DNA and prevents DNA repair, replication, and transcription, leading to cell death. Several clinical-stage PARP inhibitors, including veliparib, rucaparib, olaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib, have been evaluated for their PARP-trapping activity. Although they display similar capacity to inhibit PARP catalytic activity, their relative abilities to trap PARP differ by several orders of magnitude, with the ability to trap PARP closely correlating with each drug's ability to kill cancer cells. In this article, we review the available data on molecular interactions between these clinical-stage PARP inhibitors and PARP proteins, and discuss how their biologic differences might be explained by the trapping mechanism. We also discuss how to use the PARP-trapping mechanism to guide the development of PARP inhibitors as a new class of cancer therapy, both for single-agent and combination treatments.