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Schimpel C, Passegger C, Egger S, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Strobl H. A novel 3D cell culture model to study the human small intestinal immune landscape. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250131. [PMID: 36527196 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several subsets of mononuclear phagocytes and DCs (MDC) populate the small intestine (SI), and these cells reportedly exert specialized functions in anti-microbial immunity and tolerance. Given the specialized phenotype of these cells, differing from other MDC family members, including their putative circulating blood precursors, local intestinal factors play key instructive roles in their differentiation. We designed an SI cell culture model composed of three intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) types, including absorptive enterocytes (E cells), antigen delivering microfold (M) cells, and mucus-producing goblet (G) cells plus T lymphocytes and soluble B cell-derived factors. This model was used to study the differentiation fate of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived monocyte/DC precursors. Progeny cells can be analyzed after a 3-week co-culture period, mimicking the physiologic turn-over time of intestinal MDC. A dominant monocyte differentiation pathway was suppressed, in favor of partial differentiation along DC and macrophage pathways, with low percentages of cells acquired DC or macrophage markers. Moreover, E and G cells play opposing roles in CX3CR1+ vs CD103dim cell differentiation, indicating that both together might counter-balance M/DC differentiation. Thus, SI epithelial cells suppress M/DC differentiation, supporting a key role for exogenous factors in M/DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Schimpel
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Passegger
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Egger
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
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Porphyromonas gulae Activates Unprimed and Gamma Interferon-Primed Macrophages via the Pattern Recognition Receptors Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and NOD2. Infect Immun 2017. [PMID: 28630066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00282-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gulae is an anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that has been associated with periodontal disease in companion animals. The aims of this study were to analyze the ligation of pattern recognition receptors by P. gulae and the subsequent activation of macrophages. Exposure of HEK cells transfected with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or NOD-like receptors to P. gulae resulted in the ligation of TLR2, TLR4, and NOD2. The effects of this engagement of receptors were investigated by measuring the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), CD86 expression, and inflammatory cytokine production by wild-type, TLR2-/-, and TLR4-/- macrophages. The addition of P. gulae to unprimed and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-primed (M1 phenotype) macrophages significantly increased the surface expression of CD86, but only M1 macrophages produced nitric oxide. P. gulae-induced expression of CD86 on unprimed macrophages was dependent on both TLR2 and TLR4, but CD86 expression and NO production in M1 macrophages were only TLR2 dependent. P. gulae induced an increase in secretion of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) by M1 macrophages compared to that by unprimed controls. Among these cytokines, secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by M1 macrophages was dependent on either TLR2 or TLR4. Our data indicate that TLR2 and TLR4 are important for P. gulae activation of unprimed macrophages and that activation and effector functions induced in M1 macrophages by P. gulae are mainly dependent on TLR2. In conclusion, P. gulae induces a strong TLR2-dependent inflammatory M1 macrophage response which may be important in establishing the chronic inflammation associated with periodontal disease in companion animals.
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Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 26900473 PMCID: PMC4735066 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered. Targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system can serve as an attractive novel therapeutic method for IBD. This review summarizes the current data and discusses several examples of oral immune therapeutic methods for using the gut immune system to generate signals to reset systemic immunity as a treatment for IBD.
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Zhuang X, Deng ZB, Mu J, Zhang L, Yan J, Miller D, Feng W, McClain CJ, Zhang HG. Ginger-derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol-induced liver damage. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28713. [PMID: 26610593 PMCID: PMC4662062 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily exposure of humans to nanoparticles from edible plants is inevitable, but significant advances are required to determine whether edible plant nanoparticles are beneficial to our health. Additionally, strategies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying any beneficial effects. Here, as a proof of concept, we used a mouse model to show that orally given nanoparticles isolated from ginger extracts using a sucrose gradient centrifugation procedure resulted in protecting mice against alcohol-induced liver damage. The ginger-derived nanoparticle (GDN)–mediated activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) led to the expression of a group of liver detoxifying/antioxidant genes and inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species, which partially contributes to the liver protection. Using lipid knock-out and knock-in strategies, we further identified that shogaol in the GDN plays a role in the induction of Nrf2 in a TLR4/TRIF-dependent manner. Given the critical role of Nrf2 in modulating numerous cellular processes, including hepatocyte homeostasis, drug metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and cell-cycle progression of liver, this finding not only opens up a new avenue for investigating GDN as a means to protect against the development of liver-related diseases such as alcohol-induced liver damage but sheds light on studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying interspecies communication in the liver via edible plant–derived nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhuang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA;
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