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Silver N, Kucherlapaty P, Kierstead E, Schillo B. Objective Characteristics and Subjective Responses of 18-24-Year-Olds to U.S. nationally Televised Tobacco Advertisements. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1115-1125. [PMID: 38409656 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2320394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Restrictions on televised tobacco ads do not apply to vaping and oral nicotine products. Several campaigns are currently active on U.S. national television. This research examines the extent to which objective ad features are associated with ad, brand, and product appeal and use intentions among 18-24-year-olds. Methods: We identified seven unique campaigns for Vuse, Velo, and JUUL from the Mintel Comperemedia database, coded for youth-appealing content, and then randomly assigned among N = 1450 18-24-year-olds. Following exposure to one 15-second ad, participants completed a survey assessing their subjective responses. Results: Youth-appealing content was prevalent across these ads to varying degrees. Mixed effects regression analyses showed a positive association between features from the Content Appealing to Youth (CAY) index and pro-social brand perceptions, positive attitudes, reactions, and perceived effectiveness of the ad, and positive use perceptions. Moreover, themes related to customization of the device and environmental sustainability were associated with similar positive perceptions, including that using the product would be cool, as well as behavioral intentions to try, use occasionally, and use daily. Conclusions: Regulators need to update tobacco advertising restrictions to accurately reflect the current tobacco product landscape. This study contributes to the research on tobacco promotion strategies by examining the current marketing landscape for newer tobacco products and their appeal to youth. Findings from this study inform comprehensive tobacco marketing regulations, recommending the FDA update its guidelines and apply current marketing restrictions to e-cigarettes and oral nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Silver
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Venugopal PD, Addo Ntim S, Goel R, Reilly SM, Brenner W, Hanna SK. Environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and hazards of chemicals in e-cigarette e-liquids: short-listing chemicals for risk assessments. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058163. [PMID: 37845042 PMCID: PMC11018712 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/METHODS Increased use and sales of e-cigarettes raises concerns about the potential environmental impacts throughout their life-cycle. However, few available research studies focus on the environmental impacts and ecotoxicity of e-cigarettes. In this study, we short-list e-liquid chemicals from published literature that should be considered in future environmental impact and risk assessments. We used a combination of available laboratory bioassays-based data and predictive methods (eg, Structure-Activity Relationships) to characterise the hazards of the e-liquid chemicals (environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and aquatic toxicity including hazardous concentration values (concentration affecting specific proportion of species)) for short-listing. RESULTS Of the 421 unique e-liquid chemicals compiled from literature, 35 are US Environmental Protection Agency's hazardous constituents, 42 are US Food and Drug Administration's harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and smoke, and 20 are listed as both. Per hazard characteristics, we short-listed 81 chemicals that should be considered for future environmental impact and risk assessments, including tobacco-specific compounds (eg, nicotine, N'-nitrosonornicotine), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (eg, chrysene), flavours (eg, (-)caryophyllene oxide), metals (eg, lead), phthalates (eg, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) and flame retardants (eg, tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphate). IMPLICATIONS Our findings documenting various hazardous chemicals in the e-liquids underscore the importance of awareness and education when handling or disposing of e-liquids/e-cigarettes and aim to inform strategies to prevent and reduce hazards from e-cigarettes. This includes any scenario where e-liquids can come into contact with people or the environment during e-liquid storage, manufacturing, use, and disposal practices. Overall, our study characterises the environmental hazards of e-liquid chemicals and provides regulators and researchers a readily available list for future ecological and health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dilip Venugopal
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Susana Addo Ntim
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - William Brenner
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shannon K Hanna
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Addo Ntim S, Martin B, Termeh-Zonoozi Y. Review of Use Prevalence, Susceptibility, Advertisement Exposure, and Access to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems among Minorities and Low-Income Populations in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13585. [PMID: 36294164 PMCID: PMC9603140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and improper disposal after use pose a public health and an environmental justice (EJ) concern if use prevalence is disproportionately high among minorities and people of low socioeconomic status (SES) (broadly termed "EJ populations" for the purposes of this review). This review synthesizes literature on demographic patterns of use prevalence, susceptibility, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS, and extrapolates environmental tobacco exposure (ETE) from ENDS among EJ populations. Seven electronic databases were searched using ENDS-related terms. We included studies published between 2017 and May 2020 that described ENDS use prevalence, susceptibility to ENDS use, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS by race, ethnicity, or SES. Data synthesis was based on the assumptions that ETE increases with high use prevalence, susceptibility may influence future use, and advertisement exposure and access may impact demographic differences in use. We identified 32 studies describing use prevalence, susceptibility, advertisement exposure, or access to vape shops and other tobacco retail outlets by race/ethnicity or SES. We found higher prevalence of ENDS use among non-Hispanic Whites and inconclusive use patterns by SES. Patterns of susceptibility to use, advertisement exposure, and access were also mixed, with slightly higher outcomes observed among low SES youth. However, the evidence base on advertisement exposure was limited, with limited generalizability. Our findings indicate low prevalence of ENDS use among EJ populations. While this suggests low potential ETE among these groups, mixed outcomes on susceptibility, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS among low SES groups may affect future ENDS use and ETE. Educational campaigns that discourage ENDS uptake should target EJ youth. Initiatives aimed at managing vape shop presence in EJ communities and monitoring targeted advertisement are also needed.
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Bialous SA. Using MPOWER policies to address tobacco impact on the environment. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e184. [PMID: 36211246 PMCID: PMC9534349 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Patel M, Donovan EM, Simard BJ, Schillo BA. E-cigarette school policy and staff training: Knowledge and school policy experiences with e-cigarette products among a national sample of US middle and high school staff. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264378. [PMID: 35294458 PMCID: PMC8926190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As youth e-cigarette use has surged in the last several years, teachers and school administrators have reported challenges addressing student use of emerging e-cigarette products on school property. While federal policy prohibits smoking in U.S. schools that receive federal funding, school e-cigarette bans only exist where states or localities have acted. Little is known about school staff experiences with implementing these relatively new policies; this study examines associations between school e-cigarette policies and trainings on school staff awareness and intervention on student e-cigarette use. Methods A national convenience sample of 1,526 U.S. middle- and high-school teachers and administrators was surveyed in November-December 2018. Among respondents who provided their job title and indicated that they worked in a school rather than a district (n = 1,480, response rate = 97.0%), separate logistic regressions examine associations of school policies and policy training with e-cigarette awareness and intervention on student e-cigarette use. Results Despite being the most popular e-cigarette at the time, fewer than half (47.5%) of respondents identified an image of a JUUL device as an e-cigarette. However, respondents reporting the presence of e-cigarette policies in their schools had higher odds of recognizing e-cigarettes (OR = 3.85, p<0.01), including photo recognition of JUUL (OR = 1.90, p<0.001). Respondents reporting e-cigarette policies also had higher odds of reporting intervention on student e-cigarette use (communicating with students about e-cigarette avoidance: OR = 2.32, p<0.001; reporting students had been caught using e-cigarettes at school: OR = 1.54, p<0.05). Among respondents reporting a school e-cigarette policy, those trained on the policy had higher odds of JUUL photo recognition (OR = 1.54, p<0.01). Respondents trained on e-cigarette policies also had higher odds of reporting intervention (communicating: OR = 3.89, p<0.001; students caught using e-cigarettes: OR = 2.71, p<0.001). Conclusions As new tobacco products enter the market, school policies may be important tools to raise school personnel awareness of and intervention on emerging e-cigarette product use. However, policy adoption alone is not sufficient; policy training may further aid in recognition and intervention upon student use of e-cigarettes at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Patel
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily M. Donovan
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bethany J. Simard
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Schillo
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bialous
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pulvers K, Rice M, Stewart SL, Tong E. Tobacco Tracker: A New Tool to Support College Smoke and Tobacco Free Policies. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:241-249. [PMID: 34671812 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION University community members are critical to the success of their smoke and tobacco free (STF) policies. The present study evaluates changes in social enforcement-related attitudes and behaviors following introduction of a new online Tobacco Tracker tool in two university settings. METHODS Campus wide surveys were administered to current students, faculty, and staff at two California public universities with 100% STF policies before (November 2018; N = 5078) and after (December 2019-January 2020; N = 4853) introduction of Tobacco Tracker in February 2019. Prospective surveillance reports over 12 months from Tobacco Tracker, a GIS tool for the campus community to report tobacco use and related litter that displays crowdsourced maps of hotspots, were analyzed. Outcomes included awareness and self-reported use of a tobacco reporting tool, readiness for policy social enforcement, an Intellectual Social Affective (ISA) Engagement scale, and environmental surveillance reports from Tobacco Tracker. RESULTS In campus surveys, awareness of a tobacco reporting tool doubled (8.0%-16.9%, p < .0001), use of an online reporting tool tripled (1.1%-3.2%, p < .0001), and readiness to enforce the policy increased (p = .0008). ISA engagement did not change (p = .72). In Tobacco Tracker campus reports (N = 1163), active tobacco use was reported more frequently than tobacco-related litter. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco Tracker is a promising tool for college communities to support STF policy. Introduction of Tobacco Tracker was associated with an increase in campus awareness and utilization of a reporting tool, readiness to enforce policy, and campus tobacco surveillance. Future research should determine how Tobacco Tracker may improve policy compliance. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco Tracker is a promising tool for college communities to support smoke and tobacco free (STF) policy through active surveillance of smoking, vaping, and related litter on campus. Introduction of Tobacco Tracker was associated with changes in social enforcement-related attitudes and behaviors critical to realizing the preventive potential of STF policies. A crowdsourcing-based tool for monitoring tobacco use on college campuses can address a major barrier to social enforcement: discomfort confronting tobacco users. Further, it provides an alternative to punitive enforcement approaches and promises a sustainable solution to an infrastructure issue faced by many universities lacking resources to collect data on campus tobacco use and related litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Myra Rice
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Susan LeRoy Stewart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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