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Malone CJ, Oksanen A, Mukaratirwa S, Sharma R, Jenkins E. From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100934. [PMID: 38651034 PMCID: PMC11033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by "snowballing" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Malone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Omeragić J, Kapo N, Škapur V, Crnkić Ć, Goletić Š, Softić A, Goletić T. Diversity of Trichinella species in carnivores from Bosnia and Herzegovina. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:117. [PMID: 38521906 PMCID: PMC10960444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Bosnia and Herzegovina, domestic and wild carnivores represent a significant driver for the transmission and ecology of zoonotic pathogens, especially those of parasitic aetiology. Nevertheless, there is no systematic research of Trichinella species in animals that have been conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even though trichinellosis is considered the most important parasitic zoonosis. The available results of the few studies carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mainly related to the confirmation of parasitic larvae in the musculature of domestic pigs and wild boars or data related to trichinellosis in humans. The objective of our study was to present the findings of a comprehensive investigation into the species composition of Trichinella among 11 carnivorous species within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as follows: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), grey wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wildcat (Felis silvestris), pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles), weasel (Mustela nivalis), European polecat (Mustela putorius), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), but also dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus). RESULTS In the period 2013-2023, carnivore musculature samples (n = 629), each consisting of 10 g of muscle tissue, were taken post-mortem and individually examined using the artificial digestion method. In the positive samples (n = 128), molecular genotyping and identification of parasitic larvae of Trichinella spp. were performed using a PCR-based technique up to the species/genotype level. Positive samples were used for basic PCR detection of the genus Trichinella (rrnS rt-PCR technique) and genotyping (rrnl-EVS rt-PCR technique). The Trichinella infection was documented for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina among red foxes, grey wolves, brown bears, dogs, badgers and Eurasian lynx, with a frequency rate of 20.3%. Additionally, the presence of T. britovi infection was newly confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, marking the initial documented cases. Furthermore, both T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis infections were observed in the wildcat population, whereas T. britovi and T. spiralis infections were detected in pine martens. Consistent with previous research, our findings align particularly regarding carnivores, with data from other countries such as Germany, Finland, Romania, Poland and Spain, where T. britovi exhibits a wider distribution (62.5-100%) compared to T. spiralis (0.0-37.5%). T. britovi is more common among sylvatic carnivores (89.0%), while T. spiralis prevails in wild boars (62.0%), domestic swine (82.0%) and rodents (75.0%). CONCLUSION The results of our study represent the first molecular identification of species of the genus Trichinella in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, our findings underscore the necessity for targeted epidemiological studies to thoroughly assess trichinellosis prevalence across diverse animal populations. Considering the relatively high frequency of trichinellosis infection in investigated animal species and its public health implications, there is an evident need for establishing an effective trichinellosis surveillance system in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Omeragić
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naida Kapo
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Vedad Škapur
- University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ćazim Crnkić
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Šejla Goletić
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adis Softić
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Teufik Goletić
- University of Sarajevo - Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71 000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Marin AM, Mederle OA, Marucci G, Popovici DC, Mederle N. First Identification and Molecular Characterization of Trichinella britovi (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) from the Pine Marten ( Martes martes Linnaeus, 1758) in Romania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2339. [PMID: 37764183 PMCID: PMC10534309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spp. are etiological zoonotic agents spread throughout the world and affect mammals, birds, and reptiles; they evolve via two cycles: domestic and sylvatic. Martes martes is a carnivorous nocturnal mammal from the family Mustelidae. In Romania, this host is widespread in all forests of the country. Martes martes has an extremely voracious appetite, feeding on fruit and also on a variety of small animals, including rodents such as mice and rats. The aim of this study was the identification and molecular characterization of Trichinella larvae isolated from the muscle tissue of Martes martes collected in different counties of Romania. The muscle samples were examined via artificial digestion, and the larvae were identified at the species level via multiplex PCR. The presence of larvae belonging to Trichinella britovi, a species frequently identified in wild carnivores in temperate zones, was observed. Although T. britovi has been already reported in several host species in Romania, this is the first time this species has been observed in a Martes martes specimen. This finding contributes to our knowledge about the host species involved in the maintenance of the Trichinella sylvatic cycle in Romania, and it confirms that this parasite is consistently present in the wild fauna of this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Marin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Ovidiu-Alexandru Mederle
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” from Timisoara, No. 2 Piaţa Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Dan-Cornel Popovici
- Forestry Faculty, Transilvania University Brasov, No. 1 Sirul Beethoven, 500123 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
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Veronesi F, Deak G, Diakou A. Wild Mesocarnivores as Reservoirs of Endoparasites Causing Important Zoonoses and Emerging Bridging Infections across Europe. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020178. [PMID: 36839450 PMCID: PMC9964259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesocarnivores are small- or mid-sized carnivore species that display a variety of ecologies and behaviours. In Europe, wild mesocarnivores are represented by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the golden jackal (Canis aureus), the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), the Mustelidae of the genera Meles, Martes, Mustela, Lutra, the invasive species of raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and American mink (Neogale vison). These abundant animals thrive in various habitats and often develop their activity close to human settlements. Thus, they may play an important role in the introduction, maintenance, and transmission of major parasitic zoonoses and promote bridging infections with domestic animals. Against this background, this article reports and discusses some of the most important endoparasites of wild mesocarnivores living in Europe, on the basis of their actual role as reservoirs, spreaders, or sentinels. The data derived from epizootiological studies in different European countries, and the proven or speculated implications of the detected endoparasites in human and domestic animals' health, are discussed. Through older and recent literature review, the state-of-the-art knowledge on the occurrence and prevalence of the parasites under consideration is presented, showing further, warranted investigations and the need for surveillance and vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Veronesi
- Parasitology Laboratory of the University Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
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Trichinella infection in Serbia from 2011 to 2020: a success story in the field of One Health. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e20. [PMID: 36655706 PMCID: PMC9990384 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Serbia, modern pork production systems with implemented control measures, including the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat (ISO18743), have eliminated farmed pork from pigs slaughtered at abattoirs as a source of trichinellosis. Epidemiological data from 2011 to 2020 indicate that the number of human cases and the number of infected domestic pigs has decreased significantly. Over the years, pork was the most frequent source of human infection. Cases generally occurred in small family outbreaks, and the infection was linked to consumption of raw or undercooked pork from backyard pigs. In most of the outbreaks, T. spiralis was the aetiological agent of infection, but in 2016, a large outbreak was caused by consumption of uninspected wild boar meat containing T. britovi larvae. To achieve safe pork, it is important that consumers of pork from animals raised in backyard smallholdings and of wild game meat are properly educated about the risks associated with consumption of untested meat. Laboratories conducting Trichinella testing should have a functional quality assurance system to ensure competency of analysts and that accurate and repeatable results are achieved. Regular participation in proficiency testing is needed.
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Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi in North-Eastern Romania: A Six-Year Retrospective Multicentric Survey. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090509. [PMID: 36136725 PMCID: PMC9504039 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genus Trichinella includes roundworm parasites with a wide geographical spread that can cause illness in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time its prevalence in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears, the geographical distribution of Trichinella species and the natural reservoir of the parasites. Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 166,270 animals were examined by specific methods in order to calculate the prevalence of Trichinella infection, the involved species, and their geographical distribution. The overall prevalence of Trichinella infection in animals was 0.188%. But the specific prevalence varied as follows: in pigs 0.096%, horses 0.021%, wild boar 1.46% and bears 36.76%. The geographical distribution showed that T. spiralis was dominant, occupying the entire northeastern part of Romania, being identified in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears. T britovi occupied five mountain counties, being identified only in wild boars and bears. These results validate the presence of T. spiralis and T. britovi in domestic and game animals in northeast Romania and warn about the risk of human infection in the region. Abstract The genus Trichinella includes species with a wide geographical spread that cause pathology in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time the prevalence of this infection in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears, the geographical distribution of Trichinella species and the natural reservoir of Trichinella infection. Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 166,270 animals were examined by the method of artificial digestion, in order to calculate the annual and general prevalence of Trichinella infection, according to the host and the Trichinella species involved, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), trendline and geographical distribution of species of the genus Trichinella. Taxonomic framing was performed by the multiplex PCR method. The overall prevalence of Trichinella infection in animals was 0.188%. Within the host species, the prevalence varied as follows: in pigs 0.096%, horses 0.021%, wild boar 1.46% and bears 36.76%. The geographical distribution showed that T. spiralis was dominant, occupying the entire northeastern part of Romania, being identified in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears. T britovi occupied five mountain counties, being identified only in wild boars and bears. These results validate the presence of T. spiralis and T. britovi in domestic and game animals in the northeastern part of Romania.
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Silva CS, Mendonça TO, Machado DMR, Arias-Pacheco CA, Oliveira WJ, Perin PP, Werther K, Carraro PE, Trevisol IM, Kramer B, Silva VS, Mathias LA, Bürger KP, Lux Hoppe EG. Seropositive Wild Boars Suggesting the Occurrence of a Wild Cycle of Trichinella spp. in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040462. [PMID: 35203170 PMCID: PMC8868304 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella is a zoonotic nematode traditionally detected worldwide in both domestic and wild animals. In South America, along with the occurrence of this parasite in domestic pigs and wild boars, there are reports of infection in wild carnivores. Brazil is considered free of the domestic cycle of Trichinella, but there is unpublished serological evidence of infection in wild boars, which changed the Brazilian status in OIE regarding the disease after an official communication. We investigated Trichinella spp. infection in wild boars and wild carnivores in the Southeastern region of Brazil. A total of 136 samples were tested, 121 from wild boars and 15 from wild carnivores. Artificial enzymatic digestion (AED) tests were performed on muscle samples from 37 wild boars and 15 wild carnivores, and 115 serum samples from wild boars were tested by iELISA. Seven serum samples from wild boars tested positive (7/115 = 6.1%, 95% CI 3.0–12.0), but no larvae were found in the AED. There was no significant difference between sex, age, and location of the samples. The serological results suggest that a wild cycle of Trichinella spp. may occur in Brazil, but further analyses should be performed to confirm the presence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S. Silva
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Talita O. Mendonça
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Dália M. R. Machado
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Carmen A. Arias-Pacheco
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Wilson J. Oliveira
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Patricia P. Perin
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Karin Werther
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Paulo E. Carraro
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Iara M. Trevisol
- Animal Genetics and Health Laboratory (LSGA), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR-153 Road, Km 110, Tamanduá District, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (I.M.T.); (B.K.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Beatris Kramer
- Animal Genetics and Health Laboratory (LSGA), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR-153 Road, Km 110, Tamanduá District, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (I.M.T.); (B.K.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Virgínia S. Silva
- Animal Genetics and Health Laboratory (LSGA), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR-153 Road, Km 110, Tamanduá District, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (I.M.T.); (B.K.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Luis A. Mathias
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Karina P. Bürger
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Estevam G. Lux Hoppe
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPAr), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), São Paulo State University—UNESP, Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (T.O.M.); (D.M.R.M.); (C.A.A.-P.); (W.J.O.); (P.P.P.); (K.W.); (P.E.C.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Trichinella spp. Infection in European Polecats ( Mustela Putorius Linnaeus, 1758) from Romania. Helminthologia 2021; 58:323-327. [PMID: 34934394 PMCID: PMC8647949 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The European polecat (Mustela putorius Linnaeus, 1758) is in decline in Romania, often living near human settlements, from mountains to lowlands. They feed on a wide variety of small animals, including rodents, such as mice or rats. The occurrence of this parasite in polecats from Romania was mentioned only once in 1991, but the parasite species was not confirmed by molecular biology. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Trichinella spp. in European polecats from Romania and to identify the parasite species by molecular tools. A total of 75 wild European polecats were examined by trichinoscopy and artificial digestion. A large number of animals were examined because of their wide distribution in Romanian territory and their presence near human settlements. For species determination, the positive muscle samples and the larvae recovered from artificial digestion were collected for DNA isolation and further processed by means of Multiplex PCR. Only two polecats from southern Romania tested positive for Trichinella spp. infection. During trichinoscopy examination, 48 (in a polecat from Giurgiu County) and 78 (in a polecat from Ialomița County) cysts were found in the tested (56 samples/animal) tissue samples. Artificial digestion revealed infection with 2466 larvae/100 g of muscle in the polecat from Ialomița and 254/100 g in the polecat from Giurgiu. The Multiplex PCR indicated the occurrence of Trichinella spiralis in the polecat from Giurgiu and a co-infection with T. spiralis and T. britovi in the polecat from Ialomița. The current study confirms through molecular biology, the occurrence of T. spiralis and T. britovi, as well as the occurrence of co-infection with these two Trichinella species in European polecats from Romania.
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Echeverry DM, Henríquez A, Oyarzún-Ruiz P, Silva-de la Fuente MC, Ortega R, Sandoval D, Landaeta-Aqueveque C. First record of Trichinella in Leopardus guigna (Carnivora, Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Carnivora, Mustelidae): new hosts in Chile. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11601. [PMID: 34178469 PMCID: PMC8199920 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. It is caused by several species of nematodes in the genus Trichinella. Trichinella spp. are transmitted through predation or carrion consumption and occur in domestic and sylvatic cycles. In humans trichinellosis occurs due to the consumption of raw or undercooked, infected meat and is mainly associated with the household slaughter of pigs or the consumption of game animals without veterinary inspection, a cultural practice that is difficult to resolve. Therefore, knowledge of this parasite's reservoir is relevant for better implementing public health strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Trichinella sp. in several carnivore and omnivore vertebrates in central-southern Chile. Methods We collected muscle tissue from a total of 53 animals from 15 species and were digested to detect Trichinella larvae which were further identified to species level using molecular techniques. Results We detected Trichinella larvae in Leopardus guigna (Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Mustelidae). We identified the larvae collected from L. guigna as Trichinella spiralis, but we were unable to molecularly characterize the larvae from G. cuja. This is the first record of Trichinella in a native mustelid of South America and the first record of T. spiralis in L. guigna. This study identified two novel hosts; however, further work is needed to identify the role that these and other hosts play in the cycle of Trichinella in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Maritza Echeverry
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Región de Biobío/Ñuble, Chile
| | - AnaLía Henríquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Biobío, Chile
| | - Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Región de Biobío/Ñuble, Chile
| | | | - Rene Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Región de Biobío/Ñuble, Chile
| | - Daniel Sandoval
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Región de Biobío/Ñuble, Chile
| | - Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Región de Biobío/Ñuble, Chile
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Cybulska A, Kornacka A, Skopek R, Moskwa B. Trichinella britovi infection and muscle distribution in free-living martens ( Martes spp.) from the Głęboki Bród Forest District, Poland. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:176-180. [PMID: 32612926 PMCID: PMC7317161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella nematodes occur in many carnivorous and omnivorous animal species in the sylvatic cycle. Due to their widespread occurrence throughout Poland and diet, free-living Mustelids can act as a potential reservoir for nematodes of the genus Trichinella and play a role in their circulation. The study was designed to determine the presence and predilection sites for Trichinella nematodes in martens (Martes spp.) from the Głęboki Bród Forest District, Poland. Trichinella britovi larvae were detected by molecular methods in 17.54% examined martens (prevalence: 41.67% among pine martens and 13.88% among Martes spp.). The intensity of infection varied from 0.17 to 37.29 larvae per gram (LPG) (mean 5.43; median 3.4). The highest larval burdens were detected in the tongue in pine martens (Martes martes) and the diaphragm in Martes spp., respectively; the lowest levels were found in the masseter in pine martens and the tongue in Martes spp. No statistically significant difference in the intensity of infection was observed between males and females in either group. Our findings indicate that T. britovi is present in martens from the Głęboki Bród Forest District, and the predilection sites for the nematode may differ between males and females. However, due to the low number of examined animals, further studies are necessary to confirm whether they are an important element in the maintenance of Trichinella nematodes in the examined area. Trichinella britovi was found in Martes spp. from the Głęboki Bród Forest District, Poland. The parasite was identified in 41.67% of pine martens (Martes martes) and 13.88% of Martes spp. The highest larval burdens were detected in the tongue for pine martens and in the diaphragm for Martes spp. The marten is an important host for the maintenance of T. britovi among wildlife in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cybulska
- Corresponding author. Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
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