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Lohmann K, Redin C, Tönnies H, Bressman SB, Subero JIM, Wiegers K, Hinrichs F, Hellenbroich Y, Rakovic A, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Schwinger E, Siebert R, Talkowski ME, Saunders-Pullman R, Klein C. Complex and Dynamic Chromosomal Rearrangements in a Family With Seemingly Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Dopa-Responsive Dystonia. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:806-812. [PMID: 28558098 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Chromosomal rearrangements are increasingly recognized to underlie neurologic disorders and are often accompanied by additional clinical signs beyond the gene-specific phenotypic spectrum. Objective To elucidate the causal genetic variant in a large US family with co-occurrence of dopa-responsive dystonia as well as skeletal and eye abnormalities (ie, ptosis, myopia, and retina detachment). Design, Setting, and Participants We examined 10 members of a family, including 5 patients with dopa-responsive dystonia and skeletal and/or eye abnormalities, from a US tertiary referral center for neurological diseases using multiple conventional molecular methods, including fluorescence in situ hybridization and array comparative genomic hybridization as well as large-insert whole-genome sequencing to survey multiple classes of genomic variations. Of note, there was a seemingly implausible transmission pattern in this family due to a mutation-negative obligate mutation carrier. Main Outcomes and Measures Genetic diagnosis in affected family members and insight into the formation of large deletions. Results Four members were diagnosed with definite and 1 with probable dopa-responsive dystonia. All 5 affected individuals carried a large heterozygous deletion encompassing all 6 exons of GCH1. Additionally, all mutation carriers had congenital ptosis requiring surgery, 4 had myopia, 2 had retinal detachment, and 2 showed skeletal abnormalities of the hands, ie, polydactyly or syndactyly or missing a hand digit. Two individuals were reported to be free of any disease. Analyses revealed complex chromosomal rearrangements on chromosome 14q21-22 in unaffected individuals that triggered the expansion to a larger deletion segregating with affection status. The expansion occurred recurrently, explaining the seemingly non-mendelian inheritance pattern. These rearrangements included a deletion of GCH1, which likely contributes to the dopa-responsive dystonia, as well as a deletion of BMP4 as a potential cause of digital and eye abnormalities. Conclusions and Relevance Our findings alert neurologists to the importance of clinical red flags, ie, unexpected co-occurrence of clinical features that may point to the presence of chromosomal rearrangements as the primary disease cause. The clinical management and diagnostics of such patients requires an interdisciplinary approach in modern clinical-diagnostic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claire Redin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Holger Tönnies
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York5Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Karin Wiegers
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frauke Hinrichs
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany6Institute of Human Genetics, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | | | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany8Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston7Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown9Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York5Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kimoto M, Cox RS, Hirao I. Unnatural base pair systems for sensing and diagnostic applications. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:321-31. [PMID: 21463241 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of the genetic alphabet by an unnatural base pair system provides a platform for the site-specific, enzymatic incorporation of extra, functional components into nucleic acids. Recently, several unnatural base pairs that exhibit high fidelity and efficiency in PCR have been developed. Functional groups of interest, such as fluorescent dyes, can be linked to the unnatural bases, and the modified base substrates are site-specifically incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases. Furthermore, unique unnatural base pairs between fluorophore and quencher base analogs have been developed for imaging PCR amplification and as molecular beacons. Here, we describe the recent progress in the development of unnatural base pairs that function in PCR amplification and their applications as sensing and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kimoto
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center (SSBC), Yokohama, Japan
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Shum J, Paul N. Chemically modified primers for improved multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 2009; 388:266-72. [PMID: 19258004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the amplification of multiple targets in a single reaction, presents a new set of challenges that further complicate more traditional PCR setups. These complications include a greater probability for nonspecific amplicon formation and for imbalanced amplification of different targets, each of which can compromise quantification and detection of multiple targets. Despite these difficulties, multiplex PCR is frequently used in applications such as pathogen detection, RNA quantification, mutation analysis, and (recently) next generation DNA sequencing. Here we investigated the utility of primers with one or two thermolabile 4-oxo-1-pentyl phosphotriester modifications in improving multiplex PCR performance. Initial endpoint and real-time analyses revealed a decrease in off-target amplification and a subsequent increase in amplicon yield. Furthermore, the use of modified primers in multiplex setups revealed a greater limit of detection and more uniform amplification of each target as compared with unmodified primers. Overall, the thermolabile modified primers present a novel and exciting avenue for improving multiplex PCR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shum
- Department of Research and Development, TriLink BioTechnologies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hamels S, Glouden T, Gillard K, Mazzara M, Debode F, Foti N, Sneyers M, Esteve Nuez T, Pla M, Berben G, Moens W, Bertheau Y, Audéon C, Van den Eede G, Remacle J. A PCR-microarray method for the screening of genetically modified organisms. Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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