[Phenomenology as a methodological alternative for research: some considerations]

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE WORLD GYMNAESTRADA: RECOGNIZING “FOR ALL”

Participation in events is about experiences. These experiences are unique to individuals. From phenomenology, as we live the world, we get to know things and others. This process constructs our identity and expands our being-in-the-world. This article aims to reflect on the lived experiences of 16 participants of a Gymnastics for All (GfA) team at the XVI World Gymnaestrada (WG) event. Observations and in-depth interviews were used, on which phenomenological analysis was performed. The validity and trustworthiness were guaranteed by having a critical friend, member review and data triangulation. The results showed that even when having previous information about the event, the gymnasts and staff did not have the real dimension of WG. This recognition came by being there. They pointed out that it was not just about the high number of people - it was about different people coming together; it was not about a specific discipline of gymnastics but rather all disciplines together; not about the traditional gymnastics apparatus but rather gymnastics using diverse artifacts. For them, the plurality of GfA came alive in the movements, performances, themes, and profiles of the gymnasts. It made them believe they were gymnast. In addition, reflections on a sporting event with no competition and the professional development were recorded. Managing, studying, and researching GfA is important. However, promoting lived experiences in gymnastics events should also be valued as an effective learning space, enchantment, and promotion of GfA.

Acceptance in the Perception of Nurses Involved in Primary Health Care

Objetivo: el presente estudio se propone comprender la percepción de la acogida de los enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria a la Salud. Método: es una investigación cualitativa realizada con entrevistas con 21 enfermeros de ocho municipios del interior del estado de São Paulo. El análisis de los datos se fundamentó en la vertiente fenomenológica, modalidad estructura del fenómeno. Resultados: se reveló que la comprensión de los enfermeros sobre la acogida, en algunos momentos, se aproxima de los principios y directrices del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Conclusiones: por otro lado, esos profesionales manifiestan dificultades con la estructura, organización y gestión de los servicios de salud y expresan acciones y creencias que se acercan al modelo tradicional de cuidado. Para la concreción de la acogida necesitan unir sus esfuerzos de los diferentes atores involucrados.

[Nursing research: possibilities of Buber's philosophy]

The nursing researches have collaborated to build the profession knowledge. The tendency in qualitative methodologies is evident, and among them we highlight the phenomenology approach. This paper will present the possibilities of Martin Buber's philosophy in research. In the field work, it can help the interview technique because it is related with relationship and dialogue. During the analyses phase it should be applied as a theoretical framework to interpretation. The Martin Buber's philosophy present elements to understand the encounter of presence among the humans beings, it came from the way of see himself/herself and the world. Thus, we understand the Buber's contribution as a theoretical framework to data production in qualitative research.

[The person with diabetes: from a therapeutic to an existential focus]

This study was motivated by the aspects lived by people with diabetes and the implications the disease have on their lives. In essence, this study was performed with the purpose of changing the disease from its position of a fact to the position of a phenomenon that needs further clarification. Phenomenology was the framework used in this investigation, with a view to undertand the meaning of living with diabetes. The study location was a health institution in the city of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, where people with diabetes were interviewed and provided statements about their experience. Data analysis permitted the construction of thematic categories, which revealed important facets regarding these people's existence. The study provided new perspectives for looking beyond the disease, and seeing the person with diabetes within their situational context, thus, showing some paths for health care policies.

The experience of aging: a phenomenological perspective

This qualitative study with a phenomenological approach looked at elderly people (60 years of age or more) who attend two Elderly Community Centers located in a state capital in Central-Western Brazil. The goal was to understand the experience of aging through the experience of people who are aging and its meaning for nursing practice. Phenomenological interview resources were used, with the following guiding question: "What is it like to reach this age? To live so many years?" The results showed that these people's main concerns are: to show that they do not lose their identity because they age and that, sometimes, in spite of their chronological age, they do not feel aged; they expect acknowledgement as citizens; they reinforce that being healthy is essential and grants them autonomy in their lives; they emphasize the importance of family support, life and care; they value financial independence and avoid talking about the finite nature of human beings.

Anotações do enfermeiro no acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil

OBJETIVO: Compreender o significado que o enfermeiro atribui às anotações de enfermagem, na realização do acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças de zero a cinco anos em unidades básicas de saúde na cidade de Divinópolis - Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: A abordagem fenomenológica foi a trajetória que sustentou esta pesquisa e a coleta de dados foi feita através de entrevista aberta com nove enfermeiras. RESULTADOS: Da análise compreensiva dos discursos emergiu a categoria de análise relacionada às finalidades dos registros/anotações de enfermagem. As entrevistadas descreveram o registro de enfermagem como documento legal, como instrumento para acompanhar o estado de saúde da criança, como substrato para a equipe multiprofissional e como um norteador para a construção do diagnóstico de saúde da comunidade. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram que, apesar de as enfermeiras conhecerem e relatarem sobre a importância das suas anotações para a continuidade do cuidado à criança, delas se constituírem em documento legal, de subsidiarem o trabalho de outros profissionais, elas continuam produzindo registros incompletos e vazios de significado.

[The academic participation and its influence on the professional life according to the perceptions of nurses]

This study had the purpose to understand academic participation and its relation with the professional life, according to the perception of nurses who experience it. The study was based on the precepts of qualitative research and the modality of the phenomenon, or Phenomenology. The subjects who participated in this study were seven egress nurses, interviewed with the guiding question How do you see the participation in academic life in relation to professional life? The following themes were registered, according to ideographic and nomothetic analyses: Educational Institution--producer of human resources, Healthcare Institution--receiver of human resources, and the relationship between the Educational Institution and the Healthcare Institution. It is understood that, in spite of being distinct modalities, academic participation and professional participation are inter-related, unveiling the undeniable relationship between the Educational Institution and the Healthcare Institution, with space for experiencing the participative process.

O sentido da sexualidade de mulheres submetidas a histerectomia: uma contribuição da enfermagem para a integralidade da assistência ginecológica

A histerectomia é um procedimento cirúrgico irreversível, realizado por indicação médica, com a finalidade de restabelecer a saúde ou mesmo salvar a vida da mulher. Ser submetida a esta cirurgia acarreta modificações em seu cotidiano porque as recomendações pertinentes ao pós-operatório de histerectomia impõem implicações em seu mundo-vida. Este estudo de natureza qualitativa teve como objetivo analisar o sentido da sexualidade de mulheres após a histerectomia à luz do pensamento de Martin Heidegger. Foram depoentes 25 mulheres submetidas à retirada total do útero; a entrevista fenomenológica ocorreu num tempo variado, de 4 a 19 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. A interpretação da estrutura de significação "a atividade sexual foi considerada" desvelou que na dinâmica assistencial, médica e de enfermagem, as rotineiras orientações de abstinência sexual determinadas pelo pós-operatório devem ser consideradas a partir da subjetividade da mulher que será/foi submetida à histerectomia.

Na trilha da fenomenologia: um caminho para a pesquisa em enfermagem

A utilização de diferentes referenciais metodológicos tem sido uma busca constante na prática de pesquisa em distintas áreas do conhecimento. A enfermagem, neste sentido, tem buscado fundamentar suas pesquisas em referenciais diversificados como forma de ampliar seu corpo de conhecimentos. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo tecer algumas considerações e reflexões acerca da utilização e contribuições da fenomenologia enquanto método de pesquisa na área da Enfermagem, por meio de um resgate de seus principais pressupostos orientadores, bem como, da aplicabilidade da mesma em trabalhos da área. Assim, reafirmamos a importância da fenomenologia como referencial não só metodológico, mas também teórico-filosófico, para a pesquisa em enfermagem.

[The meaning of being a mother of a child with a heart disease: a phenomenological study]

The objective of this study is to understand what it means to a mother to have a child with a heart disease. In order to do so, a phenomenological approach was used. The study was carried out with mothers of children with congenital cyanotic cardiopathy at the Infant Cardiology Center of a public hospital in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Ten open interviews were made based on the following guiding question: What does it mean to you to have a child with a heart disease? The comprehensive analysis of the reported speeches made possible the construction of three categories: "Discovering the disease: being up against the unknown"; "Living together with cardiopathy: being with the child in the disease", and "Believing in a stronger force: the necessary support". The impact of the disease on the mother begins the moment the child is born. Desperation, guilt and insecurity are mentioned as present feelings. It is in God, however, that such mothers look for the necessary support to follow this new path--a path of pain and faith.

A mulher em situação de abortamento: um enfoque existencial

O trabalho se propõe a desvelar facetas do significado do aborto para a mulher que o vivencia. Para tanto, as autoras recorrem a Metodologia de Investigação Fenomenológica - que possibilita uma análise compreensiva dos depoimentos das mulheres que estão vivenciando essa situação. Foram coletados depoimentos de doze mulheres hospitalizadas, em situação de abortamento, mediante a questão norteadora: "O que está significando para você essa experiência? Você pode descrever para mim?" As convergências de suas falas foram analisadas e possibilitaram a construção de algumas categorias temáticas que sinalizam para a essência desse vivenciar e constituem-se em subsídios para nortear o planejamento de assistência à mulher de forma que a sua situacionalidade seja contemplada. Os resultados possibilitaram o desvelamento de facetas importantes, tais como tristeza, perda, dor fisiológica e existencial, solidão, uma hospitalização desconfortante, a culpa ou medo de ser culpada, a preocupação com o corpo e a intencionalidade de suas consciências começando a voltar-se para a importância dos métodos contraceptivos. Resulta também o desejo de rever seus projetos de vida.

[Living with pain: an existential focus]

In the routine of a hospital, during my nursing practice of providing care to patients with pain, it was shown to me as reaching beyond a biological sphere included in an existential dimension. Something in this experience disturbed me and I felt the need to understand these people suffering from pain, asking how they understand their pain and what is the meaning of experiencing painful chronic situations. In the attempt to find a way to obtain such understanding, I searched for some ideas stemming from phenomenology. Then, I interviewed the subjects individually based on the central question: "How is your experience with pain? Tell me about this". After the analysis, I was able to understand that pain is a way to narrow the horizon of possibilities and transformations in existence. It is not only the physical body that is ill, but also life is affected in its various dimensions, fundamentally with regard to the family, work and self-relation world.

[Nursing perceptions in the liver transplantation program of a public hospital in Brazil]

The aim of this study was to uncover the experience lived by nurses working in the liver transplant program of a public hospital. In order to understand the nurse's experience, a qualitative research based on the "situated-phenomenon structure" was designed. The propositions obtained showed that the essence of the phenomenon "living the experience of nursing assistance to patients in the liver transplant program of a public hospital" was uncovered as living a situation which hides needs, difficulties, contradictions, conflicts and satisfaction.

[Accompanying the patient to the hospital: meaning and perception]

The study was performed within the phenomenological referendum following the modality of situated phenomenon in order to understand the experience of being the hospitalized adult patient's accompany. The phenomenological analysis of 8 speeches led to 4 themes: "The Approach", "The Accompany", "The Feelings" and "The Changes in the Family' and Personal's Life". The purposes reveal the accompany, to be with the patient rises from the need to help him/her with physical limitation or dependence; give care, gratitude; give emotional support; transmit enthusiasm and optimism; identify and fulfill his/her needs; favor the communication; observe and verify the assistance rendered and follow his/her clinical evolution. The accompany was permeated by the preoccupation and generated upsets all family.

[The anatomy room as a space of contact with death]

During a program of scientific initiation the author had her attention addressed to the anatomy room, seen as an important academic experience on the formation of health professionals. This study had as its objective the understanding of the first contact students of the medical and nursing area have with death in this room. The methodology applied was the phenomenological investigation. Reports from students were obtained when these were taking the anatomy course. The data analyzed evidenced that the main concern to students was to learn about the anatomical parts of the body, seen as fragments of a biological body, in detriment of a global view on the human body. In that sense, many relegate the feelings of fear and sadness, adapting quickly in view of scientific and technical refinement. The study attempts for the need of using this academic space for discussions on death in order to have a more humanitarian health assistance.

[Death in the hospital--cardiac resuscitation teams]

The author investigated the meaning of the daily work with the death on the perspective of the professionals that integrate a team of heart and lung revival from a university hospital. To belong to this team implies somehow, to live together with the death with an explicit objective of reverting it. The literature evidences the concern of several authors with these professionals, considering their tendency of weariness. The study was developed according to the methodology of phenomenological investigation and was carried out through recorded interviews with all members of the referred team. The analyzed data allowed authors to evidence that the professionals perceive the work on a functionalist perspective, where the time is revealed as a decisive factor against death; it is a work permeated by the success/failure and difficulties; it generates a posture of omnipotence/impotence and requires a confrontation. They also evidenced waste, feelings of impotence and of failure when the reanimation is not possible. They still reinforce the concern about daily exhausting work and the advise for schools and institutions of health to develop channels for the evaluation of weariness and for the new valuation of the health professionals role.

[The meaning of living with chronic renal failure]

This study is part integrant of result of my inquietude in relationship to the ill person with renal chronic illness, subject of my dissertation. For that, I used qualitative research phenomenological modality, that allowed me to understand the ill and to answer my interrogation: What is to be a renal chronically ill person? The analysis of descriptions revealed the look of the renal chronically ill in relationship with the disease, treatment and the possibility of cure. However in this study I emphasize the meaning to live with chronic renal failure.

O significado do trabalho em funerárias sob a perspectiva do trabalhador

A proposta do presente estudo foi buscar a essência do significado do trabalho em funerária, sob a perspectiva do trabalhador. Utilizando o referencial teórico-metodológico da fenomenologia foi possível, através da análise dos depoimentos dos trabalhadores, desvelar facetas que integram a essência do exercício de sua profissão. Os trabalhadores são conscientes do constrangimento e desconforto gerado pelo seu trabalho às pessoas de sua família e sociedade. Tal trabalho se mostra a eles como preocupante na medida em que os expõem à riscos de saúde e penoso, dado o lidar com o corpo humano afetado em sua integridade. Os resultados constituem-se em subsídios relevantes para a saúde do trabalhador.

[Phenomenology and nursing: reflections]

The project is about phenomenology and its elements. It points out the essential ideas of existential phenomenology interpreted by Maurice Merleau-Ponty's ideas and tries to connect this philosophy to nursing world.

[Experience of women in labor. Nurses' observations]

This study emerged from my own experience in Obstetric Nursing and my living in Obstetrics. I searched for comprehending the real meaning of delivery labor experiences as a situated phenomenon. It is a qualitative research with phenomenological approach. The lying-in women were the witnesses through the question: 'What was your daily experience in the pre-delivery room like?' Through analysis and hermeneutics of speeches, I have used the knowledge of Matin Heidegger's philosophical-theoretical referential. Thus, I managed to clarify that the parturient is fearful when left by herself in her experience, showing surprise for the labor of delivery is singular, noting down the pain as a possibility of the existential limit, being open to help and noticing the impersonality of care provided. With this watchful sense, I approached the comprehension of a lying-in woman as a being-in-a-world-with-health-professionals. This discovery indicated the possibility of new ways of caring in Obstetrics.

[The mother figure of children with malformations. A phenomenological study]

The theme of this research refers to children suffering congenital malformation through an analysis of their mothers' reactions in dealing with such a situation. It deals with a descriptive study along the qualitative line through the phenomenological approach. In order to attain that purpose, interviews were made and data collected. The analysis was built under the view of meaning, the orientation of those mothers, i.e. the outlook of the world from their perspective, which was tracked from the meanings (units of meaning) to actual sense based on the philosophical insight of Dr. Martin Heidegger, aiming at characterizing the mother-being in her daily life.

[Phenomenology: an alternative to nursing-research]

One of the methodological ways that can be used in research is phenomenology, that originated as a movement inside philosophy, being also applied in human sciences. In nursing, the application of phenomenology also represented a search for a methodological alternative in research. The proposal of this work is to contribute with some theoretical subsidies to the comprehension of phenomenological referentials. Initially this work presents some basic ideas of the phenomenology, as a philosophical branch, treating it as a methodological alternative in research, and approaching its utilization by nurses, as a methodology of investigation.

A morte no hospital e seu significado para os profissionais

O presente estudo pretende desvelar o significado do morrer dos pacientes aos olhos de profissionais de saúde. Para tanto, recorremos à metodologia qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica que permite a compreensão do fenômeno a partir das falas dos profissionais de saúde. Os depoimentos foram coletados na Clínica Médica e de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, no Rio de Janeiro. A análise das convergências possibilitam a identificação de algumas unidades de significação que podem servir como facilitadores para os profissionais no enfrentamento do morrer dos pacientes.

Estar: com os pais em seu vivenciar a doença do filho - uma perspectiva fenomenológica

Nesse estudo propusemo-nos a des-velar facetas do significado de vivenciar a situação de doença grave de um filho, aos olhos de seus pais. Dada a natureza desse objetivo de estudo optamos pela metodologia de investigação fenomenológica que permite o acesso a esses pais no seu ver e sentir o cuidado com o filho gravemente enfermo. Coletamos depoimentos de pais que estão vivenciando essa situação e que se dirigiam a um Ambulatório Regional Especializado (SUDS) para buscar uma guia que concedesse o tratamento quimioterápico para seus filhos. A análise de suas falas, segundo os passos da metodologia fenomenológica, possibilitou o des-velamento de facetas que expressam a essência desse experienciar e que abre caminhos para nortear a assistência de enfermagem que contemple a complexidade da situação desses pais no seu estar-com o filho doente.