1
|
Matusali G, Petruccioli E, Cimini E, Colavita F, Bettini A, Tartaglia E, Sbarra S, Meschi S, Lapa D, Francalancia M, Bordi L, Mazzotta V, Coen S, Mizzoni K, Beccacece A, Nicastri E, Pierelli L, Antinori A, Girardi E, Vaia F, Sette A, Grifoni A, Goletti D, Puro V, Maggi F. Evaluation of Cross-Immunity to the Mpox Virus Due to Historic Smallpox Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1541. [PMID: 37896943 PMCID: PMC10610801 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When the Mpox virus (MPXV) began spreading globally in 2022, it became critical to evaluate whether residual immunity from smallpox vaccination provided cross-protection. To assess the cross-immune response to MPXV, we collected serum samples (n = 97) and PBMCs (n = 30) from healthy-donors, either born before 1974 and reporting smallpox vaccination during childhood or born after 1975 and not vaccinated with Vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vaccines. We evaluated the levels of anti-MPXV IgG and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) and the presence of a T cell response against MPXV. We found anti-MPXV IgG and Nabs in 60 (89.6%) and 40 (70.1%) vaccinated individuals, respectively. We observed a T cell response to Orthopoxviruses and MPXV peptide pools in 30% of vaccinated individuals. We thus show that a high proportion of subjects who received the smallpox vaccine 40 to 60 years ago have humoral cross-immunity, while the T-cell-specific response against MPXV was observed in a smaller group (30%) of vaccinated individuals. This study, combined with information on immunity developed during natural infection or the administration of current vaccines, will contribute to a better understanding of humoral and cellular responses against MPXV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Farmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Farmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Settimia Sbarra
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Massimo Francalancia
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- HIV/AIDS Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sabrina Coen
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Klizia Mizzoni
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- Highly Contagious Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Highly Contagious Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Luca Pierelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Antinori
- HIV/AIDS Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- Risk Management Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Páez-Martínez A, Laiton-Donato K, Usme-Ciro JA. [Zoonotic vaccinia in Colombia: Cumulative evidence of the emergence of poxviruses in the world]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 20:778-783. [PMID: 33206905 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n6.67962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent occurrence of vaccinia virus infections in humans and animals in Colombia, together with that reported for this and other species of the genus Orthopoxvirus in some South American, African, Asian and European countries, is supporting evidence of the emergence and re-emergence of the genus. This fact has become of great interest for public health around the world due to its biological and an epidemiological features, as was in the past the variola virus, one of its representatives. The emergence and re-emergence of the genus Orthopoxvirus may be a consequence of stopping vaccination against the variola virus in the 1970s and 1980s. This vaccination unsuspectedly induced cross-protective immunity to other species of that genus. This is a review of the history, biology and epidemiology of the main species of the genus Orthopoxvirus, together with its clinical presentation, social context and public health impact in the past, present and future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Páez-Martínez
- AP: Biólogo. Ph. D. Ciencias Biomédicas. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Salle. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Katherine Laiton-Donato
- KL: Bacterióloga. M. Sc. Ciencias Microbiología. Grupo de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Salud. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - José A Usme-Ciro
- JU: Biólogo. M. Sc. Ph.D. Biología. CIST - Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Troncal del Caribe Sector Mama-toco, Santa Marta, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
IMVAMUNE ® and ACAM2000 ® Provide Different Protection against Disease When Administered Postexposure in an Intranasal Monkeypox Challenge Prairie Dog Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030396. [PMID: 32698399 PMCID: PMC7565152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protection provided by smallpox vaccines when used after exposure to Orthopoxviruses is poorly understood. Postexposu re administration of 1st generation smallpox vaccines was effective during eradication. However, historical epidemiological reports and animal studies on postexposure vaccination are difficult to extrapolate to today’s populations, and 2nd and 3rd generation vaccines, developed after eradication, have not been widely tested in postexposure vaccination scenarios. In addition to concerns about preparedness for a potential malevolent reintroduction of variola virus, humans are becoming increasingly exposed to naturally occurring zoonotic orthopoxviruses and, following these exposures, disease severity is worse in individuals who never received smallpox vaccination. This study investigated whether postexposure vaccination of prairie dogs with 2nd and 3rd generation smallpox vaccines was protective against monkeypox disease in four exposure scenarios. We infected animals with monkeypox virus at doses of 104 pfu (2× LD50) or 106 pfu (170× LD50) and vaccinated the animals with IMVAMUNE® or ACAM2000® either 1 or 3 days after challenge. Our results indicated that postexposure vaccination protected the animals to some degree from the 2× LD50, but not the 170× LD5 challenge. In the 2× LD50 challenge, we also observed that administration of vaccine at 1 day was more effective than administration at 3 days postexposure for IMVAMUNE®, but ACAM2000® was similarly effective at either postexposure vaccination time-point. The effects of postexposure vaccination and correlations with survival of total and neutralizing antibody responses, protein targets, take formation, weight loss, rash burden, and viral DNA are also presented.
Collapse
|
5
|
de Oliveira TML, Guedes MIMC, Rehfeld IS, Matos ACD, Rivetti Júnior AV, da Cunha AF, Cerqueira MMOP, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZIP. Vaccinia virus detection in dairy products made with milk from experimentally infected cows. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649801 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that causes exanthematic lesions on the teats of dairy cows and on the hands of milkers. The virus has been detected in the milk of naturally infected cows. The objective of this study was to investigate and quantify VACV DNA as well as the presence of infectious virus particles in samples of cheese curd, cheese whey and pasteurized milk produced using milk from cows experimentally inoculated with VACV-GP2, a Brazilian isolate of VACV (VACV-BR). VACV DNA was detected in samples of cheese and pasteurized milk at different time points, even after the resolution of the typical lesions caused by VACV, which occurred after 22 days post-infection (dpi), on average. Moreover, it was possible to detect infectious viral particles in cheese samples on alternate days until 27 dpi. The presence of both VACV DNA and infectious viral particles in cheese samples throughout the clinical course of BV and even after the disappearance of the typical clinical signs of disease draws attention to the risk associated with consumption of the cheese. Furthermore, VACV-contaminated milk and cheese may represent an occupational risk to cheesemakers who often manipulate milk and cheese curd without wearing gloves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M I M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A C D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A V Rivetti Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Z I P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costa GB, Augusto LTS, Leite JA, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Moreno EC, Trindade GDS. Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus in rural Brazil: insights into anti-OPV immunity status and its implications for emergent zoonotic OPV. Virol J 2016; 13:121. [PMID: 27377374 PMCID: PMC4932698 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus, a virus from Orthopoxvirus genus (OPV) that affects mainly cattle herds and humans in rural areas in Brazil. Because most studies have focused on outbreaks situations, data on BV epidemiology is limited. A cross sectional study in Brazilian rural areas during 2012–2013 was conducted to determine the neutralizing antibodies seroprevalence and risk factors for BV. Methods A structured questionnaire was applied to elicit demographics data and farming practices considered risk factors for BV exposure. Neutralizing anti-OPV antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. The neutralizing antibodies prevalence rates were calculated and the risk factor analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Two hundred and forty participants were enrolled in this study with a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies of 30.8 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 25.3–36.9). In multivariate analysis, age > 35 years (Odds Ratio [OR] = 18.2; CI 95 % = 7.7 – 43.2) and previous outbreak in property (OR = 3.9; C I95 % = 1.2 – 12.6) were independently associated with anti-OPV neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions In this study, anti-OPV protective immunity (neutralizing antibody titers) was assessed in an endemic BV Brazilian rural area. Our findings indicate that epidemiological surveillance is required and should be applied by public health authorities to create interventions and/or prevention strategies to avoid viral spread causing future outbreaks among individuals who are under risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Almeida Leite
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Castro Moreno
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|