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Obaha A, Novinec M. Regulation of Peptidase Activity beyond the Active Site in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17120. [PMID: 38069440 PMCID: PMC10707025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review addresses the intricate and multifaceted regulation of peptidase activity in human health and disease, providing a comprehensive investigation that extends well beyond the boundaries of the active site. Our review focuses on multiple mechanisms and highlights the important role of exosites, allosteric sites, and processes involved in zymogen activation. These mechanisms play a central role in shaping the complex world of peptidase function and are promising potential targets for the development of innovative drugs and therapeutic interventions. The review also briefly discusses the influence of glycosaminoglycans and non-inhibitory binding proteins on enzyme activities. Understanding their role may be a crucial factor in the development of therapeutic strategies. By elucidating the intricate web of regulatory mechanisms that control peptidase activity, this review deepens our understanding in this field and provides a roadmap for various strategies to influence and modulate peptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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3
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Schoenfeld AK, Lahrsen E, Alban S. Regulation of Complement and Contact System Activation via C1 Inhibitor Potentiation and Factor XIIa Activity Modulation by Sulfated Glycans - Structure-Activity Relationships. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165493. [PMID: 27783665 PMCID: PMC5082678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The serpin C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is the only regulator of classical complement activation as well as the major regulator of the contact system. Its importance is demonstrated by hereditary angioedema (HAE), a severe disease with potentially life-threatening attacks due to deficiency or dysfunction of C1-INH. C1-INH replacement is the therapy of choice in HAE. In addition, C1-INH showed to have beneficial effects in other diseases characterized by inappropriate complement and contact system activation. Due to some limitations of its clinical application, there is a need for improving the efficacy of therapeutically applied C1-INH or to enhance the activity of endogenous C1-INH. Given the known potentiating effect of heparin on C1-INH, sulfated glycans (SG) may be such candidates. The aim of this study was to characterize suitable SG by evaluating structure-activity relationships. For this, more than 40 structurally distinct SG were examined for their effects on C1-INH, C1s and FXIIa. The SG turned out to potentiate the C1s inhibition by C1-INH without any direct influence on C1s. Their potentiating activity proved to depend on their degree of sulfation, molecular mass as well as glycan structure. In contrast, the SG had no effect on the FXIIa inhibition by C1-INH, but structure-dependently modulated the activity of FXIIa. Among the tested SG, β-1,3-glucan sulfates with a Mr ≤ 10 000 were identified as most promising lead candidates for the development of a glycan-based C1-INH amplifier. In conclusion, the obtained information on structural characteristics of SG favoring C1-INH potentiation represent an useful elementary basis for the development of compounds improving the potency of C1-INH in diseases and clinical situations characterized by inappropriate activation of complement and contact system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Schoenfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Eric Lahrsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Susanne Alban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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5
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de Oliveira-Santos J, Abreu Nunes V, Cruz-Silva I, Praxedes-Garcia P, Gozzo AJ, Rydlewski M, González YG, Nader HB, Araújo MDS. Glycosaminoglycans Modify Elastase Action In Vitro and Enhance Elastase-Induced Cell Death in Cultured Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/973983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) has been shown to be involved on death of different cell types, including epithelial lung cells, which is related to several pulmonary diseases. Since HNE activity may be influenced by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and fibroblasts are the most common ECM-producing cells of lung connective tissue, the aim of this work was to verify if HNE can induce fibroblast death and to study the enzyme modulation by GAGs. HNE-like activity was mimicked by using human neutrophils conditioned medium (NCM). Heparan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate reduce the enzyme activity and modify its secondary structure. NCM reduced cell viability, and this effect was higher in the presence of those GAGs. NCM also increased DNA fragmentation, suggesting the occurrence of apoptosis, but without influence of GAGs. These results can contribute to the understanding of HNE modulation in physio- and pathological processes where this enzyme is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Oliveira-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Abreu Nunes
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrezza Justino Gozzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rydlewski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamile González González
- Centro de Estúdio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, Calle 25 No. 455 Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Platelets, Complement, and Contact Activation: Partners in Inflammation and Thrombosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:185-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Heparin affects the interaction of kininogen on endothelial cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:1839-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Bäck J, Lang MH, Elgue G, Kalbitz M, Sanchez J, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B. Distinctive regulation of contact activation by antithrombin and C1-inhibitor on activated platelets and material surfaces. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6573-80. [PMID: 19783299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated human plate lets trigger FXII-mediated contact activation, which leads to the generation of FXIIa-antithrombin (AT) and FXIa-AT complexes. This suggests that contact activation takes place at different sites, on activated platelets and material surfaces, during therapeutic procedures involving biomaterials in contact with blood and is differentially regulated. Here we show that activation in platelet-poor plasma, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and whole blood induced by glass, kaolin, and polyphosphate elicited high levels of FXIIa-C1-inhibitor (C1INH), low levels of FXIa-C1INH and KK-C1INH, and almost no AT complexes. Platelet activation, in both PRP and blood, led to the formation of FXIIa-AT, FXIa-AT, and kallikrein (KK)-AT but almost no C1INH complexes. In severe trauma patients, FXIIa-AT and FXIa-AT were correlated with the release of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) from activated platelets. In contrast, FXIIa-C1INH complexes were detected when the FXIIa-AT levels were low. No correlations were found between FXIIa-C1INH and FXIIa-AT or TSP-1. Inhibition of FXIIa on material surfaces was also shown to affect the function of aggregating platelets. In conclusion, formation of FXIIa-AT and FXIIa-C1INH complexes can help to distinguish between contact activation triggered by biomaterial surfaces and by activated platelets. Platelet aggregation studies also demonstrated that platelet function is influenced by material surface-mediated contact activation and that generation of FXIIa-AT complexes may serve as a new biomarker for thrombotic reactions during therapeutic procedures employing biomaterial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Bäck
- Department of Oncology, Radiology, and Clinical Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Beinrohr L, Harmat V, Dobó J, Lörincz Z, Gál P, Závodszky P. C1 Inhibitor Serpin Domain Structure Reveals the Likely Mechanism of Heparin Potentiation and Conformational Disease. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21100-9. [PMID: 17488724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700841200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C1 inhibitor, a member of the serpin family, is a major down-regulator of inflammatory processes in blood. Genetic deficiency of C1 inhibitor results in hereditary angioedema, a dominantly inheritable, potentially lethal disease. Here we report the first crystal structure of the serpin domain of human C1 inhibitor, representing a previously unreported latent form, which explains functional consequences of several naturally occurring mutations, two of which are discussed in detail. The presented structure displays a novel conformation with a seven-stranded beta-sheet A. The unique conformation of the C-terminal six residues suggests its potential role as a barrier in the active-latent transition. On the basis of surface charge pattern, heparin affinity measurements, and docking of a heparin disaccharide, a heparin binding site is proposed in the contact area of the serpin-proteinase encounter complex. We show how polyanions change the activity of the C1 inhibitor by a novel "sandwich" mechanism, explaining earlier reaction kinetic and mutagenesis studies. These results may help to improve therapeutic C1 inhibitor preparations used in the treatment of hereditary angioedema, organ transplant rejection, and heart attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Beinrohr
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina út 29, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Senzolo M, Coppell J, Cholongitas E, Riddell A, Triantos CK, Perry D, Burroughs AK. The effects of glycosaminoglycans on coagulation: a thromboelastographic study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18:227-36. [PMID: 17413758 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328010bd3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous heparinoids impair coagulation, evidenced by thrombelastography in cirrhotic patients with bacterial infection, but it is not clear which glycosaminoglycans can be detected by native and heparinase-modified thrombelastography. To assess the effects of different glycosaminoglycans on thrombelastography parameters and the reversibility of these effects by heparinase-I-modified thrombelastography. Twenty volunteers were enrolled. Solutions of heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and chondroitin-4-sulphate were prepared at 'equivalent' concentrations, based on the composition and anticoagulant activity of danaparoid. Serial dilutions of each glycosaminoglycan were prepared to achieve 1.0, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 U/ml. Native and heparinase-modified thrombelastography, anti-activated factor X activity and heparin cofactor II activity were evaluated at each concentration. A statistically significant heparin-like effect was seen with 1 and 0.5 U/ml heparan sulphate, and 1 and 0.5 U/ml dermatan sulphate, which was completely reversed by heparinase-modified thrombelastography. Anti-activated factor X activity was significantly increased in samples containing heparan and dermatan sulphates. The heparin cofactor II activity decreased with 1.0 and 0.5 U/ml dermatan sulphate and chondroitin-4-sulphate, but not with heparan sulphate. Heparan and dermatan sulphates affect haemostasis when added to whole blood in vitro, detectable by native thrombelastography and completely reversed by heparinase-I-modified thrombelastography. They may therefore be responsible for the heparin-like effect seen by thrombelastography in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Senzolo
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Stief TW. The anticoagulant capacity of plasmatic unfractionated heparin decreases at 23°C. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18:209-12. [PMID: 17287642 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3280121c5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are important clinical anticoagulants. As polynegative molecules they are potential triggers of the contact phase of coagulation. An incubation temperature lower than the physiological 37 degrees C favours intrinsic haemostasis activation by the polynegative molecule SiO2. The efficiency of UFH and LMWH after a plasmatic preincubation at 37 or at 23 degrees C is therefore studied. Samples (150 mul) of unfrozen pooled normal plasma supplemented with 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 IU/ml heparin or dalteparin in 5-ml polystyrole tubes were incubated for 10-70 min at 37 or at 23 degrees C. The extrinsic coagulation activity assay (EXCA) was then performed. Preincubation at 37 degrees C of 0.1 IU/ml plasmatic UFH does not result in any thrombin generation in EXCA-1, whereas preincubation at 23 degrees C results in a thrombin generation of about 0.1 IU/ml thrombin. Plasmatic UFH (0.01 IU/ml) at 23 degrees C acts nearly half as efficiently as 0.01 IU/ml plasmatic LMWH. Polynegatively charged niches particularly in the larger UFH molecule might trigger the contact system of haemostasis, especially at 23 degrees C. In contrast, the anticoagulant capacity of LMWH does not change significantly with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Marburg, Germany.
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Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Cruz-Silva I, Carmona AK, Nader HB, Faljoni-Alario A, Sampaio MU, Araújo MS. Heparin modulation of human plasma kallikrein on different substrates and inhibitors. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1129-38. [PMID: 16895484 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of different proteases and glycosaminoglycans is able to modulate the activity of the enzymes and to affect their structures. Human plasma kallikrein (huPK) is a proteolytic enzyme involved in intrinsic blood clotting, the kallikrein-kinin system and fibrinolysis. We investigated the effect of heparin on the action, inhibition and secondary structure of huPK. The catalytic efficiency for the hydrolysis of substrates by huPK was determined by Michaelis-Menten kinetic plots: 5.12x10(4) M-1 s-1 for acetyl-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide, 1.40x10(5) M-1 s-1 for H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide, 2.25x10(4) M-1 s-1 for Abz-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-Ser-Ser-Arg-Gln-EDDnp, 4.24x10(2)M-1 s-1 for factor XII and 5.58x10(2) M-1 s-1 for plasminogen. Heparin reduced the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates (by 2.0-fold), but enhanced factor XII and plasminogen hydrolysis (7.7- and 1.4-fold, respectively). The second-order rate constants for inhibition of huPK by antithrombin and C1-inhibitor were 2.40x10(2) M-1 s-1 and 1.70x10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. Heparin improved the inhibition of huPK by these inhibitors (3.4- and 1.4-fold). Despite the fact that huPK was able to bind to a heparin-Sepharose matrix, its secondary structure was not modified by heparin, as monitored by circular dichroism. These actions may have a function in the control or maintenance of some pathophysiological processes in which huPK participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza J Gozzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Saito A, Munakata H. Analysis of plasma proteins that bind to glycosaminoglycans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:241-6. [PMID: 17178194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins, with specific emphasis on dermatan sulfate, have been investigated in human plasma by affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry and Western blotting. Diluted plasma was applied to affinity columns and bound protein was eluted with 500 mM NaCl. Dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate bound 7% of the total protein. Heparin bound 22% of the total protein, but chondroitin sulfate A bound only 0.23%. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 20 proteins as dermatan-sulfate-binding proteins, most of which were confirmed by Western blotting. Some of these binding proteins, such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, apolipoprotein B, LMW kininogen, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and factor H, were degraded to various extents during the chromatography step, but this degradation could be prevented by the inclusion of a serine protease inhibitor. The protein fraction binding to the dermatan sulfate column showed amidase activity, whereas that binding to the heparan sulfate and heparin columns showed 1/2 and 1/20, respectively, of the activity of the dermatan sulfate binding fraction. Dermatan sulfate was similar to heparan sulfate with respect to its capacity to bind plasma proteins and its activation of protease, but differed from chondroitin sulfate and heparin in these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
C1-INH belongs to the family of serpins. Structural studies have yielded a clear understanding of the biochemical principle underlying the functional activities of these proteins. Although the crystal structure of C1-INH has yet to be revealed, homology modeling has provided a three-dimensional model of the serpin part of C1-INH. This model has helped us understand the biochemical consequences of mutations of the C1-INH gene as they occur in patients who have HAE. The structure of the N-terminal domain of C1-INH remains unknown; however, this part of the molecule is unlikely to be important in the inhibitory activity of C1-INH toward its target proteases. Mutations in this part have not been described in patients who have HAE, except for a deletion containing two cysteine residues involved in the stabilization of the serpin domain. Recent studies suggest some anti-inflammatory functions for this N-terminal part, possibly explaining the effects of C1-INH in diseases other than HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke G A Wagenaar-Bos
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academical Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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