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Caputo I, Bertoldi G, Driussi G, Cacciapuoti M, Calò LA. The RAAS Goodfellas in Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6873. [PMID: 37959338 PMCID: PMC10649249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has revealed a counterregulatory protective axis. This protective arm is characterized by ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR and Ang 1-9 that largely counteracts the classic arm of the RAAS mediated by ACE/Ang II/AT1R/aldosterone and plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiovascular remodeling. A growing body of evidence suggests that enhancement of this counterregulatory arm of RAAS represents an important therapeutic approach to facing cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we provide an overview of the beneficial effects of ACE2, Ang 1-7/MasR, and Ang 1-9 in the context of oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (I.C.); (G.B.); (G.D.); (M.C.)
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Chamata Y, Jackson KG, Watson KA, Jauregi P. Whey-Derived Peptides at the Heart of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11662. [PMID: 34769093 PMCID: PMC8584039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key regulator of blood pressure and hypertension. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) are two main components of the RAS that play a major role in blood pressure homeostasis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses ACE2 as a receptor to enter cells. Despite some controversies, numerous studies have reported a significant association between the use of ACE inhibitors and reduced risk of COVID-19. In our previous studies, we produced and identified peptide sequences present in whey hydrolysates exhibiting high ACE inhibitory activity. Therefore, the aim of this work is to obtain an improved understanding of the function of these natural peptides as RAS inhibitors and investigate their potential therapeutic role in the COVID-19 pandemic. The molecular interactions between peptides IPP, LIVTQ, IIAE, LVYPFP, and human ACE2 were assessed by employing a molecular docking approach. The results show that natural whey-derived peptides have a dual inhibitory action against both ACE and ACE2. This dual activity distinguishes these ACE inhibitory peptides from synthetic drugs, such as Captopril and Lisinopril which were not shown to inhibit ACE2 activity, and may represent a potential strategy in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Chamata
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
| | - Kimberly A. Watson
- Health and Life Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK;
| | - Paula Jauregi
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
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Antioxidant Solution in Combination with Angiotensin-(1-7) Provides Myocardial Protection in Langendorff-Perfused Rat Hearts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2862631. [PMID: 32802261 PMCID: PMC7415103 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2862631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As progressive organ shortage in cardiac transplantation demands extension of donor criteria, effort is needed to optimize graft survival. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, generated during organ procurement, transplantation, and reperfusion, contribute to acute and late graft dysfunction. The combined application of diverse substances acting via different molecular pathways appears to be a reasonable approach to face the complex mechanism of ischemia reperfusion injury. Thus, an antioxidant solution containing α-ketoglutaric acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, N-acetyl-L-methionine, and N-acetyl-selenium-L-methionine was combined with endogenous angiotensin-(1-7). Its capacity of myocardial protection was investigated in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts subjected to warm and cold ischemia. The physiological cardiac parameters were assessed throughout the experiments. Effects were evaluated via determination of the oxidative stress parameters malondialdehyde and carbonyl proteins as well as immunohistochemical and ultrastructural tissue analyses. It was shown that a combination of 20% (v/v) antioxidant solution and 220 pM angiotensin-(1-7) led to the best results with a preservation of heart tissue against oxidative stress and morphological alteration. Additionally, immediate cardiac recovery (after warm ischemia) and normal physiological performance (after cold ischemia) were recorded. Overall, the results of this study indicate substantial cardioprotection of the novel combination with promising prospective for future clinical use.
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Russ M, Jauk S, Wintersteiger R, Andrä M, Brcic I, Ortner A. Investigation of antioxidative effects of a cardioprotective solution in heart tissue. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:73-80. [PMID: 31342300 PMCID: PMC6790185 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A multi-component solution, containing α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), N-acetyl-seleno-L-methionine (NASeLM), and N-acetyl-L-methionine (NALM) as active ingredients, has been tested considering its supposed antioxidative effect with respect to heart transplantations. Oxidative stress was induced on isolated rat hearts through occlusion of a coronary artery and in chicken heart tissue through hydrogen peroxide. Both heart types were analyzed and the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl proteins (CPs) were determined via HPLC/UV-Vis. In both approaches, it was found that treatment with the multi-component solution led to a lower amount of MDA and CPs compared to a negative control treated with Krebs-Ringer solution (KRS). Further investigation on chicken heart tissue identified α-KG as antioxidative component in these experiments. However, numerous factors like arrhythmia, vessel dilatation, and minimization of oxidative stress effects play an important role for successful transplantation. Therefore, the investigated multi-component solution might be a novel approach against oxidative stress situations, for example at ischemia reperfusion injury during heart transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Russ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Jauk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Wintersteiger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Andrä
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Iva Brcic
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Ortner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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6
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Kittana N. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-Angiotensin 1-7/1-9 system: novel promising targets for heart failure treatment. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:14-25. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naim Kittana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; An-Najah National University; New Campus, Pharmacy Building, 2nd Floor, Akademia Street, PO Box: 7 Nablus West-Bank Palestine
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Lopes PR, Moreira MCS, Marques SM, Pinto ISJ, Macedo LM, Silva CC, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Rebelo ACS, Reis AAS, Rosa DA, Ferreira-Neto ML, Castro CH, Pedrino GR. Association of exercise training and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activator improves baroreflex sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5349. [PMID: 27533767 PMCID: PMC4988479 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine cardiovascular effects of aerobic training associated with diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an activator of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male SHRs (280–350 g) were either subjected to exercise training or not (sedentary group). The trained group was subjected to 8 weeks of aerobic training on a treadmill (five times a week, lasting 60 min at an intensity of 50–60% of maximum aerobic speed). In the last 15 days of the experimental protocol, these groups were redistributed into four groups: i) sedentary SHRs with daily treatment of 1 mg/kg DIZE (S+D1); ii) trained SHRs with daily treatment of 1 mg/kg DIZE (T+D1); iii) sedentary SHRs with daily treatment of vehicle (S+V); and iv) trained SHRs with daily treatment of vehicle (T+V). After treatment, SHRs were anesthetized and subjected to artery and femoral vein cannulation prior to the implantation of ECG electrode. After 24 h, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded; the baroreflex sensitivity and the effect of double autonomic blockade (DAB) were evaluated in non-anesthetized SHRs. DIZE treatment improved baroreflex sensitivity in the T+D1 group as compared with the T+V and S+D1 groups. The intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and MAP were reduced in T+D1 group as compared with T+V and S+D1 groups. Hence, we conclude that the association of exercise training with DIZE treatment improved baroreflex function and cardiovascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Lopes
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - M C S Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - S M Marques
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - I S J Pinto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - L M Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - C C Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - A H Freiria-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - A C S Rebelo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - A A S Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - D A Rosa
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - M L Ferreira-Neto
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - C H Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - G R Pedrino
- Centro de Pesquisas em Neurociência e Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Cardioprotective effects of diminazene aceturate in pressure-overloaded rat hearts. Life Sci 2016; 155:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abwainy A, Babiker F, Akhtar S, Benter IF. Endogenous angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor/NO pathway mediates the cardioprotective effects of pacing postconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H104-12. [PMID: 26519026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00121.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the ANG-(1-7) receptor (Mas) and nitric oxide (NO) in pacing postconditiong (PPC)-mediated cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiac contractility and hemodynamics were assessed using a modified Langendorff system, cardiac damage was assessed by measuring infarct size and creatinine kinase levels, and levels of phosphorylated and total endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were determined by Western blot analysis. Isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia, produced by fixed position ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 30 min of reperfusion (n = 6). Hearts were also subjected to PPC (three cycles of 30 s of left ventricular pacing alternated with 30 s of right atrial pacing) and/or treated during reperfusion with ANG-(1-7), N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, or the Mas antagonist (d-Ala7)-ANG I/II (1-7). The PPC-mediated improvement in cardiac contractility and hemodyanamics, cardiac damage, and eNOS phosphorylation were significantly attenuated upon treatment with (d-Ala7)-ANG I/II (1-7) or N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Treatment with ANG-(1-7) improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size and creatinine kinase levels; however, the effects of ANG-(1-7) were not additive with PPC. In conclusion, these data provide novel insights into the cardioprotective mechanisms of PPC in that they involve the Mas receptor and eNOS and further suggest a potential therapeutic role for ANG-(1-7) in cardiac ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'a Abwainy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Fawzi Babiker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait;
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait; and
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
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Ang-(1-7) offers cytoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury by restoring intracellular calcium homeostasis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:259-64. [PMID: 24193198 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] offers protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction, which are related to disturbances of intracellular calcium homeostasis. However, whether or not Ang-(1-7) regulates intracellular calcium in I/R is not clear. To shed light on this issue, we carried out studies with a cellular model of simulated I/R in isolated rat ventricular myocytes and measured calcium transients using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Our results showed that Ang-(1-7) had no effects on the calcium transient in myocytes superfused with normal solution; however, in myocytes of simulated I/R, Ang-(1-7) significantly attenuated the increased diastolic intracellular Ca during reperfusion, restored the decreased peak Ca of calcium transient during ischemia, and reversed the decreased amplitude of calcium transient throughout the I/R periods. Additionally, Ang-(1-7) significantly suppressed the reactive oxygen species production in I/R, especially during the ischemic phase. These data indicated that Ang-(1-7) affords significant cytoprotective effects through directly improving calcium homeostasis independent of its anti-oxidative action. Most notably, the effects of Ang-(1-7) on intracellular Ca dynamics manifests only in the diseased states, that is, I/R. This unique property suggests that upregulation of Ang-(1-7) expression and/or activation of the Ang-(1-7)/Mas signaling cascade is a highly desirable strategy for the treatment of myocardial impairment induced by I/R.
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Yang HY, Bian YF, Zhang HP, Gao F, Xiao CS, Liang B, Li J, Zhang NN, Yang ZM. Angiotensin-(1-7) treatment ameliorates angiotensin II-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 39:1004-10. [PMID: 23030315 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), a metabolite of AngI and AngII, is a counter-regulatory mediator of AngII. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) on AngII-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To this end, HUVEC were pretreated with 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) or 10(-6) mol/L Ang-(1-7) at for 30 min before being stimulated with 10(-6) mol/L Ang-II for another 24 h. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide and propidium iodide staining were used to analyse the effects of Ang-(1-7) on AngII-induced apoptosis. Alone, 10(-6) mol/L Ang-(1-7) had no effect on the apoptosis of HUVEC following exposure of cells for 30 min, whereas AngII (10(-6) mol/L, 24 h) significantly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0.01). The AngII-induced apoptosis of HUVEC was suppressed by 10(-9)-10(-6) mol/L Ang-(1-7). The anti-apoptotic effects of Ang-(1-7) were almost completely abolished by A-779 (10(-6) mol/L, 30 min), a specific Mas receptor antagonist. In addition, Ang-(1-7) inhibited AngII-induced accumulation of cleaved caspase 3 and enhanced the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Angiotensin II upregulated the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which is involved in endothelial apoptosis, at both the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was blocked by Ang-(1-7) in a concentration-dependent manner, although A-779 almost completely reversed Ang-(1-7)-mediated inhibition of AngII-induced upregulation of LOX-1. Silencing of LOX-1 using short interference RNA enhanced the protective effects of Ang-(1-7) against AngII-induced apoptosis in HUVEC. Together, the results suggest that Ang-(1-7) ameliorates AngII-induced apoptosis of HUVEC at least in part by suppressing LOX-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Flores-Monroy J, Ferrario CM, Valencia-Hernández I, Hernández-Campos ME, Martínez-Aguilar L. Comparative Effects of a Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor versus Captopril on Plasma Angiotensins after Myocardial Infarction. Pharmacology 2014; 94:21-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000365093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Botelho-Santos GA, Bader M, Alenina N, Santos RAS. Altered regional blood flow distribution in Mas-deficient mice. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 6:201-11. [PMID: 23045193 DOI: 10.1177/1753944712461164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that the acute infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] or chronic increase in plasma Ang-(1-7) produces important changes in regional blood flow in rats. METHODS To further assess whether these changes are related to Mas, in this study hemodynamic measurements were performed in Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas knockout C57BL/6 (Mas-KO) mice and age-matched wild type (WT) control mice, using fluorescent microspheres. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure in urethane-anesthetized Mas-KO mice (12-16 weeks old) did not differ from that in WT mice (79 ± 2 and 80 ± 2 mmHg respectively). However, pronounced differences were observed in other hemodynamic measurements. Mas-KO mice exhibited a significant decrease in stroke volume (0.03 ± 0.01 versus 0.05 ± 0.01 ml/beat in WT) and decreased cardiac index (0.81 ± 0.08 versus 1.24 ± 0.24 ml/min/g in WT). Strikingly, Mas-KO mice exhibited a marked increase in vascular resistance and a decrease in blood flow in the kidney, lung, adrenal gland, mesentery, spleen and brown fat tissue. The decrease in blood flow ranged from 34% (spleen) to 55% (brown fat tissue). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis plays an important role in regional and systemic hemodynamic adjustments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla Aparecida Botelho-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBUFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Santos RAS, Ferreira AJ, Verano-Braga T, Bader M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: new players of the renin-angiotensin system. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:R1-R17. [PMID: 23092879 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is now recognized as a biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang-(1-7) appears to play a central role in the RAS because it exerts a vast array of actions, many of them opposite to those attributed to the main effector peptide of the RAS, Ang II. The discovery of the Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog ACE2 brought to light an important metabolic pathway responsible for Ang-(1-7) synthesis. This enzyme can form Ang-(1-7) from Ang II or less efficiently through hydrolysis of Ang I to Ang-(1-9) with subsequent Ang-(1-7) formation by ACE. In addition, it is now well established that the G protein-coupled receptor Mas is a functional binding site for Ang-(1-7). Thus, the axis formed by ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas appears to represent an endogenous counterregulatory pathway within the RAS, the actions of which are in opposition to the vasoconstrictor/proliferative arm of the RAS consisting of ACE, Ang II, and AT(1) receptor. In this brief review, we will discuss recent findings related to the biological role of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas arm in the cardiovascular and renal systems, as well as in metabolism. In addition, we will highlight the potential interactions of Ang-(1-7) and Mas with AT(1) and AT(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson A S Santos
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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15
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Wang K, Hu X, Du C, Tu S, Zhang F, Xie X. Angiotensin-(1-7) suppresses the number and function of the circulating fibrocytes by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:19-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Garg M, Angus PW, Burrell LM, Herath C, Gibson PR, Lubel JS. Review article: the pathophysiological roles of the renin-angiotensin system in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:414-28. [PMID: 22221317 PMCID: PMC7159631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a homeostatic pathway widely known to regulate cardiovascular and renal physiology; however, little is known about its influence in gastrointestinal tissues. AIM To elicit the anatomical distribution and physiological significance of the components of the RAS in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS An extensive online literature review including Pubmed and Medline. RESULTS There is evidence for RAS involvement in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology, with all the components required for autonomous regulation identified throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The RAS is implicated in the regulation of glucose, amino acid, fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion, motility, inflammation, blood flow and possibly malignant disease within the gastrointestinal tract. Animal studies investigating the effects of RAS blockade in a range of conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, functional gut disorders, gastrointestinal malignancy and even intestinal ischaemia have been encouraging to date. Given the ready availability of drugs that modify the RAS and their excellent safety profile, an opportunity exists for investigation of their possible therapeutic role in a variety of human gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSIONS The gastrointestinal renin-angiotensin system appears to be intricately involved in a number of physiological processes, and provides a possible target for novel investigative and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
| | - P. W. Angus
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia,Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant UnitAustin HospitalVic., Australia
| | - L. M. Burrell
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia
| | - C. Herath
- Department of MedicineMelbourne UniversityVic., Australia
| | - P. R. Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
| | - J. S. Lubel
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyEastern HealthVic., Australia,Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant UnitAustin HospitalVic., Australia,Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityVic., Australia
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17
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New cardiovascular and pulmonary therapeutic strategies based on the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mas receptor axis. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:147825. [PMID: 22319643 PMCID: PMC3272817 DOI: 10.1155/2012/147825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) is now recognized as a biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme homologue ACE2 revealed important metabolic pathways involved in the Ang-(1–7) synthesis. This enzyme can form Ang-(1–7) from Ang II or less efficiently through hydrolysis of Ang I to Ang-(1–9) with subsequent Ang-(1–7) formation. Additionally, it is well established that the G protein-coupled receptor Mas is a functional ligand site for Ang-(1–7). The axis formed by ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas represents an endogenous counter regulatory pathway within the RAS whose actions are opposite to the vasoconstrictor/proliferative arm of the RAS constituted by ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor. In this review we will discuss recent findings concerning the biological role of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas arm in the cardiovascular and pulmonary system. Also, we will highlight the initiatives to develop potential therapeutic strategies based on this axis.
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18
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Gembardt F, van Veghel R, Coffman TM, Schultheiss HP, Danser AHJ, Walther T. Hemodynamic effects of vasorelaxant compounds in mice lacking one, two or all three angiotensin II receptors. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:547-51. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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McCollum LT, Gallagher PE, Ann Tallant E. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling associated with upregulation of dual-specificity phosphatase 1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H801-10. [PMID: 22140049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00908.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypertension induces cardiac remodeling, including left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, through a combination of both hemodynamic and humoral factors. In previous studies, we showed that the heptapeptide ANG-(1-7) prevented mitogen-stimulated growth of cardiac myocytes in vitro, through a reduction in the activity of the MAPKs ERK1 and ERK2. In this study, saline- or ANG II-infused rats were treated with ANG-(1-7) to determine whether the heptapeptide reduces myocyte hypertrophy in vivo and to identify the signaling pathways involved in the process. ANG II infusion into normotensive rats elevated systolic blood pressure >50 mmHg, in association with increased myocyte cross-sectional area, ventricular atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA, and ventricular brain natriuretric peptide mRNA. Although infusion with ANG-(1-7) had no effect on the ANG II-stimulated elevation in blood pressure, the heptapeptide hormone significantly reduced the ANG II-mediated increase in myocyte cross-sectional area, interstitial fibrosis, and natriuretic peptide mRNAs. ANG II increased phospho-ERK1 and phospho-ERK2, whereas cotreatment with ANG-(1-7) reduced the phosphorylation of both MAPKs. Neither ANG II nor ANG-(1-7) altered the ERK1/2 MAPK kinase MEK1/2. However, ANG-(1-7) infusion, with or without ANG II, increased the MAPK phosphatase dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP)-1; in contrast, treatment with ANG II had no effect on DUSP-1, suggesting that ANG-(1-7) upregulates DUSP-1 to reduce ANG II-stimulated ERK activation. These results indicate that ANG-(1-7) attenuates cardiac remodeling associated with a chronic elevation in blood pressure and upregulation of a MAPK phosphatase and may be cardioprotective in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latronya T McCollum
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA
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20
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Ferreira AJ, Moraes PL, Foureaux G, Andrade AB, Santos RAS, Almeida AP. The angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis is expressed in sinoatrial node cells of rats. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:761-8. [PMID: 21606202 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411411712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors' previous studies have indicated that angiotensin(Ang)-(1-7) protects the heart against reperfusion arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to determine whether a functional angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis is present in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of Wistar rats. SAN cells were identified by Masson's trichrome staining, HCN4 expression, and lack of connexin43 expression. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to detect the expression of ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and Mas in the SAN. To evaluate the role of this axis in the SAN function, atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs) were induced in isolated rat atria perfused with Krebs-Ringer solution (KRS) alone (control) or KRS containing Ang-(1-7). The specific Mas antagonist, A-779, was used to evaluate the role of Mas in the Ang-(1-7) effects. The findings showed that all components of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas branch are present in the SAN of rats. Importantly, it was found that this axis is functional because perfusion of atria with Ang-(1-7) significantly reduced the duration of ATs. Additionally, this anti-arrhythmogenic effect was attenuated by A-779. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, contractile tension, or ±dT/dt. These observations demonstrate that the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis is expressed in SAN cells of rats. They provide the morphological support to the anti-arrhythmogenic effect of Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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21
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Singh K, Singh T, Sharma PL. Beneficial effects of angiotensin (1-7) in diabetic rats with cardiomyopathy. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 5:159-67. [PMID: 21558085 DOI: 10.1177/1753944711409281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effect of angiotensin (1-7), a Mas receptor agonist, and A-779, a Mas receptor antagonist, in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). METHODS Rats treated with a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), developed DC after 8 weeks. The extent of DC was assessed by measuring the left ventricular weight/body weight (LVW/BW) ratio, absolute LVW, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximum change in left ventricular pressure over time (dp/dtmax), minimum change in left ventricular pressure over time (dp/dtmin), left ventricular (LV) protein content, LV collagen content, lipid profile, and serum nitrite/nitrate concentration. Test drug treatment was given from week 4 to week 8. RESULTS Angiotensin (1-7) treatment attenuated DC by significantly increasing LVDP, dp/dtmax, dp/dtmin, serum nitrite/nitrate concentration and significantly decreasing the LVW/BW ratio and LV collagen content. For the first time, this study has documented that endogenous angiotensin (1-7) regulates lipid profile in rats, and that treatment with angiotensin (1-7) significantly attenuates diabetes-induced changes in lipid profile. However, LV protein content and absolute LVW remain unaffected after treatment. CONCLUSION Angiotensin (1-7) significantly attenuates DC in rats because of vasodilatory, antiproliferative and anifibrotic properties but also because of a significant decrease in dyslipidemia, the major culprit for cardiac dysfunctions in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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22
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Marques FD, Ferreira AJ, Sinisterra RDM, Jacoby BA, Sousa FB, Caliari MV, Silva GAB, Melo MB, Nadu AP, Souza LE, Irigoyen MCC, Almeida AP, Santos RAS. An oral formulation of angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardioprotective effects in infarcted and isoproterenol-treated rats. Hypertension 2011; 57:477-83. [PMID: 21282558 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the cardiac effects of a pharmaceutical formulation developed by including angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), in normal, infarcted, and isoproterenol-treated rats. Myocardial infarction was produced by left coronary artery occlusion. Isoproterenol (2 mg/kg, IP) was administered daily for 7 days. Oral administration of HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) started immediately before infarction or associated with the first dose of isoproterenol. After 7 days of treatment, the rats were euthanized, and the Langendorff technique was used to analyze cardiac function. In addition, heart function was chronically (15, 30, 50 days) analyzed by echocardiography. Cardiac sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson trichrome to evaluate cardiac hypertrophy and damage, respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that oral HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) administration significantly increased Ang-(1-7) on plasma whereas with the free peptide it was without effect. Oral administration of HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) (30 μg/kg) significantly reduced the deleterious effects induced by myocardial infarction on systolic and diastolic tension, ±dT/dt, perfusion pressure, and heart rate. Strikingly, a 50% reduction of the infarcted area was observed in HPβCD/Ang-(1-7)-treated rats. Furthermore, HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) attenuated the heart function impairment and cardiac remodeling induced by isoproterenol. In infarcted rats chronically treated with HPβCD/Ang-(1-7), the reduction of ejection fraction and fractional shorting and the increase in systolic and diastolic left ventricular volumes observed in infarcted rats were attenuated. Altogether, these findings further confirm the cardioprotective effects of Ang-(1-7). More importantly, our data indicate that the HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) is a feasible formulation for oral administration of Ang-(1-7), which can be used as a cardioprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fúlvia D Marques
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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23
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Flores-Muñoz M, Smith NJ, Haggerty C, Milligan G, Nicklin SA. Angiotensin1-9 antagonises pro-hypertrophic signalling in cardiomyocytes via the angiotensin type 2 receptor. J Physiol 2010; 589:939-51. [PMID: 21173078 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.203075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure mainly via the actions of angiotensin (Ang)II, generated via angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The ACE homologue ACE2 metabolises AngII to Ang1-7, decreasing AngII and increasing Ang1-7, which counteracts AngII activity via the Mas receptor. However, ACE2 also converts AngI to Ang1-9, a poorly characterised peptide which can be further converted to Ang1-7 via ACE. Ang1-9 stimulates bradykinin release in endothelium and has antihypertrophic actions in the heart, attributed to its being a competitive inhibitor of ACE, leading to decreased AngII, rather than increased Ang1-7. To date no direct receptor-mediated effects of Ang1-9 have been described. To further understand the role of Ang1-9 in RAS function we assessed its action in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in rat neonatal H9c2 and primary adult rabbit left ventricular cardiomyocytes, compared to Ang1-7. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was stimulated with AngII or vasopressin, significantly increasing cell size by approximately 1.2-fold (P < 0.05) as well as stimulating expression of the hypertrophy gene markers atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, β-myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain (2- to 5-fold, P < 0.05). Both Ang1-9 and Ang1-7 were able to block hypertrophy induced by either agonist (control, 186.4 μm; AngII, 232.8 μm; AngII+Ang1-7, 198.3 μm; AngII+Ang1-9, 195.9 μm; P < 0.05). The effects of Ang1-9 were not inhibited by captopril, supporting previous evidence that Ang1-9 acts independently of Ang1-7. Next, we investigated receptor signalling via angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors (AT1R, AT2R) and Mas. The AT1R antagonist losartan blocked AngII-induced, but not vasopressin-induced, hypertrophy. Losartan did not block the antihypertrophic effects of Ang1-9, or Ang1-7 on vasopressin-stimulated cardiomyocytes. The Mas antagonist A779 efficiently blocked the antihypertrophic effects of Ang1-7, without affecting Ang1-9. Furthermore, Ang1-7 activity was also inhibited in the presence of the bradykinin type 2 receptor antagonist HOE140, without affecting Ang1-9. Moreover, we observed that the AT2R antagonist PD123,319 abolished the antihypertrophic effects of Ang1-9, without affecting Ang1-7, suggesting Ang1-9 signals via the AT2R. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated that Ang1-9 was able to bind the AT2R (pKi = 6.28 ± 0.1). In summary, we ascribe a direct biological role for Ang1-9 acting via the AT2R. This has implications for RAS function and identifying new therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flores-Muñoz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF GCRC, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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24
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Pei Z, Meng R, Li G, Yan G, Xu C, Zhuang Z, Ren J, Wu Z. Angiotensin-(1-7) ameliorates myocardial remodeling and interstitial fibrosis in spontaneous hypertension: role of MMPs/TIMPs. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:173-81. [PMID: 20837116 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) displays antihypertensive and antiproliferative properties although its effect on cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy in hypertension has not been fully elucidated. The present study was designed to examine the effect of chronic angiotensin-(1-7) treatment on myocardial remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy and underlying mechanisms in spontaneous hypertension. Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with or without angiotensin-(1-7) or the angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A-779 for 24 weeks. Mean arterial pressure, left ventricular geometry, expression of the hypertrophic markers ANP and β-MHC, collagen contents (type I and III), collagenase (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of MMPs-1 (TIMP-1) were evaluated in WKY and SHR rats with or without treatment. Our data revealed that chronic angiotensin-(1-7) treatment significantly suppressed hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, expression of ANP and β-MHC as well as myocardial fibrosis in SHR rats, the effects of which were nullified by the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor antagonist A-779. In addition, angiotensin-(1-7) treatment significantly counteracted hypertension-induced changes in the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and collagenase activity, the effects of which were blunted by A-779. In vitro study revealed that angiotensin-(1-7) directly increased the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 while decreasing the content of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Taken together, our results revealed a protective effect of angiotensin-(1-7) against cardiac hypertrophy and collagen deposition, which may be related to concerted changes in MMPs and TIMPs levels. These data indicated the therapeutic potential of angiotensin-(1-7) in spontaneous hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Pei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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25
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates atherosclerotic lesions by targeting vascular cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15886-91. [PMID: 20798044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001253107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a newly discovered homolog of ACE whose actions oppose those of angiotensin II (AngII). However, the underlying mechanisms by which ACE2 effectively suppresses early atherosclerotic lesions remain poorly understood. Here, we show, both in vitro and in vivo, that ACE2 inhibited the development of early atherosclerotic lesions by suppressing the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and improving endothelial function. In a relatively large cohort animal study (66 rabbits), aortic segments transfected by Ad-ACE2 showed significantly attenuated fatty streak formation, neointimal macrophage infiltration, and alleviation of impaired endothelial function. Segments also showed decreased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which led to the delayed onset of atherosclerotic lesions. At the cellular level, ACE2 significantly modulated AngII-induced growth and migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and VSMCs. The antiatherosclerotic effect of ACE2 involved down-regulation of the ERK-p38, JAK-STAT, and AngII-ROS-NF-kappaB signaling pathways and up-regulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. These findings revealed the molecular mechanisms of the antiatherosclerotic activity of ACE2 and suggested that modulation of ACE2 could offer a therapeutic option for treating atherosclerosis.
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26
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Savergnini SQ, Beiman M, Lautner RQ, de Paula-Carvalho V, Allahdadi K, Pessoa DC, Costa-Fraga FP, Fraga-Silva RA, Cojocaru G, Cohen Y, Bader M, de Almeida AP, Rotman G, Santos RAS. Vascular Relaxation, Antihypertensive Effect, and Cardioprotection of a Novel Peptide Agonist of the Mas Receptor. Hypertension 2010; 56:112-20. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mas stimulation with angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) produces cardioprotective effects and vasorelaxation. Using a computational discovery platform for predicting novel naturally occurring peptides that may activate G protein–coupled receptors, we discovered a novel Mas agonist peptide, CGEN-856S. An endothelium- and NO-dependent vasodilating effect was observed for CGEN-856S in thoracic aorta rings of rats (maximal value for the relaxant effect: 39.99±5.034%), which was similar to that produced by Ang-(1-7) (10
−10
to 10
−6
mol/L). In addition, the vasodilator activity of this peptide depended on a functional Mas receptor, because it was abolished in aorta rings of Mas-knockout mice. CGEN-856S appears to bind the Mas receptor at the same binding domain as Ang-(1-7), as suggested by the blocking of its vasorelaxant effect with the Ang-(1-7) analogue
d
-Ala
7
-Ang-(1-7), and by its competitive inhibition of Ang-(1-7) binding to
Mas
-transfected cells. The effect of CGEN-856S on reperfusion arrhythmias and cardiac function was studied on ischemia reperfusion of isolated rat hearts. We found that picomolar concentration of CGEN-856S (0.04 nmol/L) had an antiarrhythmogenic effect, as demonstrated by a reduction in the incidence and duration of reperfusion arrhythmias. Furthermore, acute infusion of CGEN-856S produced a shallow dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. The maximum change during infusion was observed at the highest dose. Strikingly, blood pressure continued to drop in the postinfusion period. The results presented here indicate that the novel Mas agonist, CGEN-856S, might have a therapeutic value, because it induces vasorelaxing, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Quintão Savergnini
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Merav Beiman
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Roberto Queiroga Lautner
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Vanice de Paula-Carvalho
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Kyan Allahdadi
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Dalton Caires Pessoa
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Fabiana Pereira Costa-Fraga
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Fraga-Silva
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Gady Cojocaru
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Yossi Cohen
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Alvair Pinto de Almeida
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Galit Rotman
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- From the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar) (S.Q.S., R.Q.L., V.P.-C., K.A., D.C.P., F.P.C.-F., R.A.F.-S., A.P.A., R.A.S.S.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Compugen Ltd (M.Be., G.C., Y.C., G.R.), Tel Aviv, Israel; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (M.Ba.), Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Tallant EA, Ferrario CM, Gallagher PE. Cardioprotective role for angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the heart. Future Cardiol 2010; 2:335-42. [PMID: 19804091 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.2.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7), a biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, is cardioprotective following ischemia/reperfusion and reduces cardiac hypertrophy. A recently discovered homolog of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, is present in the heart and synthesizes angiotensin-(1-7) from angiotensin II. Cardiac ACE2 is elevated following inhibition of Ang II subtype 1 (AT(1)) receptors or blockade of angiotensin II production, suggesting that angiotensin-(1-7) plays a role in the beneficial effects of AT(1) receptor antagonists and ACE inhibitors in the heart. An increase in ACE2 activity and the production of angiotensin-(1-7) may thus represent a novel therapy for heart failure following myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ann Tallant
- The Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA.
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Castrop H, Höcherl K, Kurtz A, Schweda F, Todorov V, Wagner C. Physiology of Kidney Renin. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:607-73. [PMID: 20393195 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease renin is the key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade, which is relevant under both physiological and pathophysiological settings. The kidney is the only organ capable of releasing enzymatically active renin. Although the characteristic juxtaglomerular position is the best known site of renin generation, renin-producing cells in the kidney can vary in number and localization. (Pro)renin gene transcription in these cells is controlled by a number of transcription factors, among which CREB is the best characterized. Pro-renin is stored in vesicles, activated to renin, and then released upon demand. The release of renin is under the control of the cAMP (stimulatory) and Ca2+(inhibitory) signaling pathways. Meanwhile, a great number of intrarenally generated or systemically acting factors have been identified that control the renin secretion directly at the level of renin-producing cells, by activating either of the signaling pathways mentioned above. The broad spectrum of biological actions of (pro)renin is mediated by receptors for (pro)renin, angiotensin II and angiotensin-( 1 – 7 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Santiago NM, Guimarães PS, Sirvente RA, Oliveira LAM, Irigoyen MC, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Lifetime overproduction of circulating Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. Hypertension 2010; 55:889-96. [PMID: 20212262 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.149815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the development of arterial hypertension, cardiac function, and collagen deposition, as well as the level of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the heart of transgenic rats that overexpress an angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)-producing fusion protein, TGR(A1-7)3292 (TG), which induces a lifetime increase in circulating levels of this peptide. After 30 days of the induction of the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension model, DOCA-TG rats were hypertensive but presented a lower systolic arterial pressure in comparison with DOCA-Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In contrast to DOCA-SD rats that presented left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, DOCA-TG rats did not develop cardiac hypertrophy or changes in ventricular function. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed attenuation in mRNA expression for collagen type I and III compared with the increased levels of DOCA-SD rats. Ang II plasma and LV levels were reduced in SD and TG hypertensive rats in comparison with normotensive animals. DOCA-TG rats presented a reduction in plasma Ang-(1-7) levels; however, there was a great increase in Ang-(1-7) ( approximately 3-fold) accompanied by a decrease in mRNA expression of both angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the LV. The mRNA expression of Mas and Ang II type 1 receptors in the LV was not significantly changed in DOCA-SD or DOCA-TG rats. This study showed that TG rats with increased circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) are protected against cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis and also present an attenuated increase in blood pressure after DOCA-salt hypertension. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed an important local increase in Ang-(1-7) levels in the LV, which might have contributed to the attenuation of cardiac dysfunction and prefibrotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nívia M Santiago
- Laboratory of Hypertension and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Nanobiofar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627-ICB, UFMG, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ferreira AJ, Castro CH, Guatimosim S, Almeida PW, Gomes ER, Dias-Peixoto MF, Alves MN, Fagundes-Moura CR, Rentzsch B, Gava E, Almeida AP, Guimarães AM, Kitten GT, Reudelhuber T, Bader M, Santos RA. Attenuation of isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis in transgenic rats harboring an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in the heart. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 4:83-96. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944709353426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: It has been shown that Ang-(1-7) has cardioprotective actions. To directly investigate the effects of Ang-(1-7) specifically in the heart, we generated and characterized transgenic (TG) rats which express an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein driven by the α-MHC promoter. Methods and Results: After microinjection of the transgene into fertilized rat zygotes, we obtained four different transgenic lines. Homozygous animals were analyzed with regard to the expression profile of the transgene by ribonuclease protection assay. Transgene expression was detected mainly in the heart with weak or no expression in other organs. Heterozygous TG(hA-1-7)L7301 rats presented a significant increase in cardiac Ang-(1-7) concentration compared with control rats (17.1±2.1 versus 3.9±1.4 pg/mg protein in SD rats). Radiotelemetry analysis revealed that TG rats presented no significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate compared with normal rats. Overexpression of Ang-(1-7) in the heart produced slight improvement in resting cardiac function (+ dT/dt: 81530±1305.0 versus 77470±345.5 g/s bpm in SD rats, p < 0.05), which was in keeping with the enhanced [Ca2+] handling observed in cardiomyocytes of TG rats. TG(hA-1-7)L7301 rats also showed a greater capacity to withstand stress since TG rats showed a less pronounced deposition of collagen type III and fibronectin induced by isoproterenol treatment in the subendocardial area than in corresponding controls. In addition, hearts from TG rats showed reduced incidence and duration of reperfusion arrhythmias in comparison with SD rats. Conclusion: These results indicate that Ang-(1-7) has blood pressure-independent, antifibrotic effects, acting directly in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J. Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro W.M. Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Enéas R.M. Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia N.M. Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Brit Rentzsch
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisandra Gava
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alvair P. Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gregory T. Kitten
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Timothy Reudelhuber
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry of Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A.S. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazi, l
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DeMello WC, Frohlich ED. Angiotensin-(1-7), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, and New Components of the Renin Angiotensin System. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120984 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-186-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] in 1988 represented the first deviation from the traditional biochemical cascade of forming bioactive angiotensin peptides. Prior to that time, the biological actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) were being investigated as it relates to cardiovascular function, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, as well as biological actions in the brain and kidney. We now know that Ang II elicits a whole host of actions both within and outside of the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, the discovery of Ang-(1-7) by our laboratory was also the first indication of a biologically active angiotensin peptide that further studies revealed served to counter-balance the actions of Ang II. This chapter reviews the data demonstrating the role of the vasodepressor axis of the renin angiotensin system in the regulation of cardiovascular function and the new data that shows the existence of angiotensin-(1-12) as a novel alternate substrate for the production of angiotensin peptides. The ultimate role of this discovery, as well as the continuing elucidation of mechanisms pertaining to RAS physiology, will likely be clarified in the coming years, in hopes of improving the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C. DeMello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00936 U.S.A
| | - Edward D. Frohlich
- Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Jefferson Highway 1514 , New Orleans, 70121 U.S.A
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Joyner J, Varagic J. Advances in the renin angiotensin system focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 59:197-233. [PMID: 20933203 PMCID: PMC5863743 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)59007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the renin angiotensin system to physiology and pathology is undergoing a rapid reconsideration of its mechanisms from emerging new concepts implicating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) as new elements negatively influencing the vasoconstrictor, trophic, and pro-inflammatory actions of angiotensin II. This component of the system acts to oppose the vasoconstrictor and proliferative effects on angiotensin II through signaling mechanisms mediated by the mas receptor. In addition, a reduced expression of the vasodepressor axis composed by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1-7) may contribute to the expression of essential hypertension, the remodeling of heart and renal function associated with this disease, and even the physiology of pregnancy and the development of eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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33
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Liu E, Xu Z, Li J, Yang S, Yang W, Li G. Enalapril, irbesartan, and angiotensin-(1-7) prevent atrial tachycardia-induced ionic remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2009; 146:364-70. [PMID: 19732978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the atria. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a biologically active component of the RAS, it not only counterbalances the actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) but also is a potential inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ACE inhibitor enalapril, the angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) irbesartan, and Ang-(1-7) on the chronic atrial ionic remodeling. METHODS Thirty dogs were assigned to sham, paced, paced + enalapril, paced + irbesartan or paced + Ang-(1-7) group, 6 dogs in each group. Rapid atrial pacing at 500 beats per minute was maintained for 14 days, but dogs in sham group were instrumented without pacing. During the pacing, enalapril (2 mg · Kg(-1) · d(-1)) and irbesartan (60 mg · Kg(-1) · d(-1)) were given orally and Ang-(1-7) (6 μg · Kg(-1) · h(-1)) was given intravenously. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record atrial ionic currents and action potential duration (APD). And RT-PCR was applied to assess atrial mRNA expression of I(TO) Kv4.3 and I(CaL)α1C subunits. RESULTS Compared with sham, rapid pacing shortened APD90 (P < 0.05) of atrial myocytes, and decreased APD90 rate adaptation (P<0.05). APD90 changes were prevented by irbesartan and Ang-(1-7), but not enalapril. In atria from paced group, the densities and gene expression of I(TO) and I(CaL) were reduced (P < 0.01 vs. sham). Enalapril increased the density and gene expression of I(TO) compared with sham (P < 0.01), Ang-(1-7) prevented the decrease of I(TO) and I(CaL) (P < 0.05 vs. control) and Kv4.3 mRNA expression (P < 0.01 vs. control). Irbesartan had no effect on I(TO) and I(CaL) densities or mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enalapril, irbesartan, and Ang-(1-7) have differing influences on atrial tachycardia-induced atrial ionic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China
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Ferrario C. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade on endothelial function: focus on olmesartan medoxomil. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:301-14. [PMID: 19436655 PMCID: PMC2672444 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is the common link between cardiovascular disease risk factors and the earliest event in the cascade of incidents that results in target organ damage. Angiotensin II, the terminal pressor effector arm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increases blood pressure (BP) by vasoconstriction and sodium and fluid retention, and has a pro-oxidative action that induces endothelial dysfunction and contributes to vascular remodeling. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce BP and morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, and renal disease. Olmesartan medoxomil is a long-acting, well-tolerated, effective ARB that prevents or reverses endothelial dysfunction in animal models of atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Olmesartan medoxomil, a prodrug of olmesartan approved for the treatment of hypertension, has been shown to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension or diabetes. In randomized studies, the drug reduces vascular inflammation and the volume of large atherosclerotic plaques, increases the number of regenerative endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral circulation, improves endothelium-dependent relaxation, and restores the normal resistance vessel morphology. Importantly, the impact of olmesartan medoxomil on endothelial dysfunction is thought to be independent of BP lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ferrario
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA.
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35
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Li Y, Wu J, He Q, Shou Z, Zhang P, Pen W, Zhu Y, Chen J. Angiotensin (1−7) prevent heart dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling caused by renal dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomy mice. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:369-74. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity in fetal calf serum: implications for cell culture research. Cytotechnology 2009; 58:119-26. [PMID: 19224387 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture experiments often employ the use of culture media that contain fetal calf serum (FCS). The angiotensin peptides angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 have opposing effects with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) being the enzyme predominantly responsible for generating angiotensin 1-7 from angiotensin II. The effect of FCS on angiotensin peptides has not previously been described. We have shown that FCS has ACE2 enzyme activity capable of degrading angiotensin II and generating angiotensin 1-7. Researchers should be aware that FCS possesses ACE2 activity and that heat-treating FCS to 56 degrees C only partially inhibits this enzyme activity, whereas heat-treating to 70 degrees C completely abolishes ACE2 activity.
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Lubel JS, Herath CB, Burrell LM, Angus PW. Liver disease and the renin-angiotensin system: recent discoveries and clinical implications. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1327-38. [PMID: 18557800 PMCID: PMC7166336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key regulator of vascular resistance, sodium and water homeostasis and the response to tissue injury. Historically, angiotensin II (Ang II) was thought to be the primary effector peptide of this system. Ang II is produced predominantly by the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I (Ang I). Ang II acts mainly through the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT(1)) and, together with ACE, these components represent the 'classical' axis of the RAS. Drug therapies targeting the RAS by inhibiting Ang II formation (ACE inhibitors) or binding to its receptor (angiotensin receptor blockers) are now in widespread clinical use and have been shown to reduce tissue injury and fibrosis in cardiac and renal disease independently of their effects on blood pressure. In 2000, two groups using different methodologies identified a homolog of ACE, called ACE2, which cleaves Ang II to form the biologically active heptapeptide, Ang-(1-7). Conceptually, ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and its putative receptor, the mas receptor represent an 'alternative' axis of the RAS capable of opposing the often deleterious actions of Ang II. Interestingly, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers increase Ang-(1-7) production and it has been proposed that some of the beneficial effects of these drugs are mediated through upregulation of Ang-(1-7) rather than inhibition of Ang II production or receptor binding. The present review focuses on the novel components and pathways of the RAS with particular reference to their potential contribution towards the pathophysiology of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lubel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin and Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin and Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin and Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin and Northern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Reduced isoproterenol-induced renin-angiotensin changes and extracellular matrix deposition in hearts of TGR(A1-7)3292 rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:341-8. [PMID: 20409916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol in TGR(A1-7)3292 rats. Additionally, changes in circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were analyzed. Left ventricles (LV) were used for quantification of collagen type I, III, and fibronectin using immunofluorescence-labeling techniques. Angiotensin (Ang) II levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Expression of RAS components was assessed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR. Isoproterenol treatment induced an increase in the expression of collagen I, III, and fibronectin in normal rats. Collagen I and fibronectin expression were decreased in TGR(A1-7)3292 at basal conditions and both proteins increased by isoproterenol treatment; however, the levels achieved were still significantly lower than those observed in treated normal rats. The increase in collagen III observed in normal rats was completely blunted in TGR(A1-7)3292. Moreover, TGR(A1-7)3292 presented lower Ang II levels and angiotensinogen expression and a higher angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in LV. Isoproterenol treatment increased cardiac Ang II concentration only in normal rats, which was associated with an increase in ACE2 and a decrease in Mas expression. These observations suggest that Ang-(1-7) specifically modulates the expression of RAS components and ECM proteins in LV.
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Iusuf D, Henning RH, van Gilst WH, Roks AJ. Angiotensin-(1–7): Pharmacological properties and pharmacotherapeutic perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Varagic J, Trask AJ, Jessup JA, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM. New angiotensins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:663-71. [PMID: 18437333 PMCID: PMC2713173 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of a large body of evidence during the past two decades testifies to the complexity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The incorporation of novel enzymatic pathways, resulting peptides, and their corresponding receptors into the biochemical cascade of the RAS provides a better understanding of its role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. Hence, in recent years, it became apparent that the balance between the two opposing effector peptides, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), may have a pivotal role in determining different cardiovascular pathophysiologies. Furthermore, our recent studies provide evidence for the functional relevance of a newly discovered rat peptide, containing two additional amino acid residues compared to angiotensin I, first defined as proangiotensin-12 [angiotensin-(1-12)]. This review focuses on angiotensin-(1-7) and its important contribution to cardiovascular function and growth, while introducing angiotensin-(1-12) as a potential novel angiotensin precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Varagic
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Filho AG, Ferreira AJ, Santos SHS, Neves SRS, Silva Camargos ER, Becker LK, Belchior HA, Dias-Peixoto MF, Pinheiro SVB, Santos RAS. Selective increase of angiotensin(1-7) and its receptor in hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to physical training. Exp Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in 2000 is an important event in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) story. This enzyme, an homolog of ACE, hydrolyzes angiotensin (Ang) I to produce Ang-(1-9), which is subsequently converted into Ang-(1-7) by a neutral endopeptidase and ACE. ACE2 releases Ang-(1-7) more efficiently than its catalysis of Ang-(1-9) by cleavage of Pro(7)-Phe(8) bound in Ang II. Thus, the major biologically active product of ACE2 is Ang-(1-7), which is considered to be a beneficial peptide of the RAS cascade in the cardiovascular system. This enzyme has 42% identity with the catalytic domain of ACE, is present in most cardiovascular-relevant tissues, and is an ectoenzyme as ACE. Despite these similarities, ACE2 is distinct from ACE. Since it is a monocarboxypeptidase, it has only 1 catalytic site and is insensitive to ACE inhibitors. As a result, ACE2 is a central enzyme in balancing vasoconstrictor and proliferative actions of Ang II with vasodilatory and antiproliferative effects of Ang-(1-7). In this review, we will summarize the role of ACE2 in the cardiovascular system and discuss the importance of ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis in the control of normal cardiovascular physiology and ACE2 as a potential target in the development of novel therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Trask AJ, Ferrario CM. Angiotensin-(1-7): pharmacology and new perspectives in cardiovascular treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 25:162-74. [PMID: 17614938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many advances have been made in the cardiovascular field in the last several decades. Among them is the progress completed to date on the heptapeptide member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]. The peptide's beneficial actions against pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, renal disease, preeclampsia, and even cancer are continuously being uncovered. This review encompasses the pharmacology of Ang-(1-7) and expounds upon the peptide's potential as a therapeutic agent against pathological processes both within and outside the cardiovascular continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Trask
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Ferreira AJ, Oliveira TL, Castro MCM, Almeida AP, Castro CH, Caliari MV, Gava E, Kitten GT, Santos RAS. Isoproterenol-induced impairment of heart function and remodeling are attenuated by the nonpeptide angiotensin-(1-7) analogue AVE 0991. Life Sci 2007; 81:916-23. [PMID: 17825326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AVE 0991 (AVE), a nonpeptide compound that mimics Ang-(1-7) actions, on cardiac remodeling. Heart hypertrophy and heart dysfunction were induced by isoproterenol (ISO) (2 mg/kg i.p./day for 7 days) in male Wistar rats. At the end of the 7-day period, the hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff method to evaluate cardiac function. The hearts, atria, and right and left ventricles wet weights were recorded, normalized for body weight and then expressed as muscle mass index (mg/g). In addition, serial sections from left ventricle were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for cell morphometry and with collagen-specific Masson's trichrome for detection of fibrosis. Immunofluorescence-labeling and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the distribution and deposition of collagen types I, III, VI, and fibronectin. AVE reduced the ISO-induced hypertrophy as quantified by myocyte diameter measurements (Control: 10.60+/-0.08 microm; ISO: 14.60+/-0.11 mum; ISO+AVE: 11.22+/-0.08 microm, n = 5). In addition, AVE markedly attenuated the increase of extracellular matrix proteins induced by ISO. AVE treatment also attenuated the decrease in systolic tension and +/-dT/dt and exacerbated the vasodilatation induced by ISO. These results show that AVE has a cardioprotective effect on ISO-induced cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute -- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we will focus on the recent findings related to angiotensin-(1-7) as an angiotensin II counter-regulatory peptide within the renin-angiotensin system. RECENT FINDINGS The identification of the angiotensin-converting enzyme homologue ACE2 as an angiotensin peptide processing enzyme and of Mas as a receptor for angiotensin-(1-7) has contributed to establishing this heptapeptide as a biologically active member of the renin-angiotensin system cascade. SUMMARY The previously unsuspected complexity of the renin-angiotensin system, unmasked by novel findings, has revealed new possibilities for exploring its physiological and pathophysiological roles. In addition, the ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis may be seriously considered as a putative target for the development of new cardiovascular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Botelho-Santos GA, Sampaio WO, Reudelhuber TL, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Souza dos Santos RA. Expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in rats induced marked changes in regional vascular resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2485-90. [PMID: 17208987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01245.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have described a transgenic rat line that expresses an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein, the TGR(A1-7)3292. In these rats, testis acts as an angiotensin-(1-7) biological pump, increasing its plasma concentration 2.5-fold. In this study, we performed hemodynamic measurements in TGR(A1-7)3292 and age-matched Hannover Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats, using fluorescent microspheres. Urethane-anesthetized transgenic rats had similar levels of baseline blood pressure (99 +/- 3 mmHg) as did SD rats (101 +/- 3 mmHg). However, pronounced differences were observed in other hemodynamic measurements. TGR(A1-7)3292 rats presented a significant increase in stroke volume (0.29 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.01 ml in SD), increased cardiac index (24.6 +/- 0.91 vs. 21.9 +/- 0.65 ml.min(-1).kg) and decreased total peripheral resistance (3.9 +/- 0.13 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.13 mmHg.ml(-1).min.100 g). The increase in stroke volume in transgenic rats may be partially explained by the small decrease in heart rate (326 +/- 7.0 vs. 359 +/- 6.0 beats/min in SD). Strikingly, TGR(A1-7)3292 rats presented a substantial decrease in the vascular resistance in lung, spleen, kidney, adrenals, brain, testis and brown fat tissue with no significant differences in the left ventricle, mesentery, skin, gastrocnemius muscle and white fat tissue. These results corroborate and extend previous results observed after acute angiotensin-(1-7) infusion, showing that chronic increase in circulating angiotensin-(1-7) produces sustained and important changes in regional and systemic hemodynamics. Moreover, our data suggest a physiological role for angiotensin-(1-7) in the tonic control of regional blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla A Botelho-Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Dept. de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627-ICB, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Regulation of Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms by Angiotensin-(1–7) and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. HYPERTENSION AND HORMONE MECHANISMS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-987-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the molecular forms of angiotensin peptides generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen (Aogen), both angiotensin II (Ang II) and the amino terminal heptapeptide angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] are critically involved in the long-term control of tissue perfusion, cell-cell communication, development, and growth. Whereas an impressive body of literature continues to uncover pleiotropic effects of Ang II in the regulation of cell function, research on Ang-(1–7) has a shorter history as it was only 16 yr ago that a biological function for this heptapeptide was first demonstrated in the isolated rat neuro-hypophysial explant preparation (1). On the contrary, the synthesis of angiotonin/ hypertensin (now Ang II) was first obtained in 1957 (2), three decades ahead of the discovery of Ang-(1–7) biological properties.
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The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Hepatic Fibrosis. FRONTIERS IN RESEARCH OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM ON HUMAN DISEASE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6372-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ferreira AJ, Jacoby BA, Araújo CAA, Macedo FAFF, Silva GAB, Almeida AP, Caliari MV, Santos RAS. The nonpeptide angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas agonist AVE-0991 attenuates heart failure induced by myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1113-9. [PMID: 17056670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00828.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonpeptide AVE-0991, which has been reported as a selective ligand for the angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] receptor Mas, has actions similar to those attributed to the cardioprotective product of the renin-angiotensin system, ANG-(1-7). In this study, we evaluated the cardiac effects of AVE-0991 in normal and infarcted male Wistar rats. Myocardial infarction was induced by left coronary artery ligation. At the end of the treatment, the Langendorff technique was used to analyze cardiac function. Left ventricle serial sections were dyed with Gomori trichrome stain to quantify the infarcted area. In normal hearts, AVE-0991 produced a significant decrease in perfusion pressure and an increase in systolic tension, rate of tension rise and fall (+/-dT/dt), and heart rate. These effects were completely blocked by the perfusion of the hearts with a solution containing the selective ANG-(1-7) antagonist A-779. N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester treatment abolished the AVE-0991-induced vasodilation in isolated hearts. AVE-0991 significantly attenuated the decrease in systolic tension (sham operated, 13.00 +/- 1.02 g; infarction, 7.18 +/- 0.66 g; AVE treated, 9.23 +/- 1.05 g, n = 5), +dT/dt, -dT/dt, and heart rate induced by myocardial infarction. Infarction-induced vasoconstriction was completely prevented by AVE-0991 treatment. Furthermore, AVE-0991 significantly decreased the infarcted area (6.98 +/- 1.01 vs. 3.94 +/- 1.04 mm(2) in AVE-treated rats). These data indicate that the compound AVE-0991 produces beneficial effects in isolated perfused rat hearts involving the ANG-(1-7) receptor Mas and the release of nitric oxide. In addition, our results indicate that AVE-0991 attenuates postischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Castro CH, Santos RAS, Ferreira AJ, Bader M, Alenina N, Almeida AP. Effects of genetic deletion of angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas on cardiac function during ischemia/reperfusion in the isolated perfused mouse heart. Life Sci 2006; 80:264-8. [PMID: 17055538 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of Mas on cardiac function during ischemia/reperfusion in isolated perfused mouse heart. Following a stabilization period of 30 min, hearts from WT and Mas KO mice were subjected to global ischemia. After 20 min of ischemia, the flow was restarted and the hearts were reperfused for 30 min. An additional group of WT mice was perfused with solution containing the Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas antagonist A-779. Isolated heart of Mas KO and WT treated with A-779 presented an increase in the perfusion pressure in the baseline period. This difference increased with 5 min of reperfusion reaching similar values to baseline period at the end of the reperfusion. Isolated hearts of Mas KO and WT treated with A-779 also presented a decreased systolic tension, +/-dT/dt, and HR. Upon global ischemia WT hearts showed a significant decrease in systolic tension and an increase in diastolic tension. During reperfusion an increase in systolic and diastolic tension was observed in WT mice. Deletion or blockade of Mas markedly attenuated these changes in isolated hearts. These results indicate that Mas plays an important role in cardiac function during ischemia/reperfusion which is in keeping with the cardiac and coronary effects previously described for Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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