Estupro e gravidez de meninas de até 13 anos no Brasil: características e implicações na saúde gestacional, parto e nascimento

The associations between childhood maltreatment and pregnancy complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Childhood maltreatment is associated with pregnancy complications. This study aimed to systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the strength of the associations between maternal histories of childhood maltreatment and the risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes.

METHODS

Subject Headings and keywords for childhood maltreatment and the pregnancy outcomes were searched in MEDLINE (Ovid; 1946-Present), PsycINFO (Ovid; 1806-Present), and Web of Science Core Collection. Original studies or dissertations that reported quantitative associations between childhood maltreatment and any of the pregnancy outcomes of interest were included. Two independent reviewers selected the pertinent studies, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data. Pooled effect sizes were calculated for the three outcomes.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight studies were reviewed and 22 were meta-analysed. Maternal childhood maltreatment was associated with preterm birth (OR = 1.27 95% CI: 1.06-1.52, p = 0.001), low birth weight (OR = 1.42 95% CI: 1.10-1.83, p = 0.001), and gestational diabetes (RR = 1.37 95% CI: 1.02-1.83, p = 0.030), however high levels of heterogeneity were found. Findings were insignificant for studies examining gestational age and birth weight as continuous variables.

DISCUSSION

Findings confirm that under certain conditions, childhood maltreatment is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Future research should prioritize mediation and moderation models to clarify the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Trauma-informed care is needed to tailor the appropriate care for expecting mothers.

Casamento infantil no Brasil: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar crianças e adolescentes que vivem em situação de casamento infantil utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. Estimou-se a prevalência de casamento infantil (de menores de 18 anos) de acordo com variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de saúde, de acordo com três categorias de idade (10-13; 14-15; 16-17 anos). Razões de prevalências (RP) foram estimadas por meio de regressão de Poisson. A prevalência geral de casamento infantil foi de 3,9% (n = 1.168); 254 (1,8%) apresentavam menos de 14 anos, 285 (3,8%) tinham entre 14 ou 15 anos e 629 (8,1%) de 16 a 17 anos. A maior probabilidade do evento foi observada no sexo feminino, nas faixas etárias 14 a 15 e 16 a 17 anos. Assim como nas crianças e adolescentes que não possuíam vínculo escolar (observada em todas as faixas etárias). Já os indivíduos que moravam junto de quatro pessoas tiveram menor probabilidade de estar em um casamento infantil nas faixas etárias de 14 a 15 e 16 a 17 anos, em relação aos que moravam com uma a duas pessoas. Este estudo discute as implicações dos achados para a prevenção do casamento infantil, focando nas desigualdades de gênero e no acesso a educação e serviços de saúde.

The invisible magnitude of the rape of girls in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

Compare official data on notifications of sexual violence against girls aged 10 to 13 years with data on pregnancy for the same age group between 2012 and 2018.

METHODS

This is an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study with data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) on violence against and pregnancy of girls aged 10 to 13 years from 2012 to 2018. Data on sexual violence were accessed in the Health Information System (SINAN); on pregnancy, in the Live Births Information System (SINASC), on fetal deaths, in the Mortality Information System (SIM), and on abortions, in the Hospital Admission System (SIH).

RESULTS

Between 2012 and 2018, out of 136,387 pregnancies, there were 120,185 live births and 15,402 interrupted pregnancies by abortions or fetal deaths of mothers who became pregnant aged 13 years or younger. In the same period, SINAN received 46,548 notifications of sexual abuse against girls aged 10 to 13 years. The number of girls who became pregnant before the age of 14, victims of statutory rape, was 2.9 times higher than the number of cases notified to SINAN.

CONCLUSION

The lack of adequate notification of statutory rapes in Brazilian official statistics leads to the underestimation of its magnitude.

Increase in fertility rate before the age of 14 in Brazil from 1996 to 2018

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess live birth frequency and age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) in the period 1996-2018 and the number of pregnancies at <14 years old in the period 2012-2018.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study conducted by search on Live Births Data System (SINASC/DATASUS) database.

RESULTS

There was a variation in ASFR in Brazil of 0.78‰ in 1996 to 0.87‰ in 2018 (+11.5%). In the north region, it increased from 1.28‰ to 1.66‰ in 2018. In the northeast region, it increased from 0.72‰ to 1.66‰ (+131%) in 1996-2011, but decreased to 1.31‰ in 2018 (-21% in relation to 2011). When comparing 1996 and 2018, in the southeast region, there was a 22% decrease; in the south region, it was 48.2%; and in the Center-West region, it was 34%; but in the north region, there was a 29.7% increase, and in the northeast region, it was 81.9%. When adding girls who became pregnant aged 13 years and gave birth at 14, there was a threefold increase in the rate.

CONCLUSIONS

The increase of pregnancies in <14 years old in less developed regions of Brazil shows an association with socioeconomic factors and reveals the severe problem of rape of vulnerable persons in the country.

Sexual violence against women in the Western Amazon

OBJECTIVE:

To characterize sexual violence cases suffered by women notified by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) in the city of Rio Branco (AC - Brazil) from 2011 to 2016.

METHODS:

Descriptive study based on information from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study population consisted on women victims of sexual violence reported in the city of Rio Branco (AC), from 2011 to 2016.

RESULTS:

The results show a higher number of notifications during 2012, especially among single, brown, and aged between 10 and 14 years victims; usually they have 5 to 8 years of schooling. Normally violence occurred in residences and by a single aggressor, male and non-alcoholic.

DISCUSSION:

The large number of notifications of pregnant women aged 10 to 14 years corresponds to the compulsory notification of rape of a vulnerable person, identified at the time of prenatal care or childbirth.

CONCLUSION:

We confirm the susceptibility to sexual violence of young women in Rio Branco, raising the issue of child marriage and teenage pregnancy.

Presumption of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: vulnerability of pregnancy before 14 years

OBJECTIVES

to investigate the presumption of sexual abuse through the records of live births with mothers up to 13 years of age.

METHODS

this is a quantitative study, with an ecological design, carried out in Maceió, with data from the Brazilian Live Birth Information System from 2009 to 2017, based on Law 12,015/2009, on sexual crimes against the vulnerable, applying the presumption of violence in children under 14 years old.

RESULTS

nine hundred fifty-three births of children with mothers aged 10 to 13 years were recorded; 1.3% were reported as victims of sexual abuse; 20.3% declared to be married or living in a stable relationship. Records were concentrated in 04 neighborhoods, Guaxuma, Benedito Bentes, Tabuleiro do Martins, and Jacintinho.

CONCLUSIONS

there was a prevalence of pregnancy and marriage in girls under 14 years of age and scarcity of reporting presumed sexual abuse by health professionals.

Violence against adolescents: analysis of health sector notifications, Brazil, 2011-2017

INTRODUCTION

Violence experienced in adolescence results in serious damage and suffering to society. This study aims to characterize the profile of violence victims and likely perpetrators of violence against adolescents, as well as to describe the percentage of notifying municipalities according to the federation unit.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study conducted with data on notification of violence against adolescents from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, from 2011 to 2017. The chi-square test was used to assess the statistical significance of the differences between the proportions in the comparison between genders. Proportion ratios for the most frequent types of violence were estimated according to selected variables.

RESULTS

The notifications came from 75.4% of all the Brazilian municipalities. Physical violence predominated among males, aged 15-19 years. Psychological violence was predominant among females, between 10 and 14 years old, when perpetrated repeatedly at home by family aggressors. Sexual violence prevailed among females, aged 10 to 14 years old, in the indigenous, black and yellow races/colors, when perpetrated repeatedly at home. Negligence was more common among males, between 10 and 14 years old, when perpetrated repeatedly by family aggressors.

CONCLUSIONS

Sexual violence occurred predominantly against females and generated significant negative impacts on mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health. Community violence, perpetrated with sharp objects and firearms, were prominent among males and are important risk factors for male over-mortality. Because the problems are complex, addressing them requires intersectoral actions.

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva - 25 years: contributions to pregnancy, delivery, and childhood studies

We reviewed the scientific production on maternal health and the health of children under ten years of age, published in Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva during the last 25 years, focusing on quantitative studies. The authors' characteristics, populations under study, thematic areas, and methodology are described. A total of 170 publications were identified and grouped into 12 major themes. Pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium were the subject of 47 studies, followed by child anthropometric assessments (29), breastfeeding (24), and mortality (13). The selected publications represented 3.5% of the total original papers published by the Journal since its creation in 1996 and about 5% of the publications in the 2015-2020 period. The primary data sources were health service records, information systems, and population surveys. The cross-sectional design was used in 113 of the 170 articles, and 70% covered only one municipality. The Southeast and Northeast Regions of Brazil were the target of most studies, and the North Region was the least represented. The publications reflect the complexity of maternal and child health themes, with a particular focus on the importance of the Unified Health System and showing how open access data can contribute to public health research.

Feasibility of the Strengthening Families Program for Brazilian Families: A Mixed Method Study

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility (limited effectiveness, acceptability and practicality) of the Strengthening Families Program, a universal preventive intervention, for Brazilian families. A pre-experimental study was carried out, with pre-test, post-test, 6- and 10-12-month follow-ups. 74 adolescents and their parents participated. Scales on academic, parenting, and health outcomes were applied to adolescents at the four assessment times. Direct observation of implementation fidelity and families engagement in the intervention and telephone interviews with facilitators were used to investigate acceptability and practicality. The results show significant increase in parental supervision and learning self-efficacy. High levels of fidelity and parent/guardian engagement as well as moderate levels of adolescent engagement were found. The facilitators found the intervention had acceptable goals, but procedures excessively structured and unsuitable for families with low educational level. Practical implications are discussed.