Surgical techniques for maxillary bone grafting - literature review

A neoteric procedure for alveolar ridge preservation using autogenous fresh mineralized tooth graft prepared at chair side

Background

Alveolar bone loss can occur as a result of aggressive maneuvering due to iatrogenic trauma during teeth extraction or due to normal post-extraction socket healing. Tooth if used as a whole grafting material then successful osteoconductive remodeling can be expected because low-crystalline apatite is the main minerals in bone tissue. A study was conducted in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery focused on the potential for osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis by growth factors in the tooth and related histogenesis between the tooth and bone. Radiographic evaluation of alveolar ridge preservation was performed using a 3D imaging technique as well as histologically using Autogenous fresh mineralized tooth graft prepared at the chairside.

Results

A total of 30 patients were included in the study. The data was subjected to statistical analysis and the comparison of quantitative data was done using paired t-test.

Conclusion

The outcome of this study suggests that chair side autogenous tooth graft can be used for socket survival, sinus and ridge augmentation as it is less time consuming, easy to prepare, with lower bone resorption speed, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, osteogenetic properties, and excellent primary implant stability.

Reconstruction and Implant-Supported Rehabilitation of an Iatrogenically Caused Maxillary Alveolar Defect

Defects of the oral and maxillofacial region may arise from several reasons such as trauma, infection, cyst, tumor, medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw, and misuse of some irritant agents. For reconstruction, autogenous grafts remain the gold standard among the alternatives. In our case, a 42-year-old woman referred to our clinic for implant-supported fixed bridge rehabilitation of her edentulous and defected left 2nd premolar and 1st molar region. In examinations, devitalizing agent-dependent large defect was observed. Anterior iliac crest (AIC) grafting technique was preferred for reconstruction. Consecutively, 16-week bone healing and 3-month implant osseointegration periods were uneventful. After fabrication of the implant-supported fixed bridge, the patient was followed up for 2.5 years with no signs of bone resorption, gingival inflammation, and pain. AIC grafting and implant-borne fixed bridges seem stable and satisfactory methods for large maxillofacial defects.

In-Site Monocyte Implantation in Bone Grafting for Maxillary Atrophy Reconstruction: A Preliminary Observational Proof of Concept Study

PURPOSE

The main objective of this study, involving 11 patients, is to share our experience on an integrated treatment modality, namely, the use of cellular therapy simultaneously with surgical reconstruction. Published works show that the implantation of monocytes in ischemic tissue enhances healing by providing neo-angiogenesis, a key mechanism in tissue regenerative processes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our approach included the utilization of autologous monocytes and endothelial precursor cells in the bone graft itself to improve the success rate of the integration of the bone graft and its long-term viability/survival by promoting angiogenesis. We compared the standard regenerative procedures, namely sinus lift grafting performed with xenogeneic particle bone graft and posterior mandible grafting performed with on-lay or in-lay autologous cortical/medullary bone-block graft harvested from the iliac crest, with and without the use of cellular implementation. We evaluated results by both radiological and histological assessment.

RESULTS

Autologous cortical/medullary bone-block graft had a different response to implementation with monocytes, showing a better osteointegration than expected conversely to the xenogeneic particle bone graft.

CONCLUSIONS

Monocytes seem to improve autologous bone-block graft according to the "Therapeutic Angiogenesis" concept. Implementation with monocytes does not always improve xenogeneic particle bone graft.

Dental Implantation of Atrophic Jaws Reconstructed with Iliac Bone Graft Crest - Outcome of Seven Cases

BACKGROUND:

Iliac bone grafts are used to augment alveolar ridges followed by subsequent dental implants in completely edentulous patients. In Albania the information about these issues is scarce.

AIM:

To describe the procedure of iliac bone grafts augmentation of alveolar ridges and evaluate the survival rate of dental implants in completely edentulous patients in Albania.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

Seven totally edentulous patients (three males, average age 45.9 years) presenting at Durrës Regional Hospital during 2008-2015 and seeking a solution to their problem through implantation procedures were included in the study. Patients were thoroughly examined, evaluated and the best augmentation procedure, using iliac crest bone grafts, and dental implantation technique was chosen. The number of dental implants placed was recorded and their survival rate was calculated.

RESULTS:

The most common intervention site was maxillae (in 71.4% of cases). Dental implants were installed six months after augmentation, all fixed on the very stable augmented alveolar ridge. On average between 20%-30% of bone grafts, volume was resorbed. Of 37 implants settled, 36 of them or 97.3% survived.

CONCLUSION:

Iliac bone grafts are a suitable augmentation source of bone in a patient suffering from complete edentulism in Albania. The survival rate of dental implants is very satisfactory.

Dentoalveolar reconstruction: modern approaches

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

A variety of bone grafting materials is available to facilitate the augmentation of defective alveolar ridges. This review evaluates current literature regarding bone grafting materials with emphasis on autologous and allogeneic bone block augmentation.

RECENT FINDINGS

Autogenous bone is a reliable grafting material providing predictable long-term results with high implant survival/success rates and low morbidity rates. The resorption properties of the iliac crest are well known and are compared with calvarial grafts more prominent. Recent studies demonstrated surgical techniques to prevent graft resorption after iliac crest grafting. Allogeneic block graft and implant survival rates appear promising in short-term clinical studies.

SUMMARY

At this stage, iliac crest remains the gold standard in large alveolar bone defects. Autogenous material is not a panacea; however, none of the available materials can currently surpass it. Rather, each material has its specific advantage for certain indications. Evident long-term studies of allogeneic bone grafting are lacking. Detected cells in allogeneic bone substitute material are positive for major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. Despite the promising clinical results achieved with allogeneic bone grafts, the current literature lacks sufficient data on antigenicity.