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Conklin S, McConnell L, Murray C, Pampati S, Rasberry CN, Stephens R, Rose I, Barrios LC, Cramer NK, Lee S. A longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 prevention strategies implemented among US K-12 public schools during the 2021-2022 school year. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 96:40-47. [PMID: 38823566 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine how school-based COVID-19 prevention strategy implementation varied over time, including by local characteristics. METHODS School administrators (n = 335) from a nationally representative sample of K-12 public schools completed four surveys assessing COVID-19 prevention strategies at two-month intervals between October 2021 and June 2022. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates by survey wave. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to model longitudinal changes in strategy implementation, accounting for school and county covariates. RESULTS Opening doors/windows, daily cleaning, and diagnostic testing were reported by ≥ 50 % of schools at each survey wave. Several strategies were consistently implemented across the 2021-2022 school year (i.e., daily cleaning, opening doors and windows, diagnostic testing) while other strategies increased initially and then declined (i.e., contact tracing, screening testing, on-campus vaccination) or declined consistently throughout the school year (i.e., mask requirement, classroom distancing, quarantine). Although longitudinal changes in strategy implementation did not vary by school characteristics, strategy implementation varied by urban-rural classification and school level throughout the school year. CONCLUSIONS Strategies that were consistently implemented throughout the school year were also reported by a majority of schools, speaking toward their feasibility for school-based infection control and prevention and potential utility in future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sanjana Pampati
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, USA
| | - Catherine N Rasberry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa C Barrios
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Readiness and Response, Division of Readiness and Response Science, USA
| | - Neha Kanade Cramer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion
| | - Sarah Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, USA
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Askarian M, Movahedi M, Vardanjani HM, Askarian A, Ghotbabadi ZR. Roadmap to recovery: Implemented and attitude toward school reopening strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, a scoping review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:235. [PMID: 37727417 PMCID: PMC10506747 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1160_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had various financial and life impacts on the world's population. Schools' regular activity and function during the pandemic require balancing the repercussions of suspending in-person education versus health threats. Furthermore, children are one of the prominent victims of the restricted quarantine strategies' effects, which may make them vulnerable to various mental health problems. In this study, we reviewed previously reported strategies and roadmaps regarding the reopening of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following databases were searched from October to December 2021, via multi-step search strategies for "COVID-19," "coronavirus," "school reopening," "roadmaps," "reopening," and "reopening strategies": Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of five papers with roadmaps focusing on reopening schools were included in this study. Fundamental issues and principles of these reviewed roadmaps were: 1) protecting the high-risk students and staff physically and mentally, 2) accelerating the vaccination of essential workers, staff, parents, and students, and 3) improving the COVID-19 testing capacity. Roadmaps for the reopening of the schools should describe some phases and steps for their strategies. Current roadmaps have not mentioned any phases and timelines for this process. Describing some health metrics in the roadmaps for progressing to the next step or returning to the previous ones is also necessary for all roadmaps and should be considered in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Askarian
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Health Behavior Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Movahedi
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein M. Vardanjani
- MPH Department, School of Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ardalan Askarian
- Student, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Zahra R. Ghotbabadi
- MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Unger JB, Soto D, Lee R, Deva S, Shanker K, Sood N. COVID-19 Testing in Schools: Perspectives of School Administrators, Teachers, Parents, and Students in Southern California. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:350-359. [PMID: 34963362 PMCID: PMC9931884 DOI: 10.1177/15248399211066076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based COVID-19 testing is a potential strategy to facilitate the safe reopening of schools that have been closed due to the pandemic. This qualitative study assessed attitudes toward this strategy among four groups of stakeholders: school administrators, teachers, parents, and high school students. METHODS Focus groups and interviews were conducted in Los Angeles from December 2020 to January 2021 when schools were closed due to the high level of COVID transmission in the community. RESULTS Findings indicated similarities and differences in attitudes toward in-school COVID-19 testing. All groups agreed that frequent in-school COVID-19 testing could increase the actual safety and perceived safety of the school environment. School administrators expressed pessimism about the financial cost and logistics of implementing a testing program. Parents supported frequent testing but expressed concerns about physical discomfort and stigma for students who test positive. Teachers and parents noted that testing would prevent parents from sending sick children to school. Students were in favor of testing because it would allow them to return to in-person school after a difficult year of online learning. CONCLUSION In-school COVID-19 testing could be a useful component of school reopening plans and will be accepted by stakeholders if logistical and financial barriers can be surmounted and stigma from positive results can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Soto
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sohini Deva
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kush Shanker
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Sood
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gazit S, Mizrahi B, Kalkstein N, Neuberger A, Peretz A, Mizrahi-Reuveni M, Ben-Tov A, Patalon T. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Given Confirmed Exposure: Analysis of Household Members of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e734-e740. [PMID: 34849630 PMCID: PMC8767821 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although BNT162b2 vaccine-efficacy analyses have been published, the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 given confirmed exposure has not been previously demonstrated, even though it has policy implications, such as the need for self-quarantine when exposure has occurred. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, we used data collected between 20 December 2020 and 17 March 2021 from the second largest healthcare provider in Israel to analyze the probability of an additional household infection occurring within 10 days after an index infection. In model 1, vaccine effectiveness was described for Fully Vaccinated individuals (7 or more days from second dose) vs either Unvaccinated individuals or those Recently Vaccinated Once (0-7 days from the first dose, presumably still unprotected). Secondary analyses included correction for differing testing rates. In model 2, we conducted a separate analysis of households comprised of only adults with the same vaccination status. RESULTS A total of 173 569 households were included, of which 6351 had an index infection (mean [standard deviation] age, 58.9 [13.5] years); 50% were women. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness of Fully Vaccinated compared with Unvaccinated participants was 80.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.5-85.4) and 82.0% (95% CI, 75.6-86.8) compared with those Recently Vaccinated Once. CONCLUSIONS The BNT162b2 vaccine is effective in high-risk real-life exposure scenarios, but the protection afforded in these settings is lower than that previously described. Individuals with a confirmed significant exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome are still at risk of being infected even if fully vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Gazit
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, 68125, Israel
| | | | | | - Ami Neuberger
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asaf Peretz
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, 68125, Israel
- Internal Medicine COVID-19 Ward, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | | | - Amir Ben-Tov
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, 68125, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Patalon
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, 68125, Israel
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McLaughlin HP, Worrell MC, Malone S, Dawson P, Maricque B, Halpin JL, Lee S, Fritz SA, Tinker SC, Neidich JA, Towns K, Lee JS, Barrios LC, Neatherlin JC, Newland JG, Salzer JS. Acceptance of Saliva-Based Specimen Collection for SARS-CoV-2 Testing Among K-12 Students, Teachers, and Staff. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:557-563. [PMID: 35137643 PMCID: PMC9109545 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221074395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saliva specimens collected in school populations may offer a more feasible, noninvasive alternative to nasal swabs for large-scale COVID-19 testing efforts in kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) schools. We investigated acceptance of saliva-based COVID-19 testing among quarantined K-12 students and their parents, teachers, and staff members who recently experienced a SARS-CoV-2 exposure in school. METHODS We surveyed 719 participants, in person or by telephone, who agreed to or declined a free saliva-based COVID-19 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test as part of a surveillance investigation about whether they would have consented to testing if offered a nasal swab instead. We conducted this investigation in 6 school districts in Greene County (n = 3) and St. Louis County (n = 3), Missouri, from January 25 through March 23, 2021. RESULTS More than one-third (160 of 446) of K-12 students (or their parents or guardians), teachers, and staff members who agreed to a saliva-based COVID-19 test indicated they would have declined testing if specimen collection were by nasal swab. When stratified by school level, 51% (67 of 132) of elementary school students or their parents or guardians would not have agreed to testing if a nasal swab was offered. CONCLUSIONS Some students, especially those in elementary school, preferred saliva-based COVID-19 testing to nasal swab testing. Use of saliva-based testing might increase voluntary participation in screening efforts in K-12 schools to help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather P. McLaughlin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Heather P. McLaughlin, PhD, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Mary Claire Worrell
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara Malone
- Washington University in St. Louis, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica L. Halpin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sooji Lee
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sarah C. Tinker
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Katie Towns
- Springfield-Greene County Health
Department, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Justin S. Lee
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa C. Barrios
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John C. Neatherlin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Johanna S. Salzer
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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