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Mastronikolis S, Kagkelaris K, Pagkalou M, Tsiambas E, Plotas P, Georgakopoulos CD. Antioxidant Defense and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: An Updated Review. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10040068. [PMID: 36548003 PMCID: PMC9785126 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) affects the anterior ocular tissues, rendering them susceptible to several eye diseases. On the other hand, protection of the eye from harmful factors is achieved by unique defense mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be the cause of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), a condition of defective extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. A systematic English-language literature review was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The main antioxidant enzymes protecting the eye from reactive oxygen species (ROS) are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyze the reduction of specific types of ROS. Similarly, non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, E and C, carotenoids and glutathione (GSH) are involved in removing ROS from the cells. PEXS is a genetic disease, however, environmental and dietary factors also influence its development. Additionally, many OS products disrupting the ECM remodeling process and modifying the antioxidative defense status could lead to PEXS. This review discusses the antioxidative defense of the eye in association with PEXS, and the intricate link between OS and PEXS. Understanding the pathways of PEXS evolution, and developing new methods to reduce OS, are crucial to control and treat this disease. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PEXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Mastronikolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Marina Pagkalou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
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Mastronikolis S, Pagkalou M, Plotas P, Kagkelaris K, Georgakopoulos C. Emerging roles of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:602. [PMID: 35949329 PMCID: PMC9353531 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) is a systemic disease caused by defects in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling process leading to the chronic deposition of extracellular, fibrillary, white flaky pseudoexfoliation material (PEXM) throughout the body. Specifically, PEXM deposits on the lens capsule cause open-angle glaucoma, cataracts and blindness in patients with PEXS. Several gene single nucleotide polymorphisms are linked to the development of PEXS in humans, including lysyl oxidase-like 1 gene, clusterin and fibulin-5. The exact reason for the PEXM generation and its resulting pathogenesis is not well understood. However, defective ECM remodelling and oxidative stress (OS) have been hypothesized as significant events leading to the PEXM. Specifically, the link between OS and PEXS has been well studied, although the investigation is still ongoing. The present review explored recent advances in various aspects of PEXS and the involvement of OS in the eye for PEXS development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Pagkalou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26334 Patras, Greece
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Tsao Y, Wu W, Chen K, Yeh L, Hwang Y, Hsueh Y, Chen H, Cheng C. Analysis of aqueous humor total antioxidant capacity and its correlation with corneal endothelial health. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10199. [PMID: 34027088 PMCID: PMC8126826 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial decompensation is a serious condition that frequently requires treatment via corneal transplantation which contributes to a global shortage in donor corneas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of aqueous humor total antioxidant capacity (TAC) on corneal endothelial health. There is an urgent need for discovering protective factors to combat corneal endothelial cell (CEC) loss. For methods, we developed a cupric ion-based TAC (CuTAC) assay to analyze TAC level in a small volume of aqueous humor, that is, 10 μL per test, and examined the influences of ascorbic acid (AA) and antioxidant proteins on aqueous humor TAC. To broaden the investigation, we conducted a case-control study with patients classified into two groups, an insufficient endothelial cell density (ECD < 2100 cells/mm2) group, and a control group. These groups were formed based on baseline ECD values and were used to evaluate the influence of aqueous humor TAC and AA on overall corneal endothelial health. A CuTAC assay was used to accurately measure aqueous humor TAC without the need for sample dilution. After analyzing a total of 164 human aqueous humor samples, we found that AA was the major contributor to aqueous humor TAC (73.2%). In addition, TAC and AA levels in the IECD and control groups were both found to be significantly different (1.168 vs. 1.592 mM, p = 0.009 and 0.856 vs. 1.178 mM, p = 0.016). TAC and AA were considered independent protective factors against IECD with adjusted odds ratios of 0.02 (p = 0.017) and 0.023 (p = 0.033), respectively. In conclusion, aqueous humor TAC and AA contribute to the maintenance of sufficient corneal ECD, and our CuTAC assay can be a useful tool for analyzing TAC using only a small aqueous humor sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ting Tsao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Department of EducationChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Chi Wu
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Department of MedicineChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Kuan‐Jen Chen
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Department of MedicineChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Lung‐Kun Yeh
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Department of MedicineChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yih‐Shiou Hwang
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Department of MedicineChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Jen Hsueh
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Center for Tissue EngineeringChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Chi Chen
- Department of OphthalmologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
- Department of MedicineChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan
- Center for Tissue EngineeringChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
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M Padua IR, P Valdetaro G, B Lima T, K Kobashigawa K, E S Silva P, Aldrovani M, M Padua PP, Laus JL. Effects of intracameral ascorbic acid on the corneal endothelium of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:151-159. [PMID: 28714237 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cataracts are the most common ocular disorder in dogs. Phacoemulsification is the preferred treatment method among ophthalmologists, but the cellularity of the endothelium must be considered for its success, as endothelial lesions may produce permanent corneal decompensation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intracameral ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant, on the corneal endothelium of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. ANIMAL STUDIED In all, 40 eyes from 20 dogs, males and females from 7 to 12 years of age, were assessed for mature cataracts. PROCEDURES Two groups were formed (n = 20): Group 1 (G1) received a balanced salt solution (BSS), whereas Group 2 (G2) received sterile ascorbic acid diluted in a BSS, at a final concentration of 0.001 m ascorbic acid. The corneal endothelium was assessed via non-contact specular microscopy at multiple time points before and after phacoemulsification. Cell density (cells/mm2 ) and area (mm2 ), corneal thickness (mm), hexagonality, and the coefficient of variation of cell size were all assessed. P values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS With respect to the density of endothelial cells, both groups showed losses, but they were less severe in G2. There were no differences in corneal thickness. Hexagonality decreased significantly in the postoperative period in G1. Also in G1, the coefficient of variation of cell size increased significantly. CONCLUSION According to the results obtained, ascorbic acid minimizes cellular losses in the corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R M Padua
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele P Valdetaro
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Lima
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina K Kobashigawa
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma E S Silva
- Anesthesiology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Padua
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Clinica Protectora de Animales, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jose L Laus
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Cabrera MP, Chihuailaf RH. Antioxidants and the integrity of ocular tissues. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:905153. [PMID: 21789267 PMCID: PMC3140028 DOI: 10.4061/2011/905153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals are normally generated in many pathways. These radicals can interact with various cellular components and induce cell injury. When free radicals exceed the antioxidant capacity, cell injury causes diverse pathologic changes in the organs. The imbalance between the generation of free radicals and antioxidant defence is known as oxidative stress. The eye can suffer the effect of oxidative damage due to the etiopathogenesis of some pathological changes related to oxidative stress. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of damage in different eye structures, the involvement of the antioxidant network in protecting and maintaining the homeostasis of this organ, and the potential assessment methodologies used in research and in some cases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P Cabrera
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 567, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile
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Leite MT, Prata TS, Kera CZ, Miranda DV, de Moraes Barros SB, Melo LA. Ascorbic acid concentration is reduced in the secondary aqueous humour of glaucomatous patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:402-6. [PMID: 19594568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the ascorbic acid concentration in secondary aqueous humour (AH) from glaucomatous patients and to compare it with primary AH from primary open-angle glaucoma patients and non-glaucomatous patients. METHODS Primary AH samples were prospectively obtained from clinically uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma patients and senile cataract patients (controls) prior to trabeculectomy and cataract surgery. Secondary AH samples were obtained from eyes with previous intraocular surgery, prior to trabeculectomy or cataract surgery. AH (0.1 mL) was aspirated by inserting a 26-gauge needle into the anterior chamber just before surgery and then immediately stored at -80 degrees C. The ascorbic acid concentration was determined in a masked fashion by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS A total of 18 patients with senile cataract, 16 glaucomatous patients with primary AH (no previous intraocular surgery) and 11 glaucomatous patients with secondary AH (previous intraocular surgery) were included. There was no difference in mean age between groups (P = 0.15). The mean +/- standard deviation concentration of ascorbic acid in the secondary AH from glaucomatous patients (504 +/- 213 micromol/L [95% confidence interval {CI}, 383-624]) was significantly lower than the concentration of ascorbic acid found in the primary aqueous of primary open-angle glaucoma (919 +/- 427 micromol/L [95% CI, 709-1128]) and control patients (1049 +/- 433 micromol/L [95% CI, 848-1249]; P < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). CONCLUSIONS The ascorbic acid concentration in secondary AH of glaucomatous patients was approximately twofold lower in comparison with primary AH of glaucomatous and cataract patients. The implications of a reduced concentration of ascorbic acid in the secondary AH deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro T Leite
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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De Biaggi CP, Barros PSM, Silva VV, Brooks DE, Barros SBM. Ascorbic acid levels of aqueous humor of dogs after experimental phacoemulsification. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:299-302. [PMID: 16939457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phacoemulsification has been successfully employed in humans and animals for lens extraction. This ultrasonic extracapsular surgical technique induces hydroxyl radical formation in the anterior chamber, which accumulates despite irrigation and aspiration. In this paper we determined the total antioxidant status of aqueous humor after phacoemulsification by measuring aqueous humor ascorbic acid levels. Mixed-breed dogs (n = 11; weighing about 10 kg) with normal eyes as determined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, and indirect ophthalmoscopy had phacoemulsification performed in one eye with the other eye used as a control. Samples of aqueous humor were obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis before surgery and at days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 15 after surgery. Total aqueous humor antioxidant status was inferred from the capacity of aqueous humor to inhibit free radical generation by 2,2-azobis (2-amidopropane) chlorine. Ascorbic acid concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Protein content was determined with the biuret reagent. Statistical analysis was performed by anova followed by the paired t-test. Total antioxidant capacity was reduced from 48 to 27 min during the first 24 h with a gradual increase thereafter, remaining statistically lower than the control eye until 7 days postoperatively. Reduced levels of ascorbic acid followed this reduction in antioxidant capacity (from 211 to 99 microm after 24 h), remaining lower than the control eye until 15 days postoperatively. Protein concentration in aqueous humor increased from 0.62 mg/mL to 30.8 mg/mL 24 h after surgery, remaining statistically lower than the control eye until 15 days postoperatively. Paracentesis alone did not significantly alter the parameters measured. These results indicate that after phacoemulsification, the aqueous humor ascorbic acid levels and antioxidant defenses in aqueous humor are reduced, indirectly corroborating free radical production in the anterior chamber as a result of phacoemulsification. The inflammatory process consequent to the surgical procedure demonstrated by increased protein content in aqueous humor can also contribute to free radical production and ascorbic acid consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianni P De Biaggi
- Laboratory of Investigation in Comparative Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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