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France NP, Rubino C, Safir MC, Maurer M, Duong T, Singamsetty D, Abd-Elaziz K, Chou T, Sankaranarayanan S, Ettema M, Cosford R, Dogterom P, Liu E, Barlow C. A Phase 1 First-in-Human Single-Ascending-Dose Trial With ESB1609, a Selective Agonist to the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 5. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023. [PMID: 37191222 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ESB1609 is a small-molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate-5 receptor-selective agonist designed to restore lipid homeostasis by promoting cytosolic egress of sphingosine-1-phosphate to reduce abnormal levels of ceramide and cholesterol in disease. A phase 1 study was conducted in healthy volunteers to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ESB1609. Following single oral doses, ESB1609 demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for formulations containing sodium laurel sulfate. Plasma and CSF median time to maximum drug concentration (tmax ) were reached by 4-5 hours and 6-10 hours, respectively. The delay in achieving tmax in CSF relative to plasma, likely due to the high protein binding of ESB1609, was also observed in 2 rat studies. Continuous CSF collection via indwelling catheters confirmed that a highly protein-bound compound is measurable and established the kinetics of ESB1609 in human CSF. Mean plasma terminal elimination half-lives ranged from 20.2 to 26.8 hours. The effect of either a high-fat or standard meal increased maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity compared to the fasted state by 2.42-4.34-fold higher, but tmax and half-life remained the same irrespective of fed state. ESB1609 crosses the blood-brain barrier with CSF:plasma ratios ranging between 0.04% and 0.07% across dose levels. ESB1609 demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile at exposures expected to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P France
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc. 4000 Shoreline Court, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - M Courtney Safir
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - Mari Maurer
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc. 4000 Shoreline Court, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tram Duong
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc. 4000 Shoreline Court, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Enchi Liu
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc. 4000 Shoreline Court, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carrolee Barlow
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc. 4000 Shoreline Court, South San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Sasset L, Chowdhury KH, Manzo OL, Rubinelli L, Konrad C, Maschek JA, Manfredi G, Holland WL, Di Lorenzo A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate controls endothelial sphingolipid homeostasis via ORMDL. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54689. [PMID: 36408842 PMCID: PMC9827560 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of sphingolipid homeostasis and signaling has been implicated in diabetes, cancer, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, mechanisms governing cellular sensing and regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis remain largely unknown. In yeast, serine palmitoyltransferase, catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis, is negatively regulated by Orm1 and 2. Lowering sphingolipids triggers Orms phosphorylation, upregulation of serine palmitoyltransferase activity and sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis. However, mammalian orthologs ORMDLs lack the N-terminus hosting the phosphosites. Thus, which sphingolipid(s) are sensed by the cells, and mechanisms of homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we identify sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as key sphingolipid sensed by cells via S1PRs to maintain homeostasis. The increase in S1P-S1PR signaling stabilizes ORMDLs, restraining SPT activity. Mechanistically, the hydroxylation of ORMDLs at Pro137 allows a constitutive degradation of ORMDLs via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, preserving SPT activity. Disrupting S1PR/ORMDL axis results in ceramide accrual, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired signal transduction, all underlying endothelial dysfunction, early event in the onset of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Our discovery may provide the molecular basis for therapeutic intervention restoring sphingolipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sasset
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Kamrul H Chowdhury
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Utah College of HealthSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Onorina L Manzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Luisa Rubinelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Csaba Konrad
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Utah College of HealthSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Utah College of HealthSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Utah College of HealthSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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3
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Characterizing the breast cancer lipidome and its interaction with the tissue microbiota. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1229. [PMID: 34707244 PMCID: PMC8551188 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer amongst women worldwide. We have previously shown that there is a breast microbiota which differs between women who have breast cancer and those who are disease-free. To better understand the local biochemical perturbations occurring with disease and the potential contribution of the breast microbiome, lipid profiling was performed on non-tumor breast tissue collected from 19 healthy women and 42 with breast cancer. Here we identified unique lipid signatures between the two groups with greater amounts of lysophosphatidylcholines and oxidized cholesteryl esters in the tissue from women with breast cancer and lower amounts of ceramides, diacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines. By integrating these lipid signatures with the breast bacterial profiles, we observed that Gammaproteobacteria and those from the class Bacillus, were negatively correlated with ceramides, lipids with antiproliferative properties. In the healthy tissues, diacylglyerols were positively associated with Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, Corynebacterium, Prevotella and Streptococcus. These bacterial groups were found to possess the genetic potential to synthesize these lipids. The cause-effect relationships of these observations and their contribution to disease patho-mechanisms warrants further investigation for a disease afflicting millions of women around the world.
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4
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The unfolding role of ceramide in coordinating retinoid-based cancer therapy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3621-3642. [PMID: 34648006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid-mediated regulation in cancer development and treatment is largely ceramide-centered with the complex sphingolipid metabolic pathways unfolding as attractive targets for anticancer drug discovery. The dynamic interconversion of sphingolipids is tightly controlled at the level of enzymes and cellular compartments in response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, such as anticancer drugs, including retinoids. Over the past two decades, evidence emerged that retinoids owe part of their potency in cancer therapy to modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide generation. Ceramide has been proposed as a 'tumor-suppressor lipid' that orchestrates cell growth, cell cycle arrest, cell death, senescence, autophagy, and metastasis. There is accumulating evidence that cancer development is promoted by the dysregulation of tumor-promoting sphingolipids whereas cancer treatments can kill tumor cells by inducing the accumulation of endogenous ceramide levels. Resistance to cancer therapy may develop due to a disrupted equilibrium between the opposing roles of tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter sphingolipids. Despite the undulating effect and complexity of sphingolipid pathways, there are emerging opportunities for a plethora of enzyme-targeted therapeutic interventions that overcome resistance resulting from perturbed sphingolipid pathways. Here, we have revisited the interconnectivity of sphingolipid metabolism and the instrumental role of ceramide-biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, including bioactive sphingolipid products, how they closely relate to cancer treatment and pathogenesis, and the interplay with retinoid signaling in cancer. We focused on retinoid targeting, alone or in combination, of sphingolipid metabolism nodes in cancer to enhance ceramide-based therapeutics. Retinoid and ceramide-based cancer therapy using novel strategies such as combination treatments, synthetic retinoids, ceramide modulators, and delivery formulations hold promise in the battle against cancer.
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Khan A, Kuriachan G, Mahalakshmi R. Cellular Interactome of Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels: Oligomerization and Channel (Mis)Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3497-3515. [PMID: 34503333 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) of the outer mitochondrial membrane are known conventionally as metabolite flux proteins. However, research findings in the past decade have revealed the multifaceted regulatory roles of VDACs, from governing cellular physiology and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis to directly regulating debilitating cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. VDACs achieve these diverse functions by establishing isoform-dependent stereospecific interactomes in the cell with the cytosolic constituents and endoplasmic reticulum complexes, and the machinery of the mitochondrial compartments. VDACs are now increasingly recognized as regulatory hubs of the cell. Not surprisingly, even the transient misregulation of VDACs results directly in mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, human VDACs are now implicated in interaction with aggregation-prone cytosolic proteins, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein, contributing directly to the onset of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Deducing the interaction dynamics and mechanisms can lead to VDAC-targeted peptide-based therapeutics that can alleviate neurodegenerative states. This review succinctly presents the latest findings of the VDAC interactome, and the mode(s) of VDAC-dependent regulation of biochemical physiology. We also discuss the relevance of VDACs in pathophysiological states and aggregation-associated diseases and address how VDACs will facilitate the development of next-generation precision medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altmash Khan
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Gifty Kuriachan
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahalakshmi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
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6
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Dadsena S, King LE, García-Sáez AJ. Apoptosis regulation at the mitochondria membrane level. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183716. [PMID: 34343535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a key checkpoint in apoptosis that activates the caspase cascade and irreversibly causes the majority of cells to die. The proteins of the Bcl-2 family are master regulators of apoptosis that form a complex interaction network within the mitochondrial membrane that determines the induction of MOMP. This culminates in the activation of the effector members Bax and Bak, which permeabilize the mitochondrial outer membrane to mediate MOMP. Although the key role of Bax and Bak has been established, many questions remain unresolved regarding molecular mechanisms that control the apoptotic pore. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of Bax/Bak activity within the mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Louise E King
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany.
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7
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Dadsena S, Jenner A, García-Sáez AJ. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization at the single molecule level. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3777-3790. [PMID: 33576840 PMCID: PMC8106609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is essential for development, immune function or tissue homeostasis, and its mis-regulation is linked to various diseases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a central event in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and essential to control the execution of cell death. Here we review current concepts in regulation of MOMP focusing on the interaction network of the Bcl-2 family proteins as well as further regulatory elements influencing MOMP. As MOMP is a complex spatially and temporally controlled process, we point out the importance of single-molecule techniques to unveil processes which would be masked by ensemble measurements. We report key single-molecule studies applied to decipher the composition, assembly mechanism and structure of protein complexes involved in MOMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Jenner
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Zhang L, Townsend DM, Morris M, Maldonado EN, Jiang YL, Broome AM, Bethard JR, Ball LE, Tew KD. Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels Influence Cytotoxicity of ME-344, a Therapeutic Isoflavone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:308-318. [PMID: 32546528 PMCID: PMC7372917 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ME-344 is a second-generation cytotoxic isoflavone with anticancer activity promulgated through interference with mitochondrial functions. Using a click chemistry version of the drug together with affinity-enriched mass spectrometry, voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) 1 and 2 were identified as drug targets. To determine the importance of VDAC1 or 2 to cytotoxicity, we used lung cancer cells that were either sensitive (H460) or intrinsically resistant (H596) to the drug. In H460 cells, depletion of VDAC1 and VDAC2 by small interfering RNA impacted ME-344 effects by diminishing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, and moderating ME-344-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Mechanistically, VDAC1 and VDAC2 knockdown prevented ME-344-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Bax mitochondrial translocation and cytochrome c release as well as apoptosis in these H460 cells. We conclude that VDAC1 and 2, as mediators of the response to oxidative stress, have roles in modulating ROS generation, Bax translocation, and cytochrome c release during mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis caused by ME-344. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dissecting preclinical drug mechanisms are of significance in development of a drug toward eventual Food and Drug Administration approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Morgan Morris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Eduardo N Maldonado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yu-Lin Jiang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jennifer R Bethard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (L.Z., M.M., E.N.M., Y.-L.J., A.-M.B., J.R.B., L.E.B., K.D.T.) and Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (D.M.T.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Canals D, Salamone S, Santacreu BJ, Nemeth E, Aguilar D, Hernandez-Corbacho MJ, Adada M, Staquicini DI, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Haley J, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Ceramide launches an acute anti-adhesion pro-migration cell signaling program in response to chemotherapy. FASEB J 2020; 34:7610-7630. [PMID: 32307766 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000205r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been reported to upregulate sphingomylinases and increase cellular ceramide, often linked to the induction to cell death. In this work, we show that sublethal doses of doxorubicin and vorinostat still increased cellular ceramide, which was located predominantly at the plasma membrane. To interrogate possible functions of this specific pool of ceramide, we used recombinant enzymes to mimic physiological levels of ceramide at the plasma membrane upon chemotherapy treatment. Using mass spectrometry and network analysis, followed by experimental confirmation, the results revealed that this pool of ceramide acutely regulates cell adhesion and cell migration pathways with weak connections to commonly established ceramide functions (eg, cell death). Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) was identified as responsible for the generation of plasma membrane ceramide upon chemotherapy treatment, and both ceramide at the plasma membrane and nSMase2 were necessary and sufficient to mediate these "side" effects of chemotherapy on cell adhesion and migration. This is the first time a specific pool of ceramide is interrogated for acute signaling functions, and the results define plasma membrane ceramide as an acute signaling effector necessary and sufficient for regulation of cell adhesion and cell migration under chemotherapeutical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Salamone
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruno Jaime Santacreu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Aguilar
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mohamad Adada
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniela I Staquicini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John Haley
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Northport VA Hospital, Northport, NY, USA; deceased.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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