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Tan CAZ, Chong KKL, Yeong DYX, Ng CHM, Ismail MH, Yap ZH, Khetrapal V, Tay VSY, Drautz-Moses DI, Ali Y, Chen SL, Kline KA. Purine and carbohydrate availability drive Enterococcus faecalis fitness during wound and urinary tract infections. mBio 2024; 15:e0238423. [PMID: 38078746 PMCID: PMC10790769 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02384-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although E. faecalis is a common wound pathogen, its pathogenic mechanisms during wound infection are unexplored. Here, combining a mouse wound infection model with in vivo transposon and RNA sequencing approaches, we identified the E. faecalis purine biosynthetic pathway and galactose/mannose MptABCD phosphotransferase system as essential for E. faecalis acute replication and persistence during wound infection, respectively. The essentiality of purine biosynthesis and the MptABCD PTS is driven by the consumption of purine metabolites by E. faecalis during acute replication and changing carbohydrate availability during the course of wound infection. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of the wound microenvironment in E. faecalis wound pathogenesis and how these metabolic pathways can be targeted to better control wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Ai Zhu Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daryl Yu Xuan Yeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine Hui Min Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Ismail
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhei Hwee Yap
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varnica Khetrapal
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Shi Yun Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela I. Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swaine L. Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Mhawesh A, khalaf H, khudair M. Molecular Detection of Some Vancomycin and Virulence Factor Genes in Enterococcus faecium. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pathogenic E. faecium is a crisis in healthcare settings. This survey aimed at antibiotic susceptibility profiling and virulence determinants of E. faecium. This study pooled 100 fecal E. faecium isolates identified by phenotypic and molecular tests. Antibiotic susceptibility and ampicillin MIC were determined according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) 2017. Moreover, biofilm formation was assayed by a microtiter tissue plate assay. Virulence genes pattern was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Among 460 fecal samples, 100 isolates of E. faecium were identified, among which the highest resistance was related to penicillin (81%), cephalothin (78%), cefazolin (76%), tetracycline and cefepime (69%). In contrast, 83% of them were susceptible to vancomycin. Moreover, four vancomycin-resistant isolates had vancomycin MIC>32µg/mL, and 11 isolates had MIC>8µg/mL. Of 32 ampicillin-resistant isolates, 18 (56%) produced strong biofilm, and 14 isolates (44%) produced moderate biofilm. Among 17 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfa), 15 (88.23%) isolates produced strong biofilms, and two of them produced moderate-level biofilms, which was significantly higher than susceptible isolates (p=0.0144). The vanA (vancomycin MIC: 16-64µg/mL) and vanB (vancomycin MIC: 8-64µg/mL) genes were detected in twelve and five isolates, respectively. The rate of adhesin genes ace, esp and ebp included 68%, 97% and 82%, respectively. All the VREfa harbored the ace, esp and ebp genes. The antibiotic resistance rate of E. faecium was low. Biofilm formation was significantly different between VREfa and vancomycin-susceptible isolates but not between k9ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-susceptible isolates. All the VREfa harbored the ace, esp and ebp genes. The virulence adhesin genes were not significantly associated with biofilm formation. Further studies are essential to appreciate better the relation between biofilm formation, drug non-susceptibility and adhesin genes.
Keywords: E. faecium, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, virulence genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mhawesh
- Dept. of Med. and Mol. Biotech., College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hadeel khalaf
- Dept. of Med. and Mol. Biotech., College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa khudair
- DNA forensic Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020148. [PMID: 33540588 PMCID: PMC7912840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin's physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections.
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Cui P, Feng L, Zhang L, He J, An T, Fu X, Li C, Zhao X, Zhai Y, Li H, Yan W, Li H, Luo X, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Biofilm Formation Capacity Among Enterococcus species From Yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595625 PMCID: PMC7304059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaks provide necessities such as meat and milk for Tibetans living at high altitudes on and around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the animal gut microbiota that can cause biofilm-associated opportunistic infections. Meanwhile, multidrug-resistant Enterococcus also poses a serious threat to public health. This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation of enterococci from yaks. From April 2018 to July 2019, we collected 395 fecal samples of yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Enterococci isolated from the samples were identified and classified according to the 16S rDNA sequence. The antibiotic resistance of each isolate was detected according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Enterococcal biofilms were assessed using standard procedures. Different virulence genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. In total, 381 enterococci strains were recovered, with Enterococcus faecalis (41.99%) and Enterococcus faecium (37.80%) being the predominant species. Many isolates were multidrug- resistant (60.37%) and showed a high resistance rate to rifampicin (64.30%) and tetracycline (61.54%). We also detected various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the tested strains. The E. faecalis strains had higher frequency of biofilm formation and virulence genes than other enterococcal species. This is the first report that shows yaks are repositories for drug-resistant enterococci with virulent determinants and biofilms that may spread into humans and to environment. This study also provides useful data suggesting that enterococci may pose a potential health risk to yaks. Therefore, active surveillance of AMR and pathogenesis in enterococci from yaks is urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan He
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwu An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Esmail MAM, Abdulghany HM, Khairy RM. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Hospital-Acquired Surgical Wound Infections and Bacteremia: Concomitant Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 12:1178633719882929. [PMID: 31662606 PMCID: PMC6796195 DOI: 10.1177/1178633719882929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Enterococcus
faecalis infections among patients with hospital-acquired
surgical wound sepsis and bacteremia in surgical wards and identify the
antimicrobial susceptibility in these pathogens. Genetic role of
erythromycin, vancomycin, and cephalosporin resistance in these pathogens
was also examined. Methods: Two hundred samples were collected from surgical wound infections and 100
blood cultures from patients with suggested bacteremia to identify E
faecalis by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial
susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested. The presence of
resistance genes was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: E faecalis was isolated with a frequency of 24/200 (12%)
from surgical wound samples and 2/100 (2%) from blood cultures. All isolates
were completely resistant to cefepime, ampicillin, and tetracycline, 96% of
isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 53.8% to vancomycin, and 23.1% to
linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 100% of isolates.
ere(B) and erm(B) genes were present
in 20/25 (80%) and 17/25 (68%) of erythromycin-resistant isolates,
respectively, 15 (60%) isolates carry both ere(B) and
erm(B) genes. Van A gene was detected
in 71.4% of vancomycin-resistant isolates. All isolates were negative for
mef(A/E), blaSHV, and blaTEM
genes. Conclusion: MDR in all isolates (100%) and high-level resistance to gentamicin,
erythromycin, and vancomycin were reported in E Faecalis
isolates. In the studied isolates, erythromycin resistance mainly related to
the presence of ere(B) and erm(B) genes
and vancomycin resistance was mainly related to the presence of
vanA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel Monem Esmail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hend M Abdulghany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Mm Khairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Ch’ng JH, Chong KKL, Lam LN, Wong JJ, Kline KA. Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 17:82-94. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Reinisch A, Malkomes P, Habbe N, Bechstein WO, Liese J. Bad bacteria in acute appendicitis: rare but relevant. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:1303-1311. [PMID: 28710611 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-017-2862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial infections are a factor for morbidity in patients with acute appendicitis (AA). The spreading of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a significant problem in surgery, and the most relevant MDR pathogens are summarized as Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci (ESKAPE) bacteria. Data regarding the species and distribution of bacteria in AA are available, but information about the resistances and their relevance is deficient. METHODS In this retrospective study, we analyzed microbiological swabs of patients with AA. The outcome parameters of patients after laparoscopic appendectomy were analyzed against microbiological results, including antibiotic resistance testing. Positive swabs were compared with bacteria cultivated after alternative abdominal emergency surgery (AES). RESULTS In total, 584 patients with AA were included and had a mean age of 35.5 years. In 216 patients (36.9%), a swab was taken, and in 128 (59.3%) swabs, bacteria could be cultivated. The most frequent organisms were Escherichia coli, Bacteroides species, and Pseudomonas. In 9.4% of the positive AA swabs, MDR germs were cultivated, and all of them were ESKAPE pathogens. Patients with MDR bacteria in AA suffered more infectious complications (p = 0.006) and needed longer hospitalizations (p < 0.009). In AES, aside from appendicitis, a different spectrum containing more MDR bacteria was cultivated (5.9 vs. 20.9%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Although they occur less frequently in appendectomy compared to emergency surgeries for other abdominal diseases, MDR bacteria are traceable in this common disease and contribute to additional morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reinisch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Patrizia Malkomes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Habbe
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,General Surgery and Coloproctology, DKD HELIOS Klinik Wiesbaden, Aukammallee 33, 65191, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Wolf Otto Bechstein
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliane Liese
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Saffari F, Dalfardi MS, Mansouri S, Ahmadrajabi R. Survey for Correlation between Biofilm Formation and Virulence Determinants in a Collection of Pathogenic and Fecal Enterococcus faecalis Isolates. Infect Chemother 2017; 49:176-183. [PMID: 29027384 PMCID: PMC5620384 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.3.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes most of the enterococcal infections. Among the different factors implicated in the pathogenesis of these organisms, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are the most important. The ability for biofilm formation has been attributed to the presence of some virulence genes. However, no definite correlation has been found. This study aimed to detect biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance patterns in E. faecalis isolates collected from clinical and fecal samples, and to investigate possible correlation between some virulence genes (esp, cyl, gelE) and biofilm formation. Materials and Methods A collection of 123 E. faecalis isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance and production of hemolysin, gelatinase, and biofilm using phenotypic methods. The esp, gelE and cyl genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction. Results Thirty-eight pathogenic isolates (37%) were positive for biofilm formation. Additionally, the gelE, esp, and cyl genes were detected in 74 (71.8%), 79 (76.7%) and 42 (40.8%) isolates, respectively. In the fecal samples, 18 (90%) isolates were biofilm producers and 11 (55%), 17 (85%) and 8 (40%) isolates were positive for gelE, esp, and cyl, respectively. There were significant differences in biofilm production between pathogenic and fecal isolates (P <0.001). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found among 32% (n = 33) and 15% (n = 3) of the clinical and fecal isolates, respectively. However, no significant difference was seen between MDR and biofilm formation. Five pathogenic and two fecal isolates were negative for all investigated genes while they were they were biofilm producers. In contrast, 22 pathogenic isolates and 1 fecal isolate were positive for the tested genes, but did not form any biofilm. No significant differences were observed between biofilm formation and the presence of the esp, gelE and cyl genes in the pathogenic and fecal isolates (P ˃0.05). Conclusion The presence of the esp, gelE and cyl genes might not be determining factors for biofilm formation in enterococci and other mechanisms might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Mansouri
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roya Ahmadrajabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Section, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran. ,
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Bacteriocinogenic Enterococci Against Clostridium botulinum. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 9:182-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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López-Salas P, Llaca-Díaz J, Morfin-Otero R, Tinoco JC, Rodriguez-Noriega E, Salcido-Gutierres L, González GM, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Garza-González E. Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis Clinical Isolates Recovered from Three States of Mexico. Detection of Linezolid Resistance. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:422-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Comerlato CB, Resende MCCD, Caierão J, d'Azevedo PA. Presence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium susceptible and resistant to vancomycin. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:590-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Caierão
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brasil
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