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Wnt/β-catenin-mediated signaling re-activates proliferation of matured cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:338. [PMID: 30526659 PMCID: PMC6286613 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of second heart field (SHF Isl1+) that gives rise to the anterior heart field (AHF) cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for the formation of the right ventricle, outflow tract (OFT), and a portion of the inflow tract (IFT). During early cardiogenesis, these AHF CPCs reside within the pharyngeal mesoderm (PM) that provides a microenvironment for them to receive signals that direct their cell fates. Here, N-cadherin, which is weakly expressed by CPCs, plays a significant role by promoting the adhesion of CPCs within the AHF, regulating β-catenin levels in the cytoplasm to maintain high Wnt signaling and cardioproliferation while also preventing the premature differentiation of CPCs. On the contrary, strong expression of N-cadherin observed throughout matured myocardium is associated with downregulation of Wnt signaling due to β-catenin sequestration at the cell membrane, inhibiting cardioproliferation. As such, upregulation of Wnt signaling pathway to enhance cardiac tissue proliferation in mature cardiomyocytes can be explored as an interesting avenue for regenerative treatment to patients who have suffered from myocardial infarction. Methods To investigate if Wnt signaling is able to enhance cellular proliferation of matured cardiomyocytes, we treated cardiomyocytes isolated from adult mouse heart and both murine and human ES cell-derived matured cardiomyocytes with N-cadherin antibody or CHIR99021 GSK inhibitor in an attempt to increase levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin. Immunostaining, western blot, and quantitative PCR for cell proliferation markers, cell cycling markers, and Wnt signaling pathway markers were used to quantitate re-activation of cardioproliferation and Wnt signaling. Results N-cadherin antibody treatment releases sequestered β-catenin at N-cadherin-based adherens junction, resulting in an increased pool of cytoplasmic β-catenin, similar in effect to CHIR99021 GSK inhibitor treatment. Both treatments therefore upregulate Wnt signaling successfully and result in significant increases in matured cardiomyocyte proliferation. Conclusion Although both N-cadherin antibody and CHIR99021 treatment resulted in increased Wnt signaling and cardioproliferation, CHIR99021 was found to be the more effective treatment method for human ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we propose that CHIR99021 could be a potential therapeutic option for myocardial infarction patients in need of regeneration of cardiac tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1086-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
The idiom heart of the matter refers to the focal point within a topic and, with regard to health and longevity, the heart is truly pivotal for quality of life. Societal trends worldwide continue toward increased percent body fat and decreased physical activity with coincident increases in chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease as the top global cause of death along with insulin resistance, accelerated aging, cancer. Although long-term survival rates for cardiovascular disease patients are grim, intense research efforts continue to improve both prevention and treatment options. Pharmacological interventions remain the predominant interventional strategy for mitigating progression and managing symptoms, but cellular therapies have the potential to cure or even mediate remission of cardiovascular disease. Adult stem cells are the most studied cellular therapy in both preclinical and clinical investigation. This review will focus on the advanced therapeutic strategies to augment products and methods of delivery, which many think heralds the future of clinical investigations. Advanced preclinical strategies using adult stem cells are examined to promote synergism between preclinical and clinical research, streamline implementation, and improve this imminent matter of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA.
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Kandaswamy E, Zuo L. Recent Advances in Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease: Role of Science and Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020424. [PMID: 29385089 PMCID: PMC5855646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. In the last decade, significant advancements in CAD treatment have been made. The existing treatment is medical, surgical or a combination of both depending on the extent, severity and clinical presentation of CAD. The collaboration between different science disciplines such as biotechnology and tissue engineering has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies such as stem cells, nanotechnology, robotic surgery and other advancements (3-D printing and drugs). These treatment modalities show promising effects in managing CAD and associated conditions. Research on stem cells focuses on studying the potential for cardiac regeneration, while nanotechnology research investigates nano-drug delivery and percutaneous coronary interventions including stent modifications and coatings. This article aims to provide an update on the literature (in vitro, translational, animal and clinical) related to these novel strategies and to elucidate the rationale behind their potential treatment of CAD. Through the extensive and continued efforts of researchers and clinicians worldwide, these novel strategies hold the promise to be effective alternatives to existing treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Kandaswamy
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Xiao P, Zhang K, Tao Z, Liu N, Ge B, Xu M, Lu X. Bmi1 and BRG1 drive myocardial repair by regulating cardiac stem cell function in acute rheumatic heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3812-3816. [PMID: 29042984 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occurs due to the accumulation of complications associated with rheumatic fever, and it results in high morbidity and mortality. The majority of cases of RHD are diagnosed in the chronic stages, when treatment options are limited. A small reservoir of cardiac stem cells is responsible for maintaining cardiac homeostasis and repairing tissue damage. Understanding the role of cardiac stem cells and the various proteins responsible for their functions in different pathological stages of RHD is an important area of investigation. Polycomb complex protein BMI-1 (Bmi1) and transcription activator BRG1 (BRG1) are associated with the maintenance of stemness in various types of stem cells. The present study investigated the role served by Bmi1 and BRG1 in cardiac stem cells during various pathological stages of RHD through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. A rat model of RHD was established via immunization with the Group A Streptococcus M5 protein. The rat was demonstrated to develop acute RHD 2 months after the final immunization, characterized by cardiac inflammation and tissue damage. Chronic RHD was identified 4 months after the final immunization, revealed by cardiac tissue compression and shrinkage. Expression of the cardiac stem cell marker mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kit was identified to be elevated during acute RHD, but downregulated in the chronic stages of RHD. A similar pattern of expression was revealed for Bmi1 and BRG1, indicating that they serve a role in regulating cardiac stem cell proliferation during acute RHD. These results suggest that cardiac stem cells serve a supportive role in the acute, but not chronic, stages of RHD via expression of Bmi1 and BRG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Niannian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Bangshun Ge
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
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Goldberg-Smith P. Pearl Quijada: Enthusiastic Drive From Coast to Coast. Circ Res 2017; 121:599-600. [PMID: 28860316 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wysoczynski M, Guo Y, Moore JB, Muthusamy S, Li Q, Nasr M, Li H, Nong Y, Wu W, Tomlin AA, Zhu X, Hunt G, Gumpert AM, Book MJ, Khan A, Tang XL, Bolli R. Myocardial Reparative Properties of Cardiac Mesenchymal Cells Isolated on the Basis of Adherence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:1824-1838. [PMID: 28385312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously reported that the c-kit-positive (c-kitPOS) cells isolated from slowly adhering (SA) but not from rapidly adhering (RA) fractions of cardiac mesenchymal cells (CMCs) are effective in preserving left ventricular (LV) function after myocardial infarction (MI). OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether adherence to plastic alone, without c-kit sorting, was sufficient to isolate reparative CMCs. METHODS RA and SA CMCs were isolated from mouse hearts, expanded in vitro, characterized, and evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in mice subjected to MI. RESULTS Morphological and phenotypic analysis revealed that murine RA and SA CMCs are indistinguishable; nevertheless, transcriptome analysis showed that they possess fundamentally different gene expression profiles related to factors that regulate post-MI LV remodeling and repair. A similar population of SA CMCs was isolated from porcine endomyocardial biopsy samples. In mice given CMCs 2 days after MI, LV ejection fraction 28 days later was significantly increased in the SA CMC group (31.2 ± 1.0% vs. 24.7 ± 2.2% in vehicle-treated mice; p < 0.05) but not in the RA CMC group (24.1 ± 1.2%). Histological analysis showed reduced collagen deposition in the noninfarcted region in mice given SA CMCs (7.6 ± 1.5% vs. 14.5 ± 2.8% in vehicle-treated mice; p < 0.05) but not RA CMCs (11.7 ± 1.7%), which was associated with reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells (14.1 ± 1.6% vs. 21.3 ± 1.5% of total cells in vehicle and 19.3 ± 1.8% in RA CMCs; p < 0.05). Engraftment of SA CMCs was negligible, which implies a paracrine mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel population of c-kit-negative reparative cardiac cells (SA CMCs) that can be isolated with a simple method based on adherence to plastic. SA CMCs exhibited robust reparative properties and offered numerous advantages, appearing to be more suitable than c-kitPOS cardiac progenitor cells for widespread clinical therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
| | - Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Joseph B Moore
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Senthilkumar Muthusamy
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Qianhong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Marjan Nasr
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yibing Nong
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Wenjian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Alex A Tomlin
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gregory Hunt
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Anna M Gumpert
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael J Book
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Abdur Khan
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xian-Liang Tang
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Cai CL, Molkentin JD. The Elusive Progenitor Cell in Cardiac Regeneration: Slip Slidin' Away. Circ Res 2017; 120:400-406. [PMID: 28104772 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adult human heart is unable to regenerate after various forms of injury, suggesting that this organ lacks a biologically meaningful endogenous stem cell pool. However, injecting the infarcted area of the adult mammalian heart with exogenously prepared progenitor cells of various types has been reported to create new myocardium by the direct conversion of these progenitor cells into cardiomyocytes. These reports remain controversial because follow-up studies from independent laboratories failed to observe such an effect. Also, the exact nature of various putative myocyte-producing progenitor cells remains elusive and undefined across laboratories. By comparison, the field has gradually worked toward a consensus viewpoint that proposes that the adult mammalian myocardium can undergo a low level of new cardiomyocyte renewal of ≈1% per year, which is primarily because of proliferation of existing cardiomyocytes but not from the differentiation of putative progenitor cells. This review will weigh the emerging evidence, suggesting that the adult mammalian heart lacks a definable myocyte-generating progenitor cell of biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Leng Cai
- From the Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.-L.C.); and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, OH (J.D.M.).
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- From the Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.-L.C.); and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, OH (J.D.M.).
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Richards DJ, Tan Y, Coyle R, Li Y, Xu R, Yeung N, Parker A, Menick DR, Tian B, Mei Y. Nanowires and Electrical Stimulation Synergistically Improve Functions of hiPSC Cardiac Spheroids. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4670-8. [PMID: 27328393 PMCID: PMC4994528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) technology has shown promising potential to provide a patient-specific, regenerative cell therapy strategy to treat cardiovascular disease. Despite the progress, the unspecific, underdeveloped phenotype of hiPSC-CMs has shown arrhythmogenic risk and limited functional improvements after transplantation. To address this, tissue engineering strategies have utilized both exogenous and endogenous stimuli to accelerate the development of hiPSC-CMs. Exogenous electrical stimulation provides a biomimetic pacemaker-like stimuli that has been shown to advance the electrical properties of tissue engineered cardiac constructs. Recently, we demonstrated that the incorporation of electrically conductive silicon nanowires to hiPSC cardiac spheroids led to advanced structural and functional development of hiPSC-CMs by improving the endogenous electrical microenvironment. Here, we reasoned that the enhanced endogenous electrical microenvironment of nanowired hiPSC cardiac spheroids would synergize with exogenous electrical stimulation to further advance the functional development of nanowired hiPSC cardiac spheroids. For the first time, we report that the combination of nanowires and electrical stimulation enhanced cell-cell junction formation, improved development of contractile machinery, and led to a significant decrease in the spontaneous beat rate of hiPSC cardiac spheroids. The advancements made here address critical challenges for the use of hiPSC-CMs in cardiac developmental and translational research and provide an advanced cell delivery vehicle for the next generation of cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Richards
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yu Tan
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Robert Coyle
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ruoyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nelson Yeung
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Arran Parker
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Donald R. Menick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying Mei
- Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the cardiac stem cell field with an emphasis on aging and to suggest some relevant strategies directed toward rejuvenation of the senescent heart. RECENT FINDINGS Stem cells were long considered as a fountain of youth and were assumed to be equipped against any form of aging effect. However, it is now clear that stem cells suffer the consequences of aging as well. With the discovery that cardiac stem cells reside in the heart comes the question whether these cells are also impaired upon aging. As cardiac stem cell properties are also altered with age, autologous stem cell-based therapy to treat heart failure will benefit from new improved strategies. SUMMARY With the goal to improve stem cell properties that are impaired upon aging, some strategies are highlighted. Genetic modification of adult human cardiac progenitor cells prior to autologous stem cell-based therapy, delivery of the next generation of stem cells such as CardioChimeras and CardioClusters, and improvement of the myocardial environment with rejuvenating factors constitute some of the possibilities and are discussed in more detail in this review.
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Mohsin S, Troupes CD, Starosta T, Sharp TE, Agra EJ, Smith S, Duran JM, Zalavadia N, Zhou Y, Kubo H, Berretta RM, Houser SR. Unique Features of Cortical Bone Stem Cells Associated With Repair of the Injured Heart. Circ Res 2015; 117:1024-33. [PMID: 26472818 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adoptive transfer of multiple stem cell types has only had modest effects on the structure and function of failing human hearts. Despite increasing the use of stem cell therapies, consensus on the optimal stem cell type is not adequately defined. The modest cardiac repair and functional improvement in patients with cardiac disease warrants identification of a novel stem cell population that possesses properties that induce a more substantial improvement in patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare surface marker expression, proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation capacity of cortical bone stem cells (CBSCs) relative to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cardiac-derived stem cells (CDCs), which have already been tested in early stage clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS CBSCs, MSCs, and CDCs were isolated from Gottingen miniswine or transgenic C57/BL6 mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein and were expanded in vitro. CBSCs possess a unique surface marker profile, including high expression of CD61 and integrin β4 versus CDCs and MSCs. In addition, CBSCs were morphologically distinct and showed enhanced proliferation capacity versus CDCs and MSCs. CBSCs had significantly better survival after exposure to an apoptotic stimuli when compared with MSCs. ATP and histamine induced a transient increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in CBSCs versus CDCs and MSCs, which either respond to ATP or histamine only further documenting the differences between the 3 cell types. CONCLUSIONS CBSCs are unique from CDCs and MSCs and possess enhanced proliferative, survival, and lineage commitment capacity that could account for the enhanced protective effects after cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Mohsin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Constantine D Troupes
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Timothy Starosta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Thomas E Sharp
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Elorm J Agra
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Shavonn Smith
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Jason M Duran
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Neil Zalavadia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Hajime Kubo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Remus M Berretta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.M., C.D.T., T.S., T.E.S., E.J.A., S.S., J.M.D., N.Z., H.K., R.M.B., S.R.H.); and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA (Y.Z.).
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Abstract
The developmental mechanisms that control head muscle formation are distinct from those that operate in the trunk. Head and neck muscles derive from various mesoderm populations in the embryo and are regulated by distinct transcription factors and signaling molecules. Throughout the last decade, developmental, and lineage studies in vertebrates and invertebrates have revealed the peculiar nature of the pharyngeal mesoderm that forms certain head muscles and parts of the heart. Studies in chordates, the ancestors of vertebrates, revealed an evolutionarily conserved cardiopharyngeal field that progressively facilitates the development of both heart and craniofacial structures during vertebrate evolution. This ancient regulatory circuitry preceded and facilitated the emergence of myogenic cell types and hierarchies that exist in vertebrates. This chapter summarizes studies related to the origins, signaling circuits, genetics, and evolution of the head musculature, highlighting its heterogeneous characteristics in all these aspects, with a special focus on the FGF-ERK pathway. Additionally, we address the processes of head muscle regeneration, and the development of stem cell-based therapies for treatment of muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Michailovici
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Eigler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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13
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Quijada P, Salunga HT, Hariharan N, Cubillo JD, El-Sayed FG, Moshref M, Bala KM, Emathinger JM, De La Torre A, Ormachea L, Alvarez R, Gude NA, Sussman MA. Cardiac Stem Cell Hybrids Enhance Myocardial Repair. Circ Res 2015; 117:695-706. [PMID: 26228030 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dual cell transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after infarction improves myocardial repair and performance in large animal models relative to delivery of either cell population. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that CardioChimeras (CCs) formed by fusion between CPCs and MSCs have enhanced reparative potential in a mouse model of myocardial infarction relative to individual stem cells or combined cell delivery. METHODS AND RESULTS Two distinct and clonally derived CCs, CC1 and CC2, were used for this study. CCs improved left ventricular anterior wall thickness at 4 weeks post injury, but only CC1 treatment preserved anterior wall thickness at 18 weeks. Ejection fraction was enhanced at 6 weeks in CCs, and functional improvements were maintained in CCs and CPC+MSC groups at 18 weeks. Infarct size was decreased in CCs, whereas CPC+MSC and CPC parent groups remained unchanged at 12 weeks. CCs exhibited increased persistence, engraftment, and expression of early commitment markers within the border zone relative to combinatorial and individual cell population-injected groups. CCs increased capillary density and preserved cardiomyocyte size in the infarcted regions suggesting CCs role in protective paracrine secretion. CONCLUSIONS CCs merge the application of distinct cells into a single entity for cellular therapeutic intervention in the progression of heart failure. CCs are a novel cell therapy that improves on combinatorial cell approaches to support myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Hazel T Salunga
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Nirmala Hariharan
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Jonathan D Cubillo
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Farid G El-Sayed
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Maryam Moshref
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Kristin M Bala
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Jacqueline M Emathinger
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Andrea De La Torre
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Lucia Ormachea
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Roberto Alvarez
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Natalie A Gude
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.).
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14
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Ding R, Jiang X, Ha Y, Wang Z, Guo J, Jiang H, Zheng S, Shen Z, Jie W. Activation of Notch1 signalling promotes multi-lineage differentiation of c-Kit(POS)/NKX2.5(POS) bone marrow stem cells: implication in stem cell translational medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:91. [PMID: 25956503 PMCID: PMC4446115 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can repair injured hearts. However, whether BMSC populations contain cells with cardiac stem cell characteristics is ill-defined. We report here that Notch signalling can promote differentiation of c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Methods Total BMSCs were isolated from Sprague–Dawley rat femurs and c-KitPOS cells were purified. c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS cells were isolated by single-cell cloning, and the presence of cardiomyocyte, smooth muscle cell (SMC), and endothelial cell differentiation markers assessed by immunofluorescence staining and semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Levels of c-Kit and Notch1–4 in total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs were quantitated by flow cytometry. Following infection with an adenovirus over-expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS cells were assessed for differentiation to cardiomyocyte, SMC, and endothelial cell lineages by immunofluorescence staining and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS cells were treated with the Notch1 ligand Jagged1 and markers of cardiomyocyte, SMC, and endothelial cell differentiation were examined by immunofluorescence staining and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS cells were present among total BMSC populations, and these cells did not express markers of adult cardiomyocyte, SMC, or endothelial cell lineages. c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs exhibited a multi-lineage differentiation potential similar to total BMSCs. Following sorting, the c-Kit level in c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs was 84.4%. Flow cytometry revealed that Notch1 was the predominant Notch receptor present in total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs. Total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs overexpressing NICD had active Notch1 signalling accompanied by differentiation into cardiomyocyte, SMC, and endothelial cell lineages. Treatment of total BMSCs and c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs with exogenous Jagged1 activated Notch1 signalling and drove multi-lineage differentiation, with a tendency towards cardiac lineage differentiation in c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs. Conclusions c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS cells exist in total BMSC pools. Activation of Notch1 signalling contributed to multi-lineage differentiation of c-KitPOS/NKX2.5POS BMSCs, favouring differentiation into cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that modulation of Notch1 signalling may have potential utility in stem cell translational medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0085-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Ding
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Yanping Ha
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Zhenliang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Junli Guo
- Cardiovascular Institute of Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Hanguo Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Institute of Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Zhihua Shen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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15
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Gude N, Joyo E, Toko H, Quijada P, Villanueva M, Hariharan N, Sacchi V, Truffa S, Joyo A, Voelkers M, Alvarez R, Sussman MA. Notch activation enhances lineage commitment and protective signaling in cardiac progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:29. [PMID: 25893875 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials applying autologous progenitor cells to treat heart failure have yielded promising results; however, improvement in function is modest, indicating a need to enhance cardiac stem cell reparative capacity. Notch signaling plays a crucial role in cardiac development, guiding cell fate decisions that underlie myocyte and vessel differentiation. The Notch pathway is retained in the adult cardiac stem cell niche, where level and duration of Notch signal influence proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitors. In this study, Notch signaling promotes growth, survival and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells into smooth muscle lineages in vitro. Cardiac progenitor cells expressing tamoxifen-regulated intracellular Notch1 (CPCeK) are significantly larger and proliferate more slowly than control cells, exhibit elevated mTORC1 and Akt signaling, and are resistant to oxidative stress. Vascular smooth muscle and cardiomyocyte markers increase in CPCeK and are augmented further upon ligand-mediated induction of Notch signal. Paracrine signals indicative of growth, survival and differentiation increase with Notch activity, while markers of senescence are decreased. Adoptive transfer of CPCeK into infarcted mouse myocardium enhances preservation of cardiac function and reduces infarct size relative to hearts receiving control cells. Greater capillary density and proportion of vascular smooth muscle tissue in CPCeK-treated hearts indicate improved vascularization. Finally, we report a previously undescribed signaling mechanism whereby Notch activation stimulates CPC growth, survival and differentiation via mTORC1 and paracrine factor expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that regulated Notch activation potentiates the reparative capacity of CPCs in the treatment of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gude
- Heart Institute, and Biology Department, SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Life Sciences North, Room 426, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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16
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Sherry B. Generating primary cultures of murine cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts to study viral myocarditis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1299:1-16. [PMID: 25836571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2572-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can induce direct damage to cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts resulting in myocarditis and impaired cardiac function. Cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts display different capacities to support viral infection and generate a protective antiviral response. This chapter provides detailed protocols for generation and characterization of primary cultures of murine cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, offering a powerful tool to probe cell type-specific responses that determine protection against viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sherry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA,
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