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A Comprehensive Assessment of The Eight Vital Signs. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The term “vital sign” has been assigned to various phenomena with the presumptive intent to emphasize their importance in health care resulting in the emergence of eight vital signs with multiple designations and overlapping terms. This review developed a case definition for vital signs and identified and described the fifth through eighth vital signs. PubMed/Medline, Google and biographical databases were searched using the individual Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, vital sign and fifth, vital sign and sixth, vital sign and seventh, and vital sign eighth. The search was limited to human clinical studies written in English literature from 1957 up until November 30, 2021. Excluded were articles containing the term vital sign if used alone without the qualifier fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth or about temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate. One hundred ninety-six articles (122 for the fifth vital sign, 71 for the sixth vital sign, two for the seventh vital sign, and one for the eighth vital sign) constituted the final dataset. The vital signs consisted of 35 terms, classified into 17 categories compromising 186 unique papers for each primary authored article with redundant numbered vital signs for glucose, weight, body mass index, and medication compliance. Eleven terms have been named the fifth vital sign, 25 the sixth vital sign, three the seventh, and one as the eighth vital sign. There are four time-honored vital signs based on the case definition, and they represent an objective bedside measurement obtained noninvasively that is essential for life. Based on this case definition, pulse oximetry qualifies as the fifth while end-tidal CO2 and cardiac output as the sixth. Thus, these terms have been misappropriated 31 times. Although important to emphasize in patient care, the remainder are not vital signs and should not be construed in this manner.
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Draves J, Tekiner H, Yale ES, Yale SH. Letter in response to the article: "Blood glucose levels should be considered as a new vital sign indicative of prognosis during hospitalization" (Kesavdev et al.). Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:465. [PMID: 33582004 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Draves
- Marshfield Clinic Laboratories, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.
| | - Halil Tekiner
- Department of the History of Medicine and Ethics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Melikgazi, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
| | - Eileen S Yale
- University of Florida, Division of General Internal Medicine, 2000 SW Archer Rd. Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Steven H Yale
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Salcido-Montenegro A, Singh-Ospina NM, Maraka S, Iñiguez-Ariza N, Spencer-Bonilla G, Tamhane SU, Lipska KJ, Montori VM, McCoy RG. Documentation of hypoglycemia assessment among adults with diabetes during clinical encounters in primary care and endocrinology practices. Endocrine 2020; 67:552-560. [PMID: 31802353 PMCID: PMC7192242 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the proportion of diabetes-focused clinical encounters in primary care and endocrinology practices where the evaluation for hypoglycemia is documented; and when it is, identify clinicians' stated actions in response to patient-reported events. METHODS A total of 470 diabetes-focused encounters among 283 patients nonpregnant adults (≥18 years) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus in this retrospective cohort study. Participants were randomly identified in blocks of treatment strategy and care location (95 and 52 primary care encounters among hypoglycemia-prone medications (i.e. insulin, sulfonylurea) and others patients, respectively; 94 and 42 endocrinology encounters among hypo-treated and others, respectively). Documentation of hypoglycemia and subsequent management plan in the electronic health record were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 132 (46.6%) patients had documentation of hypoglycemia assessment, significantly more prevalent among hypo-treated patients seen in endocrinology than in primary care (72.3% vs. 47.4%; P = 0.001). Hypoglycemia was identified by patient in 38.2% of encounters. Odds of hypoglycemia assessment documentation was highest among the hypo-treated (OR 13.6; 95% CI 5.5-33.74, vs. others) and patients seen in endocrine clinic (OR 4.48; 95% CI 2.3-8.6, vs. primary care). After documentation of hypoglycemia, treatment was modified in 30% primary care and 46% endocrine clinic encounters; P = 0.31. Few patients were referred to diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). CONCLUSIONS Continued efforts to improve hypoglycemia evaluation, documentation, and management are needed, particularly in primary care. This includes not only screening at-risk patients for hypoglycemia, but also modifying their treatment regimens and/or leveraging DSMES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. JoséE. González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit (KER Unit México), Subdirección de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Alejandro Salcido-Montenegro
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. JoséE. González", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit (KER Unit México), Subdirección de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Naykky M Singh-Ospina
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA
| | - Spyridoula Maraka
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Health Care System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nicole Iñiguez-Ariza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Spencer-Bonilla
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shrikant U Tamhane
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kasia J Lipska
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victor M Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rozalina G McCoy
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Health Care Policy & Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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