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Ghoshal A, Verma A, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339467. [PMID: 38312835 PMCID: PMC10834760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) effectively manipulates the host processes to establish the deadly respiratory disease, Tuberculosis (TB). M.tb has developed key mechanisms to disrupt the host cell health to combat immune responses and replicate efficaciously. M.tb antigens such as ESAT-6, 19kDa lipoprotein, Hip1, and Hsp70 destroy the integrity of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Phagosomes) or delay innate/adaptive cell responses. This is followed by the induction of cellular stress responses in the host. Such cells can either undergo various cell death processes such as apoptosis or necrosis, or mount effective immune responses to clear the invading pathogen. Further, to combat the infection progression, the host secretes extracellular vesicles such as exosomes to initiate immune signaling. The exosomes can contain M.tb as well as host cell-derived peptides that can act as a double-edged sword in the immune signaling event. The host-symbiont microbiota produces various metabolites that are beneficial for maintaining healthy tissue microenvironment. In juxtaposition to the above-mentioned mechanisms, M.tb dysregulates the gut and respiratory microbiome to support its replication and dissemination process. The above-mentioned interconnected host cellular processes of Immunometabolism, Cellular stress, Host Microbiome, and Extracellular vesicles are less explored in the realm of exploration of novel Host-directed therapies for TB. Therefore, this review highlights the intertwined host cellular processes to control M.tb survival and showcases the important factors that can be targeted for designing efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Herrera MT, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Bobadilla K, Santos-Mendoza T, Flores-Valdez MA, Gutiérrez-González LH, González Y. Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Understanding the Immune Response in the Bronchoalveolar System. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081148. [PMID: 36009042 PMCID: PMC9405639 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide, can evade or modulate the host immune response and remain dormant for many years. In this review, we focus on identifying the local immune response induced in vivo by M. tuberculosis in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis by analyzing data from untouched cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The most abundant resident cells in patients with active tuberculosis are macrophages and lymphocytes, which facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils. The cellular response is characterized by an inflammatory state and oxidative stress produced mainly by macrophages and T lymphocytes. In the alveolar microenvironment, the levels of cytokines such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are increased compared with healthy patients. The production of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G against M. tuberculosis indicate that the adaptive immune response is induced despite the presence of a chronic infection. The role of epithelial cells, the processing and presentation of antigens by macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) for in situ vaccination remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Herrera
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Karen Bobadilla
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Luis Horacio Gutiérrez-González
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.H.G.-G.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5117) (Y.G.)
| | - Yolanda González
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.H.G.-G.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5117) (Y.G.)
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Sérgio CA, Bertolini TB, Gembre AF, Prado RQ, Bonato VLD. CD11c(+) CD103(+) cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 but not of BALB/c mice induce a high frequency of interferon-γ- or interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) cells. Immunology 2015; 144:574-86. [PMID: 25322675 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the cellular adaptive immune response is critical for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the chronic phase. In addition, the genetic background is equally important for resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis. In this study, we addressed whether lung populations of dendritic cells, obtained from genetically different hosts, would play a role in the magnitude and function of CD4(+) populations generated after M. tuberculosis infection. Thirty days post-infection, C57BL/6 mice, which generate a stronger interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated immune response than BALB/c mice, exhibited a higher number and frequency of lung CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells compared with BALB/c mice, which exhibited a high frequency of lung CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) cells. CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells, purified from lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice, but not from infected BALB/c mice, induced a higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4(+) cells. Moreover, CD4(+) cells also arrive at the lung of C57BL/6 mice faster than in BALB/c mice. This pattern of immune response seems to be associated with higher gene expression for CCL4, CCL19, CCL20 and CCR5 in the lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice compared with infected BALB/c mice. The results described here show that the magnitude of IFN-γ-producing or IL-17-producing CD4(+) cells is dependent on CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells, and this pattern of immune response is directly associated with the host genetic background. Therefore, differences in the genetic background contribute to the identification of immunological biomarkers that can be used to design human assays to predict progression of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia A Sérgio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
Pulmonary TB remains a leading global health issue, but the current Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine fails to control it effectively. Much effort has gone into developing safe and effective boost vaccine candidates for use after the BCG prime vaccination. To date, almost all the lead candidates are being evaluated clinically via a parenteral route. Abundant experimental evidence suggests that parenteral boosting with a virus-based vaccine is much less effective than respiratory mucosal boosting, because the former fails to activate a type of T cell capable of rapidly transmigrating into the airway luminal space in the early phase of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The next few years will determine whether parenteral boosting with some of the lead vaccine candidates, particularly the protein-based vaccines, improves protection in humans over that by BCG. Much effort is needed to develop respiratory mucosal boost vaccines and to identify the reliable immune protective correlates in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Smaill
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection delays Th1 immunity via immunoadaptor DAP12-regulated IRAK-M and IL-10 expression in antigen-presenting cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:670-83. [PMID: 24172845 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of mycobacteria with the host leads to retarded expression of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immunity in the lung. However, the immune mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using in vivo and in vitro models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection, we find the immunoadaptor DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to be critically involved in this process. Upon infection of APCs, DAP12 is required for IRAK-M (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M) expression, which in turn induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) and an immune-suppressed phenotype of APCs, thus leading to suppressed Th1 cell activation. Lack of DAP12 reduces APC IL-10 production and increases their Th1 cell-activating capability, resulting in expedited Th1 responses and enhanced protection. On the other hand, adoptively transferred DAP12-competent APCs suppress Th1 cell activation within DAP12-deficient hosts, and blockade of IL-10 aborts the ability of DAP12-competent APCs to suppress Th1 activation. Our study identifies the DAP12/IRAK-M/IL-10 to be a novel molecular pathway in APCs exploited by mycobacterial pathogens, allowing infection a foothold in the lung.
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Lai R, Jeyanathan M, Shaler CR, Damjanovic D, Khera A, Horvath C, Ashkar AA, Xing Z. Restoration of innate immune activation accelerates Th1-cell priming and protection following pulmonary mycobacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1375-86. [PMID: 24519467 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms underlying delayed induction of Th1-type immunity in the lungs following pulmonary mycobacterial infection remain poorly understood. We have herein investigated the underlying immune mechanisms for such delayed responses and whether a selected innate immune-modulating strategy can accelerate Th1-type responses. We have found that, in the early stage of pulmonary infection with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb H37Ra), the levels of infection in the lung continue to increase logarithmically until days 14 and 21 postinfection in C57BL/6 mice. The activation of innate immune responses, particularly DCs, in the lung is delayed. This results in a delay in the subsequent downstream immune responses including the migration of antigen-bearing DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN), the Th1-cell priming in dLN, and the recruitment of Th1 cells to the lung. However, single lung mucosal exposure to the TLR agonist FimH postinfection is able to accelerate protective Th1-type immunity via facilitating DC migration to the lung and draining lymph nodes, enhancing DC antigen presentation and Th1-cell priming. These findings hold implications for the development of immunotherapeutic and vaccination strategies and suggest that enhancement of early innate immune activation is a viable option for improving Th1-type immunity against pulmonary mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Differentially imprinted innate immunity by mucosal boost vaccination determines antituberculosis immune protective outcomes, independent of T-cell immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:612-25. [PMID: 23131783 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homologous and heterologous parenteral prime-mucosal boost immunizations have shown great promise in combating mucosal infections such as tuberculosis and AIDS. However, their immune mechanisms remain poorly defined. In particular, it is still unclear whether T-cell and innate immunity may be independently affected by these immunization modalities and how it impacts immune protective outcome. Using two virus-based tuberculosis vaccines (adenovirus (Ad) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors), we found that while both homologous (Ad/Ad) and heterologous (Ad/VSV) respiratory mucosal boost immunizations elicited similar T-cell responses in the lung, they led to drastically different immune protective outcomes. Compared with Ad-based boosting, VSV-based boosting resulted in poorly enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Such inferior protection was associated with differentially imprinted innate phagocytes, particularly the CD11c(+)CD11b(+/-) cells, in the lung. We identified heightened type 1 interferon (IFN) responses to be the triggering mechanism. Thus, increased IFN-β severely blunted interleukin-12 responses in infected phagocytes, which in turn impaired their nitric oxide production and antimycobacterial activities. Our study reveals that vaccine vectors may differentially imprint innate cells at the mucosal site of immunization, which can impact immune-protective outcome, independent of T-cell immunity, and it is of importance to determine both T-cell and innate cell immunity in vaccine studies.
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Understanding delayed T-cell priming, lung recruitment, and airway luminal T-cell responses in host defense against pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:628293. [PMID: 22545059 PMCID: PMC3321538 DOI: 10.1155/2012/628293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative bacterium of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), is a serious global health concern. Central to M.tb effective immune avoidance is its ability to modulate the early innate inflammatory response and prevent the establishment of adaptive T-cell immunity for nearly three weeks. When compared with other intracellular bacterial lung pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila, or even closely related mycobacterial species such as M. smegmatis, this delay is astonishing. Customarily, the alveolar macrophage (AM) acts as a sentinel, detecting and alerting surrounding cells to the presence of an invader. However, in the case of M.tb, this may be impaired, thus delaying the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the lung. Upon uptake by APC populations, M.tb is able to subvert and delay the processing of antigen, MHC class II loading, and the priming of effector T cell populations. This delay ultimately results in the deferred recruitment of effector T cells to not only the lung interstitium but also the airway lumen. Therefore, it is of upmost importance to dissect the mechanisms that contribute to the delayed onset of immune responses following M.tb infection. Such knowledge will help design the most effective vaccination strategies against pulmonary TB.
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Moraes TJ, Lin GH, Wen T, Watts TH. Incorporation of 4-1BB ligand into an adenovirus vaccine vector increases the number of functional antigen-specific CD8 T cells and enhances the duration of protection against influenza-induced respiratory disease. Vaccine 2011; 29:6301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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