Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases (ROPNIZ). Alimentary-dependent risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and eating habits: dietary correction within the framework of preventive counseling. Methodological Guidelines

[Physical activity in sarcopenia: rehabilitation approaches in prevention and treatment of age-related muscle disorders]

Sarcopenia is a widespread condition in the elderly people, that occurs as a result of impaired muscle structure and function and is significantly associated with reduced quality and time of life. This review represents current approaches to the diagnosis of sarcopenia with reference to recent European and Asian consensus. They include rules for the evaluation of the main muscle strength and function tests (hand dynamometry, sit-to-stand test, 6-minute walk test, physical performance battery tests, etc.), physical and instrumental methods of muscle mass analysis (densitometry, bioimpedance analysis, magnetic resonance imaging). Furthermore, the pathogenetic relationship between the lack of physical activity and muscle dysfunction in elderly people is broached, including in particular the role of myostatin, interleukin-6, somatotropin and insulin resistance. The article represents possibilities of impact of aerobic, strength and neuromuscular physical exercises on prevention and correction of sarcopenic changes in different age groups based on the analysis of current clinical studies.

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DEFINING APPLICATION OF GLYCINE AND ZINC COMBINATIONIN CORRECTION OF STRESS AND ANXIETY MAIN MANIFESTATIONS

The aim of the work was to carry out a systematic analysis of the molecular mechanisms that determine the possibility of a combined use of amino acid glycine and zinc compounds for the treatment of patients with manifestations of stress and anxiety.

Materials and methods. Information retrieval (Scopus, PubMed) and library (eLibrary) databases were used as research tools. In some cases, the ResearchGate application was applied for a semantic search. The analysis and generalization of references was carried out on the research topic, covering the period from 2000 to the present time.

Results. It has been shown that amino acid glycine, along with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a key neurotransmitter that regulates physiological inhibition processes in the central nervous system (CNS) by increasing transmembrane conductance in specific pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. The introduction of zinc ions can potentiate the opening of these receptors by increasing their affinity for glycine, resulting in an inhibitory processes increase in CNS neurons. The replenishment of the glycine and zinc combined deficiency is an important element in the correction of a post-stress dysfunction of the central nervous system. A balanced intake of zinc and glycine is essential for most people who experience daily effects of multiple stresses and anxiety. This combination is especially useful for the people experiencing a state of chronic psycho-emotional stress and maladaptation, including those who have a difficulty in falling asleep.

Conclusion. A balanced maintenance of the zinc and glycine concentration in the body of a healthy person leads to the development of a stable anti-anxiety effect, which is accompanied by the normalization of the sleep-wake rhythm, which makes it possible to have a good rest without any loss of working efficiency after waking up.

Thirty-year trends in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in the populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America

Aim. To study trends in the prevalence of hypertension (HTN), obesity, elevated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL cholesterol) levels in Russia and the USA from 1975 to 2014.

Material and methods. According to the data of cross-sectional population studies in Russia and the USA in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the prevalence of risk factors (RFs) in men and women aged 25-64 was studied. The data of Lipid Research Clinics studies, Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study, as well as data from National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) studies (USA) were used. The total number of persons analyzed was 41268. The proportion of individuals with risk factors and 95% confidence interval were calculated.

Results. In the 1980s, the prevalence of studied RFs in Russia and the United States did not differ in most sex and age groups. Over the next 30 years, both populations are characterized by a decrease in the prevalence of HTN and elevated non-HDL cholesterol (≥ 3.7 mmol/l) and an increase in the prevalence of obesity. In 2012, HTN in men and women in Russia occurred more frequently than in the United States. Obesity was less common in men and women 25-44 years old in Russia and in women >54 years old in the USA. The prevalence of non-HDL cholesterol ≥3,7 mmol/l in Russia compared with the United States was higher in people >44 years old and lower in women 25-34 years old.

Conclusion. In the 1980s, there were no differences in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in Russia and the United States. In the 2010s, HTn and partly dyslipidemia were more common in Russia, and the prevalence of obesity in young and middle-aged people was higher in the United States.

2022 Prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in Of the Russian Federation. National guidelines

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