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Arsenic trioxide: insights into its evolution to an anticancer agent. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:313-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yang S, Li SS, Yang XM, Yin DH, Wang L. Embelin prevents LMP1-induced TRAIL resistance via inhibition of XIAP in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4167-4176. [PMID: 27313761 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces apoptosis in the majority of tumor cells, whilst sparing normal cells. However, the potential use of TRAIL in the treatment of cancer is limited by the inevitable emergence of drug resistance. The present study reports the upregulation of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-induced TRAIL resistance via the enhanced expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. LMP1-positive NPC cells were indicated to be more sensitive to TRAIL compared with LMP1-negative NPC cells in three NPC cell lines. CNE-1 is a LMP1-negative NPC cell line that was transfected with pGL6-LMP1; following which, sensitivity to TRAIL decreased. LMP1-induced TRAIL resistance was associated with the decreased cleavage of caspase-8,-3 and -9, BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) and mitochondrial depolarization, without any effects on the expression of the death receptors, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-extra long. Knockdown of XIAP with small interfering RNA increased caspase-3 and -9 and Bid cleavage, and prevented LMP1-induced TRAIL resistance. Furthermore, embelin, the inhibitor of XIAP, prevented LMP1-induced TRAIL resistance in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive CNE-1-LMP1 and C666-1 NPC cell lines. However, embelin did not enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in NP-69, which was used as a benign nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line. These data show that LMP1 inhibits TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of XIAP. Embelin may be used in an efficacious and safe manner to prevent LMP1-induced TRAIL resistance. The present study may have implications for the development and validation of novel strategies to prevent TRAIL resistance in EBV-positive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Sheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Hui Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Sides MD, Sosulski ML, Luo F, Lin Z, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Co-treatment with arsenic trioxide and ganciclovir reduces tumor volume in a murine xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virol J 2013; 10:152. [PMID: 23680002 PMCID: PMC3666899 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that disruption of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) is sufficient to activate the EBV lytic cycle thus making infected cells susceptible to ganciclovir (GCV) mediated killing in vitro. Here we show that co-administration of GCV and arsenic trioxide (ATO), a PML NB disruptor, reduces tumor volume in a xenograft model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma utilizing CNE1 cells. When administered at pharmacologic levels, both GCV and ATO reduced tumor growth while co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in a diminution of tumor volume. Treatment with GCV or ATO individually resulted in an increased number of apoptotic cells while co-treatment with GCV + ATO synergistically induced apoptosis. Treatment with ATO or co-treatment with GCV + ATO resulted in expression of EBV lytic proteins. These data suggest that co-treatment with GCV + ATO may provide an effective treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sides
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Huang S, Guo S, Guo F, Yang Q, Xiao X, Murata M, Ohnishi S, Kawanishi S, Ma N. CD44v6 expression in human skin keratinocytes as a possible mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with chronic arsenic exposure. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e1. [PMID: 23549458 PMCID: PMC3683606 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-known human skin carcinogen. Chronic arsenic exposure results in various types of human skin lesions, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To investigate whether mutant stem cells participate in arsenic-associated carcinogenesis, we repeatedly exposed the human spontaneously immortalized skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line to an environmentally relevant level of arsenic (0.05 ppm) in vitrofor 18 weeks. Following sodium arsenite administration, cell cycle, colony-forming efficiency (CFE), cell tumorigenicity, and expression of CD44v6, NF-κB and p53, were analyzed at different time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 passages). We found that a chronic exposure of HaCaT cells to a low level of arsenic induced a cancer stem-like phenotype. Furthermore, arsenictreated HaCaT cells also became tumorigenic in nude mice, their growth cycle was predominantly in G2/M and S phases. Relative to nontreated cells, they exhibited a higher growth rate and a significant increase in CFE. Western blot analysis found that arsenic was capable of increasing cell proliferation and sprouting of cancer stem-like phenotype. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that CD44v6 expression was upregulated in HaCaT cells exposed to a low level of arsenic during early stages of induction. The expression of CD44v6 in arsenic-treated cells was positively correlated with their cloning efficiency in soft agar (r=0.949, P=0.01). Likewise, the expressions of activating transcription factor NF-κB and p53 genes in the arsenic-treated HaCaT cells were significantly higher than that in non-treated cells. Higher expressions of CD44v6, NF-κB and p53 were also observed in tumor tissues isolated from Balb/c nude mice. The present results suggest that CD44v6 may be a biomarker of arsenicinduced neoplastic transformation in human skin cells, and that arsenic promotes malignant transformation in human skin lesions through a NF-κB signaling pathway-stimulated expression of CD44v6.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, Japan
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Qi Y, Huang D, Zhang Y. Arsenic trioxide inhibits invasion/migration in SGC-7901 cells by activating the reactive oxygen species-dependent cyclooxygenase-2/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:592-7. [PMID: 21540248 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been shown to inhibit invasion/migration in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To identify the role of As(2)O(3) in regulating invasion/migration activity in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, the effects of As(2)O(3) on cell invasion/migration activity, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. Furthermore, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, a radical scavenger) and celecoxib (a Cox-2 inhibitor) were used to explore the molecular mechanism. The results demonstrated that As(2)O(3) (1 and 2 μmol/L) inhibited invasion/migration activity in SGC-7901 cells at 24 h and suppressed the expression of Cox-2, PGE2 and MMP-2 (P < 0.05), whereas the same treatment had no significant effect on TXB2 and LTB4 expression. In contrast, intracellular ROS were increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, NAC eliminated the excessive ROS and restored the expression of Cox-2 and MMP-2 and invasion/migration activity in As(2)O(3)-treated cells (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ROS may be a critical factor in regulating the invasion/migration process. Moreover, celecoxib significantly decreased Cox-2, MMP-2 and PGE2 expression and inhibited invasion/migration activity in As(2)O(3)-treated cells (P < 0.05), indicating that As(2)O(3) inhibits invasion/migration by regulating the expression of Cox-2/PGE2/MMP-2. In conclusion, these results suggest that increased ROS play a critical role in inhibiting invasion/migration by suppressing the Cox-2/MMP-2 pathway in As(2)O(3)-treated SGC-7901 cells and regulating intracellular ROS levels may be a promising strategy in gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, Ministry of Education/Arid Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
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Yang H, Qu L, Ma H, Chen L, Liu W, Liu C, Meng L, Wu J, Shou C. Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric carcinoma and its effects on the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:132. [PMID: 21062494 PMCID: PMC2993648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection has been postulated to play a role in the development of several types of cancer, but the direct evidence and mechanism remained to be determined. METHODS Immunohistochemistry assay and nested polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) were performed to examine the mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric cancer tissues. Statistical analysis was used to check the association between mycoplasma infection and clinicopathologic parameters. Transwell chamber assay and metastasis assay were used to evaluate mycoplasma hyorhinis' effects on metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation were investigated by Western blot. RESULTS Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric cancer tissues was revealed and statistical analysis indicated a significant association between mycoplasma infections and lymph node metastasis, Lauren's Classification, TNM stage, and age of the patients. Mycoplasma hyorhinis promoted tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, which was possibly associated with the enhanced phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2. The antibody against p37 protein of Mycoplasma hyorhinis could inhibit the migration of the infected cells. CONCLUSIONS The infection of mycoplasma hyorhinis may contribute to the development of gastric cancer and Mycoplasma hyorhinis-induced malignant phenotypes were possibly mediated by p37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
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Yeh KY, Chang JWC, Li YY, Wang CH, Wang HM. Tumor growth inhibition of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines by low dose of arsenic trioxide via alteration of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Head Neck 2010; 33:734-42. [PMID: 20737493 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although arsenic trioxide (ATO) has displayed anticancer activity against primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), its efficacy in metastatic NPC deserved further investigation because the biological/therapeutic difference in cancer cells probably exists between primary and distant sites. METHODS Two human metastatic NPC cell lines (NPC-BM1 and NPC-BM2) were investigated. We measured cellular proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptotic extent of BM1 and BM2 cells treated with ATO in vitro. Furthermore, we evaluated the tumor growth after ATO treatment in vivo. RESULTS Low-dose ATO treatment is sufficient to induce an antiproliferative effect, alter the cell cycle, and increase apoptosis in BM1 and BM2 cells. BM1 tumor growth in a xenograft model with low-dose and short-schedule (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection for 5 consecutive days) of ATO treatment significantly slowed in vivo. CONCLUSION ATO at low dose seems to be an encouraging schedule for palliative treatment of metastatic NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yun Yeh
- Division of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan, Providence of China.
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Du Y, Zhang D, Liu H, Lai R. Thermochemotherapy effect of nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex on experimental mouse tumors and its influence on the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C and MMP-9. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:84. [PMID: 19804631 PMCID: PMC2765420 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both thermotherapy and arsenic have been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of cancers. To reduce the limitations of conventional thermotherapy, improve therapeutic anticancer activity, reduce the toxicity of arsenic on normal tissue, and increase tissue-specific delivery, we prepared a nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex (Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in As2O3). We assessed the thermodynamic characteristics of this complex and validated the hyperthermia effect, when combined with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), on xenograft HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cell line) in nude mice. We also measured the effect on the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9 which were related to cancer and/or metastasis. RESULTS The nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 particles were approximately spherical, had good dispersibility as evidenced by TEM, and an average diameter of about 50 nm. With different concentrations of the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex, the correspondingsuspension of magnetic particles could attain a steady temperature ranging from 42 degrees C to 65 degrees C when placed in AMF for 40 min. Thermochemotherapy with the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex showed a significant inhibitory effect on the mass (88.21%) and volume (91.57%) of xenograft cervical tumors (p < 0.05 for each measurement, compared with control). In addition, thermochemotherapy with the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex significantly inhibited the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9 mRNA (p < 0.05 for each). CONCLUSION As2O3/Fe3O4 complex combined with MFH had is a promising technique for the minimally invasive elimination of solid tumors and may be have anticancerometastasic effect by inhibiting the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Du
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomateria and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Department of laboratory, Nanjing Tongren Hospital,, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rensheng Lai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Gong M, Meng L, Jiang B, Zhang J, Yang H, Wu J, Shou C. p37 from Mycoplasma hyorhinis promotes cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis through activation of MMP-2 and followed by phosphorylation of EGFR. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:530-7. [PMID: 18347140 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High Mycoplasma infection in gastric cancer tissues suggests a possible association between Mycoplasma infection and tumorigenesis. By using human gastric cancer cells AGS and mouse melanoma cells B16F10 stably expressing p37, the major immunogen of Mycoplasma hyorhinis, we found that p37 enhanced cell motility, migration, and invasion in vitro. With experimental metastasis model in C57BL/6 mice, p37 adenovirus-infected B16F10 cells formed more metastasis lesions in the lung. Furthermore, p37 promoted the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Inhibitor of MMPs significantly blocked p37-induced EGFR but has little effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, whereas the p37-induced MMP-2 activation was only partially suppressed by inhibitor of MEK1/2 or by inhibitor of EGFR. However, all these inhibitors significantly reduced the p37-induced invasiveness of AGS cells. These results suggest that p37 may stimulate invasion by increasing the activity of MMP-2, thereby inducing EGFR phosphorylation and contributing to tumor metastasis on M. hyorhinis infection. p37 and its regulated molecules could be the potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Olsen CE, Liguori AE, Zong Y, Lantz RC, Burgess JL, Boitano S. Arsenic upregulates MMP-9 and inhibits wound repair in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L293-302. [PMID: 18539681 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune defense, the polarized conducting lung epithelium acts as a barrier to keep particulates carried in respiration from underlying tissue. Arsenic is a metalloid toxicant that can affect the lung via inhalation or ingestion. We have recently shown that chronic exposure of mice or humans to arsenic (10-50 ppb) in drinking water alters bronchiolar lavage or sputum proteins consistent with reduced epithelial cell migration and wound repair in the airway. In this report, we used an in vitro model to examine effects of acute exposure of arsenic (15-290 ppb) on conducting airway lung epithelium. We found that arsenic at concentrations as low as 30 ppb inhibits reformation of the epithelial monolayer following scrape wounds of monolayer cultures. In an effort to understand functional contributions to epithelial wound repair altered by arsenic, we showed that acute arsenic exposure increases activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, an important protease in lung function. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP-9 in arsenic-treated cells improved wound repair. We propose that arsenic in the airway can alter the airway epithelial barrier by restricting proper wound repair in part through the upregulation of MMP-9 by lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Olsen
- Arizona Respiratory Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724-5030, USA
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Cho WCS. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: molecular biomarker discovery and progress. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:1. [PMID: 17199893 PMCID: PMC1774581 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most part of the world and it is one of the most confusing, commonly misdiagnosed and poorly understood diseases. The cancer is an Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancy with a remarkable racial and geographical distribution. It is highly prevalent in southern Asia where the disease occurs at a prevalence about a 100-fold higher compared with other populations not at risk. The etiology of NPC is thought to be associated with a complex interaction of genetic, viral, environmental and dietary factors. Thanks to the advancements in genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics in recent decades, more understanding of the disease etiology, carcinogenesis and progression has been gained. Research into these components may unravel the pathways in NPC development and potentially decipher the molecular characteristics of the malignancy. In the era of molecular medicine, specific treatment to the potential target using technologies such as immunotherapy and RNAi becomes formulating from bench to bedside application and thus makes molecular biomarker discovery more meaningful for NPC management. In this article, the latest molecular biomarker discovery and progress in NPC is reviewed with respect to the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and prognostication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chi-Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Room 1305, 13/F, Block R, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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