Dyslipidemia, statins and prostate cancer

Predicting dyslipidemia in Chinese elderly adults using dietary behaviours and machine learning algorithms

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to predict dyslipidemia risk in elderly Chinese adults using machine learning and dietary analysis for public health.

STUDY DESIGN

This cross-sectional study includes 13,668 Chinese adults aged 65 or older from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.

METHODS

Dyslipidemia prediction was carried out using a variety of machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Adaptive Boosting Classifier (AdaBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), as well as conventional logistic regression (LR).

RESULTS

The prevalence of dyslipidemia among eligible participants was 5.4 %. LGBM performed best in predicting dyslipidemia, followed by LR, XGBoost, SVM, GBM, AdaBoost, RF, GNB, and KNN (all AUC > 0.70). Frequency of nut product consumption, childhood water source, and housing types were key predictors for dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Machine learning algorithms that integrated dietary behaviours accurately predicted dyslipidemia in elderly Chinese adults. Our research identified novel predictors such as the frequency of nut product consumption, the main source of drinking water during childhood, and housing types, which could potentially prevent and control dyslipidemia in elderly adults.

Dyslipidemia in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on the genetic subtypes: a single-center study of 259 Chinese patients

Background

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a kind of highly heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma, both in clinical and genetic terms. DLBCL is admittedly categorized into six subtypes by genetics, which contain MCD, BN2, EZB, N1, ST2, and A53. Dyslipidemia is relevant to a multitude of solid tumors and has recently been reported to be associated with hematologic malignancies. We aim to present a retrospective study investigating dyslipidemia in DLBCL based on the molecular subtypes.

Results

This study concluded that 259 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL and their biopsy specimens were available for molecular typing. Results show that the incidence of dyslipidemia (87.0%, p <0.001) is higher in the EZB subtype than in others, especially hypertriglyceridemia (78.3%, p = 0.001) in the EZB subtype. Based on the pathological gene-sequencing, patients with BCL2 gene fusion mutation are significantly correlative with hyperlipidemia (76.5%, p = 0.006) and hypertriglyceridemia (88.2%, p = 0.002). Nevertheless, the occurrence of dyslipidemia has no remarkable influence on prognosis.

Conclusion

In summary, dyslipidemia correlates with genetic heterogeneity in DLBCL without having a significant influence on survival. This research first connects lipids and genetic subtypes in DLBCL.

Impact of thyroid cancer on the cancer risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or dyslipidemia

The raised prevalence of obesity has increased the incidence of obesity-related metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia (DL) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), along with the development and progression of various types of cancer, including thyroid cancer. In this study, we investigated whether thyroid cancer in patients with DL and NAFLD could be a risk factor for other cancers. To achieve our goal, we generated two independent cohorts from our institution and from the National Health Insurance System in South Korea. Based on the ICD-10 code, we conducted exact matching (1:5 matching) and estimated the overall risk of thyroid cancer for other cancers in patients with DL or NAFLD. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the hazard ratio (HR) of thyroid cancer was 2.007 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.597-2.522) and 2.092 (95% CI, 1.546-2.829), respectively in the institutional cohort and 1.329 (95% CI, 1.153-1.533) and 1.301 (95% CI, 1.115-1.517), respectively in the nationwide cohort. Risk analysis revealed a significant increase in the HR in lip, tongue, mouth, lung, bone, joint, soft tissue, skin, brain, male cancers and lymphoma after thyroid cancer occurred. Thyroid cancer in patients with DL or NAFLD might be a valuable factor for predicting the development of other cancers.

Association of Statin Use with the Risk of Incident Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Background

With the growth and aging of population, the incidence of prostate cancer will increase year by year, which is bound to bring greater economic burden to the society. There has been greater interest in the anticancer effects of statin in recent years. It is controversial whether statin use is associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis and systematic review to explore the effects of statin use and their duration and cumulative dose on the overall incidence of PCa.

Method

The study was conducted according to the latest guidelines for PRISMA 2020. We searched PubMed and other databases for studies about the association of statin use with the risk of incident prostate cancer between January 1, 1990, and April 11, 2022. Two independent researchers extracted data and evaluated the quality of the studies. R x64 4.1.2 and random-effects model were used for data statistics. Relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) effective values with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to assess the main results.

Results

The results of 6 RCT and 26 cohort studies showed that statins did not significantly associate with the incidence of PCa (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.82-1.08). The similar results were obtained from 9 case-control studies (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99-1.07). However, statins were associated with a lower risk of Pca (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.28-0.70) when the cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) was high. Using statins for more than five years could be associated with a reduced incidence of Pca (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23-0.97). There was a significant heterogeneity in these studies (RCT and cohort study: I ² = 98%, P < 0.01; case-control study: I ² = 72%, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

We concluded that statins had a neutral association with the overall risk of PCa. High cDDD and long duration were associated with a lower risk of PCa.

Hypercholesterolemia in Cancer and in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis for a Crosstalk

The relationship between cholesterol and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Clinical studies have shown changes in blood cholesterol levels in cancer patients. In parallel, basic research studies have shown that cholesterol is involved in the mechanisms of onset and progression of the disease. On the other hand, anorexic patients have high cholesterol levels and a high susceptibility to cancer. In this review, we first present a brief background on the relations among nutrition, eating disorders and cancer. Using several notable examples, we then illustrate the changes in cholesterol in cancer and in anorexia nervosa, providing evidence for their important relationship. Finally, we show a new possible link between cholesterol disorder in cancer and in anorexia nervosa.

Prostate Cancer Energetics and Biosynthesis

Cancers must alter their metabolism to satisfy the increased demand for energy and to produce building blocks that are required to create a rapidly growing tumor. Further, for cancer cells to thrive, they must also adapt to an often changing tumor microenvironment, which can present new metabolic challenges (ex. hypoxia) that are unfavorable for most other cells. As such, altered metabolism is now considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Like many other malignancies, the metabolism of prostate cancer is considerably different compared to matched benign tissue. However, prostate cancers exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics that set them apart from many other tumor types. In this chapter, we will describe the known alterations in prostate cancer metabolism that occur during initial tumorigenesis and throughout disease progression. In addition, we will highlight upstream regulators that control these metabolic changes. Finally, we will discuss how this new knowledge is being leveraged to improve patient care through the development of novel biomarkers and metabolically targeted therapies.

Sprouty2 loss-induced IL6 drives castration-resistant prostate cancer through scavenger receptor B1

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a lethal form of treatment-resistant prostate cancer and poses significant therapeutic challenges. Deregulated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling mediated by loss of tumour suppressor Sprouty2 (SPRY2) is associated with treatment resistance. Using pre-clinical human and murine mCRPC models, we show that SPRY2 deficiency leads to an androgen self-sufficient form of CRPC Mechanistically, HER2-IL6 signalling axis enhances the expression of androgen biosynthetic enzyme HSD3B1 and increases SRB1-mediated cholesterol uptake in SPRY2-deficient tumours. Systemically, IL6 elevated the levels of circulating cholesterol by inducing host adipose lipolysis and hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. SPRY2-deficient CRPC is dependent on cholesterol bioavailability and SRB1-mediated tumoral cholesterol uptake for androgen biosynthesis. Importantly, treatment with ITX5061, a clinically safe SRB1 antagonist, decreased treatment resistance. Our results indicate that cholesterol transport blockade may be effective against SPRY2-deficient CRPC.

Metabolic syndrome in the development and progression of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-specific mortality for men in the United States. There is a wide spectrum of aggressiveness ranging from biologically significant to indolent disease, which has led to an interest in the identification of risk factors for its development and progression. Emerging evidence has suggested an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and PCa. MetS represents a cluster of metabolic derangements that confer an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its individual components include obesity, dyslipidemias, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose levels. MetS has become pervasive and is currently associated with a high socioeconomic cost in both industrialized and developing countries throughout the world. The relationship between MetS and PCa is complex and yet to be fully defined. A better understanding of this relationship will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of PCa and improvement of outcomes among diagnosed men in the future. In this review, we evaluate the current evidence on the role of MetS in the development and progression of PCa. We also discuss the clinical implications on the management of PCa and consider the future direction of this subject.