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Sanei-Dehkordi A, Agholi M, Shafiei M, Osanloo M. Promising Larvicidal Efficacy of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Mentha longifolia L., Mentha pulegium L., and Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oils Against the Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1265-1272. [PMID: 35704149 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An attempt was made in the current study to develop a natural mosquito larvicide using nanotechnology. METHODS Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing three essential oils were first prepared using the high-pressure homogenizer. Larvicidal effects of essential oils and the SLNs against Anopheles stephensi were then compared. RESULTS The size of SLN containing Mentha longifolia, Mentha pulegium, Zataria multiflora essential oil was obtained as 105 ± 7, 210 ± 4, and 137 ± 8 nm. Their zeta potentials were - 7.8, - 4.7, and - 9.7 mV. Besides, their efficacy with LC50 values of 24.79, 5.11, and 9.19 µg/mL was significantly more potent than that of their un-formulated essential oils with LC50 values of 36.2, 27.55, and 33.33 µg/mL. CONCLUSION SLNs containing M. pulegium with the best efficacy (P < 0.05) could be considered as potent larvicides against other important species of mosquitoes and field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Agholi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahsa Shafiei
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Sánchez KE, Spencer LM. Pregnancy-associated malaria: Effects of cytokine and chemokine expression. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 47:102282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Acheampong DO, Adu P, Ampomah P, Duedu KO, Aninagyei E. Immunological, haematological, and clinical attributes of rural and urban malaria: a case-control study in Ghana. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:806-816. [PMID: 34475663 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare clinical presentations, haematological and immunological parameters in urban and rural malaria patients. Clinically suspected malaria patients, resident in either rural or urban communities, were selected from seven health facilities in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. For each suspected malaria patient, parasites were detected microscopically and quantified subsequently. In each study site, an equal number of cases and age-matched controls were selected. In both cases and controls, clinical presentations, nutritional status, haematological, and immunological parameters were profiled. A total of 149 malaria patients and 149 nonmalaria controls were selected. Compared to rural dwellers with malaria, parasitaemia was significantly higher in both males and females and in the various age groups in urban dwellers with malaria. Additionally, mean lymphocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell haemoglobin, platelets, and mean platelet volume levels were significantly lower in urban dwellers with malaria. However, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 levels in urban dwellers with malaria were significantly higher, while IL-10, CD4+, CD3+, CD8+ T-cells levels and CD4+/ CD3+ ratio were significantly lower in urban dwellers with malaria. Furthermore, chills, diarrhoea, fever, and pallor were significantly associated with urban dwellers with malaria. This study concluded that urban dwellers are more prone to severe malaria while rural dwellers tend to have more measured immune response against malaria infection, and therefore experienced better controlled inflammatory processes associated with mild form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick Adu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paulina Ampomah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Obeng Duedu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
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Pomari E, Silva R, Moro L, La Marca G, Perandin F, Verra F, Bisoffi Z, Piubelli C. Droplet Digital PCR for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA in Whole Blood and Serum: A Comparative Analysis with Other Molecular Methods. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060478. [PMID: 32560386 PMCID: PMC7350319 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The estimation of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia can vary according to the method used. Recently, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been proposed as a promising approach in the molecular quantitation of Plasmodium, but its ability to predict the actual parasitaemia on clinical samples has not been largely investigated. Moreover, the possibility of applying the ddPCR-sensitive method to serum samples has never been explored. Methods: We used, for the first time, ddPCR on both blood and serum to detect the DNA of P. falciparum in 52 paired samples from 26 patients. ddPCR was compared with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and rtPCR. The correlation between the ddPCR results, microscopy, and clinical parameters was examined. Results: ddPCR and microscopy were found to be strongly correlated (ρ(26) = 0.83111, p < 0.0001) in blood. Samples deviating from the correlation were partially explained by clinical parameters. In serum samples, ddPCR revealed the best performance in detecting P. falciparum DNA, with 77% positive samples among malaria subjects. Conclusion: Absolute quantitation by ddPCR can be a flexible technique for Plasmodium detection, with potential application in the diagnosis of malaria. In particular, ddPCR is a powerful approach for Plasmodium DNA analysis on serum when blood samples are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Ronaldo Silva
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lucia Moro
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
| | - Giulia La Marca
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
| | - Federica Verra
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (R.S.); (L.M.); (G.L.M.); (F.P.); (F.V.); (Z.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (C.P.)
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Rahman K, Khan SU, Fahad S, Chang MX, Abbas A, Khan WU, Rahman L, Haq ZU, Nabi G, Khan D. Nano-biotechnology: a new approach to treat and prevent malaria. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1401-1410. [PMID: 30863068 PMCID: PMC6390872 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s190692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, the exterminator of ~1.5 to 2.7 million human lives yearly, is a notorious disease known throughout the world. The eradication of this disease is difficult and a challenge to scientists. Vector elimination and effective chemotherapy for the patients are key tactics to be used in the fight against malaria. However, drug resistance and environmental and social concerns are the main hurdles in this fight against malaria. Overcoming these limitations is the major challenge for the 21st-century malarial researchers. Adapting the principles of nano-biotechnology to both vector control and patient therapy is the only solution to the problem. Several compounds such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acid and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully used for the control of this lethal malaria disease. Other useful natural reagents such as microbes and their products, carbohydrates, vitamins, plant extracts and biodegradable polymers, are also used to control this disease. Among these particles, the plant-based particles such as leaf, root, stem, latex, and seed give the best antagonistic response against malaria. In the present review, we describe certain efforts related to the control, prevention and treatment of malaria. We hope that this review will open new doors for malarial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaista Rahman
- College of Animal Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar, Pakistan,
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wasim Ullah Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lutfur Rahman
- Molecular Systematics & Applied Ethno Botany Lab (MoSEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Dilfaraz Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Pereira MLM, Marinho CRF, Epiphanio S. Could Heme Oxygenase-1 Be a New Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Malaria-Associated Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:161. [PMID: 29868517 PMCID: PMC5964746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious disease and was responsible for 429,000 deaths in 2015. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is one of the main clinical complications of severe malaria; it is characterized by a high mortality rate and can even occur after antimalarial treatment when parasitemia is not detected. Rodent models of ALI/ARDS show similar clinical signs as in humans when the rodents are infected with murine Plasmodium. In these models, it was shown that the induction of the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is protective against severe malaria complications, including cerebral malaria and ALI/ARDS. Increased lung endothelial permeability and upregulation of VEGF and other pro-inflammatory cytokines were found to be associated with malaria-associated ALI/ARDS (MA-ALI/ARDS), and both were reduced after HO-1 induction. Additionally, mice were protected against MA-ALI/ARDS after treatment with carbon monoxide- releasing molecules or with carbon monoxide, which is also released by the HO-1 activity. However, high HO-1 levels in inflammatory cells were associated with the respiratory burst of neutrophils and with an intensification of inflammation during episodes of severe malaria in humans. Here, we review the main aspects of HO-1 in malaria and ALI/ARDS, presenting the dual role of HO-1 and possibilities for therapeutic intervention by modulating this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L M Pereira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dumoulin PC, Trop SA, Ma J, Zhang H, Sherman MA, Levitskaya J. Flow Cytometry Based Detection and Isolation of Plasmodium falciparum Liver Stages In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129623. [PMID: 26070149 PMCID: PMC4466555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, the disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, remains a major global health burden. The liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection is a leading target for immunological and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, novel approaches providing specific detection and isolation of live P. falciparum exoerythrocytic forms (EEFs) are warranted. Utilizing a recently generated parasite strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) we established a method which, allows for detection and isolation of developing live P. falciparum liver stages by flow cytometry. Using this technique we compared the susceptibility of five immortalized human hepatocyte cell lines and primary hepatocyte cultures from three donors to infection by P. falciparum sporozoites. Here, we show that EEFs can be detected and isolated from in vitro infected cultures of the HC-04 cell line and primary human hepatocytes. We confirmed the presence of developing parasites in sorted live human hepatocytes and characterized their morphology by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, we validated the practical applications of our approach by re-examining the importance of host ligand CD81 for hepatocyte infection by P. falciparum sporozoites in vitro and assessment of the inhibitory activity of anti-sporozoite antibodies. This methodology provides us with the tools to study both, the basic biology of the P. falciparum liver stage and the effects of host-derived factors on the development of P. falciparum EEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Dumoulin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Stefanie A. Trop
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Jinxia Ma
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Hao Zhang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Sherman
- Triangle Research Labs, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC, 27709, United States of America
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fitri LE, Sardjono TW, Rahmah Z, Siswanto B, Handono K, Dachlan YP. Low Fetal Weight is Directly Caused by Sequestration of Parasites and Indirectly by IL-17 and IL-10 Imbalance in the Placenta of Pregnant Mice with Malaria. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:189-96. [PMID: 25925177 PMCID: PMC4416375 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the placenta can activate the syncytiotrophoblast to release cytokines that affect the micro-environment and influence the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus. The high level of IL-10 has been reported in the intervillous space and could prevent the pathological effects. There is still no data of Th17 involvement in the pathogenesis of placental malaria. This study was conducted to reveal the influence of placental IL-17 and IL-10 levels on fetal weights in malaria placenta. Seventeen pregnant BALB/C mice were divided into control (8 pregnant mice) and treatment group (9 pregnant mice infected by Plasmodium berghei). Placental specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were examined to determine the level of cytoadherence by counting the infected erythrocytes in the intervillous space of placenta. Levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in the placenta were measured using ELISA. All fetuses were weighed by analytical balance. Statistical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling showed that cytoadherence caused an increased level of placental IL-17 and a decreased level of placental IL-10. Cytoadherence also caused low fetal weight. The increased level of placental IL-17 caused low fetal weight, and interestingly low fetal weight was caused by a decrease of placental IL-10. It can be concluded that low fetal weight in placental malaria is directly caused by sequestration of the parasites and indirectly by the local imbalance of IL-17 and IL-10 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Wahju Sardjono
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Zainabur Rahmah
- Reproductive Biology Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Budi Siswanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Jaksa Agung Suprapto No.2, Malang, East Java 65122, Indonesia
| | - Kusworini Handono
- Department Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Infección placentaria por malaria. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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How Reliable Are Hematological Parameters in Predicting Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in an Endemic Region? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:1-9. [PMID: 25285308 PMCID: PMC4181384 DOI: 10.1155/2013/673798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hematological changes that occur have been suggested as potential predictors of malaria. This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic relevance of hematological parameters in predicting malaria. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 370 patients with signs and symptoms of malaria was conducted at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, from May, 2012 to February, 2013. Thin and thick blood films were prepared for each patient and stained with Giemsa to aid the detection of malaria parasites. Patients' hematological parameters were determined. RESULTS Out of the 370 patients, 61 (16.5%) had malaria. Significant differences in the hematological parameters between P. falciparum malaria parasitemic patients and nonparasitemic patients were only observed in mean (±SD) of the differential monocyte count (10.89 ± 6.23% versus 8.98 ± 5.02%, p = 0.01) and the platelet count (172.43 (± 80.41) ×103 cells/μl versus 217.82 ± (95.96) ×103 cells/μl p = 0.00). The mean (±SD) values of the red blood cell indices (hemoglobin count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC), the differential neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and the mean platelet volume (MPV) did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION Hematological changes are unreliable laboratory indicators of malaria in acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
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Marín-Menéndez A, Bardají A, Martínez-Espinosa FE, Bôtto-Menezes C, Lacerda MV, Ortiz J, Cisteró P, Piqueras M, Felger I, Müeller I, Ordi J, del Portillo H, Menéndez C, Wahlgren M, Mayor A. Rosetting in Plasmodium vivax: a cytoadhesion phenotype associated with anaemia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2155. [PMID: 23593522 PMCID: PMC3617122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax can potentially lead to life-threatening episodes but the mechanisms underlying severe disease remain poorly defined. Cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes may contribute to P. vivax sequestration and organ injury although its physiological impact is still unknown. Here, we aimed to describe clinically-relevant cytoadhesive phenotypes of P. vivax isolates. Methodology/Principal findings Rosetting and adhesion to CSA, CD36, ICAM1, placental and brain cryosections were determined in P. vivax peripheral isolates from 12 pregnant women, 24 non-pregnant women and 23 men from Manaus (Brazil). P. falciparum co-infection was excluded by PCR and P. vivax isolates were genotyped by assessing the size polymorphism of microsatellites ms2, ms20 and msp1F3 through capillary electrophoresis of PCR products. P. vivax monoinfection was confirmed by PCR in 59 isolates, with 50 (85%) of them being single-clone infections. One P. vivax haplotype was more frequently found among pregnant women (33%) than in non-pregnant women (0%) and men (4%; p = 0.010). Rosetting was observed in 64% of the isolates, adhesion to CSA in 15%, to ICAM1 in 12% and to placental cryosections in 9%, being similar among pregnant and non-pregnant groups. Intensity of rosetting was higher among anaemic individuals compared to non-anaemic (p = 0.010) and decreased with increasing haematocrit (p = 0.033) and haemoglobin levels (p = 0.015). Conclusions/Significance P. vivax peripheral isolates from pregnant women do not exhibit a prominent adhesion to CSA, although other parasite phenotypes still unknown may increase the propagation of certain P. vivax clones observed among pregnant hosts. Rosetting is a frequent cytoadhesive phenotype in P. vivax infections that may contribute to the development of anaemia. Despite being considered a relatively benign disease, Plasmodium vivax infection has been recently associated with fatal outcomes. The mechanisms contributing to severe disease in P. vivax malaria remain largely unknown, although scarce evidences suggests that similarly to P. falciparum, P. vivax may also adhere to host receptors on the vascular endothelium or on uninfected erythrocytes to form ‘rosettes’. Such cytoadhesion phenotypes might contribute to mild sequestration of P. vivax and poor clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to describe clinically relevant cytoadhesive phenotypes of P. vivax infected erythrocytes isolated from peripheral blood of pregnant and non-pregnant patients in the Brazilian Amazon. We did not observe any specific cytoadhesion phenotype associated to pregnancy, although a P. vivax haplotype was more frequent among pregnant women than in non-pregnant hosts. This finding suggests that other parasite phenotypes still unknown may increase the propagation of certain P. vivax clones among pregnant hosts. In addition, we found that rosetting was a frequent cytoadhesive phenotype in P. vivax infections that was associated with an increased risk of anaemia. This study places cytoadhesion and specifically rosetting as a target for the development of new therapies to treat or prevent life-threatening P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-Menéndez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azucena Bardají
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flor E. Martínez-Espinosa
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Camila Bôtto-Menezes
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Lacerda
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jon Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pau Cisteró
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Piqueras
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Müeller
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jaume Ordi
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Menéndez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Identification of VAR2CSA domain-specific inhibitory antibodies of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 using a novel flow cytometry assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:433-42. [PMID: 23345587 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00638-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
VAR2CSA, a member of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family, is a leading candidate for use in vaccines to protect first-time mothers from placental malaria (PM). VAR2CSA, which is comprised of a series of six Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains, binds chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on placental syncytiotrophoblast. Several recombinant DBL domains have been shown to bind CSA. In order to identify and develop recombinant proteins suitable for clinical development, DBL2X and DBL3X, as well as their respective third subdomain (S3) from the FCR3 parasite clone, were expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded, and purified. All but DBL3X-S3 recombinant proteins bound to CSA expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells but not to CHO-pgsA745 cells, which are CSA negative as determined by flow cytometry. All but DBL3X-S3 bound to CSA on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Purified IgG from rats and rabbits immunized with these four recombinant proteins bound homologous and some heterologous parasite-infected erythrocytes (IE). Using a novel flow cytometry inhibition-of-binding assay (flow-IBA), antibodies against DBL3X-S3 inhibited 35% and 45% of IE binding to CSA on CHO-K1 cells compared to results for soluble CSA (sCSA) and purified multigravida (MG) IgG, respectively, from areas in Tanzania to which malaria is endemic. Antibodies generated against the other domains provided little or no inhibition of IE binding to CSA on CHO-K1 cells as determined by the flow cytometry inhibition-of-binding assay. These results demonstrate for the first time the ability to identify antibodies to VAR2CSA DBL domains and subdomains capable of inhibiting VAR2CSA parasite-IE binding to CSA by flow cytometry. The flow cytometry inhibition-of-binding assay was robust and provided an accurate, reproducible, and reliable means to identify blocking of IE binding to CSA and promises to be significant in the development of a vaccine to protect pregnant women.
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Ku MJ, Dossin FDM, Hansen MAE, Genovesio A, Ayong L, Freitas-Junior LH. An image-based drug susceptibility assay targeting the placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41765. [PMID: 22952585 PMCID: PMC3430655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria is a significant cause of all malaria-related deaths globally for which no drugs have been developed to specifically disrupt its pathogenesis. To facilitate the discovery of antimalarial drugs targeting the cytoadherence process of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes in the placenta microvasculature, we have developed an automated image-based assay for high-throughput screening for potent cytoadherence inhibitors in vitro. Parasitized erythrocytes were drug-treated for 24 h and then allowed to adhere on a monolayer of placental BeWo cells prior to red blood cell staining with glycophorin A antibodies. Upon image-acquisition, drug effects were quantified as the proportion of treated parasitized erythrocytes to BeWo cells compared to the binding of untreated iRBCs. We confirmed the reliability of this new assay by comparing the binding ratios of CSA- and CD36-panned parasites on the placental BeWo cells, and by quantifying the effects of chondroitin sulfate A, brefeldin A, and artemisinin on the binding. By simultaneously examining the drug effects on parasite viability, we could discriminate between cytoadherence-specific inhibitors and other schizonticidal compounds. Taken together, our data establish that the developed assay is highly suitable for drug studies targeting placental malaria, and will facilitate the discovery and rapid development of new therapies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Je Ku
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Fernando de M. Dossin
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Michael A. E. Hansen
- Center for Core Technologies-Image Mining, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Center for Core Technologies-Image Mining, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Lucio H. Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Valente B, Campos PA, do Rosário VE, Varandas L, Silveira H. Prevalence and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnant women of Luanda, Angola. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 16:1206-14. [PMID: 21729222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women are at increased risk of malaria, but in Angola, epidemiologic data from this group is almost inexistent. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum infections in 567 pregnant Angolan women living in Luanda province. One in five women had P. falciparum at delivery, diagnosed by PCR assay. Age, residence and history of malaria during pregnancy were significantly associated with P. falciparum infection, but gravidity and use of anti-malarial drugs were not. Placental infections were significantly more common in women ≤18 years old and in primigravidae, but we could not correlate placental infections with poor pregnancy outcomes. These findings are relevant to malaria control policies in Luanda, Angola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianor Valente
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Carvalho BO, Matsuda JS, Luz SLB, Martinez-Espinosa FE, Leite JA, Franzin F, Orlandi PP, Gregoracci GB, Lacerda MVG, Nogueira PA, Costa FTM. Gestational malaria associated to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum placental mixed-infection followed by foetal loss: a case report from an unstable transmission area in Brazil. Malar J 2011; 10:178. [PMID: 21708032 PMCID: PMC3141593 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational malaria is a multi-factorial syndrome leading to poor outcomes for both the mother and foetus. Although an unusual increasing in the number of hospitalizations caused by Plasmodium vivax has been reported in Brazil, mortality is rarely observed. This is a report of a gestational malaria case that occurred in the city of Manaus (Amazonas State, Brazil) and resulted in foetal loss. The patient presented placental mixed-infection by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum after diagnosis by nested-PCR, however microscopic analysis failed to detect P. falciparum in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, as the patient did not receive proper treatment for P. falciparum and hospitalization occurred soon after drug treatment, it seems that P. falciparum pathology was modulated by the concurrent presence of P. vivax. Collectively, this case confirms the tropism towards the placenta by both of these species of parasites, reinforces the notion that co-existence of distinct malaria parasites interferes on diseases' outcomes, and opens discussions regarding diagnostic methods, malaria treatment during pregnancy and prenatal care for women living in unstable transmission areas of malaria, such as the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna O Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Feng G, Aitken E, Yosaatmadja F, Kalilani L, Meshnick SR, Jaworowski A, Simpson JA, Rogerson SJ. Antibodies to variant surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes are associated with protection from treatment failure and the development of anemia in pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:299-306. [PMID: 19500037 DOI: 10.1086/599841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM), Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) express variant surface antigens (VSA-PAM) that evade existing immunity and mediate placental sequestration. Antibodies to VSA-PAM develop with gravidity and block placental adhesion or opsonize IEs for phagocytic clearance, helping to prevent maternal anemia and low birth weight in infants. METHODS Using serum samples from 141 pregnant Malawian women with parasitemia enrolled in a randomized trial of antimalarials and VSA-PAM-expressing CS2 IEs, we quantified levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G to VSA-PAM by flow cytometry and levels of opsonizing antibodies by measuring uptake of IEs by THP1 promonocytes. RESULTS After controlling for gravidity and antimalarial treatment, higher levels of IgG to VSA-PAM were associated with decreased anemia at delivery (odds ratio [OR], 0.66 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.46-0.93]; P = .018) and were weakly associated with decreased parasitological failure (OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.60-1.03]; P = .075), especially reinfection (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.53-1.01]; P = .057). Higher levels of opsonizing antibodies to CS2 IEs were associated with less maternal anemia (OR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.13-0.74]; P = .008) and treatment failure (OR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.25-0.90]; P = .023), primarily because of recrudescent infection (OR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.21-1.12]; P = .089). CONCLUSION Higher levels of both IgG antibodies to VSA-PAM and opsonizing antibodies, a functional measure of immunity, correlate with parasite clearance and less anemia in pregnancy malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqian Feng
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Sherman IW. References. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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