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Massett MP, Matejka C, Kim H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endurance Exercise Training Protocols for Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:782695. [PMID: 34950054 PMCID: PMC8691460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.782695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbred and genetically modified mice are frequently used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial adaptations to exercise training. However, published paradigms for exercise training in mice are variable, making comparisons across studies for training efficacy difficult. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize the diversity across published treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocols for mice and to identify training protocol parameters that moderate the adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: inbred mice; inclusion of a sedentary group; and exercise training using a motorized treadmill. Fifty-eight articles met those inclusion criteria and also included a "classical" marker of training efficacy. Outcome measures included changes in exercise performance, V ˙ O2max, skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity, blood lactate levels, or exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The majority of studies were conducted using male mice. Approximately 48% of studies included all information regarding exercise training protocol parameters. Meta-analysis was performed using 105 distinct training groups (i.e., EX-SED pairs). Exercise training had a significant effect on training outcomes, but with high heterogeneity (Hedges' g=1.70, 95% CI=1.47-1.94, Tau2=1.14, I2 =80.4%, prediction interval=-0.43-3.84). Heterogeneity was partially explained by subgroup differences in treadmill incline, training duration, exercise performance test type, and outcome variable. Subsequent analyses were performed on subsets of studies based on training outcome, exercise performance, or biochemical markers. Exercise training significantly improved performance outcomes (Hedges' g=1.85, 95% CI=1.55-2.15). Subgroup differences were observed for treadmill incline, training duration, and exercise performance test protocol on improvements in performance. Biochemical markers also changed significantly with training (Hedges' g=1.62, 95% CI=1.14-2.11). Subgroup differences were observed for strain, sex, exercise session time, and training duration. These results demonstrate there is a high degree of heterogeneity across exercise training studies in mice. Training duration had the most significant impact on training outcome. However, the magnitude of the effect of exercise training varies based on the marker used to assess training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Massett
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Caitlyn Matejka
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Toledo-Arruda AC, Sousa Neto IVD, Vieira RP, Guarnier FA, Caleman-Neto A, Suehiro CL, Olivo CR, Cecchini R, Prado CM, Lin CJ, Durigan JLQ, Martins MA. Aerobic exercise training attenuates detrimental effects of cigarette smoke exposure on peripheral muscle through stimulation of the Nrf2 pathway and cytokines: a time-course study in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:978-986. [PMID: 32813570 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure reduces skeletal muscle function; however, the mechanisms involved have been poorly investigated. The current study evaluated the temporal effects of aerobic exercise training on oxidant and antioxidant systems as well as inflammatory markers in skeletal muscle of mice exposed to CS. Mice were randomly allocated to control, exercise, smoke, and smoke+exercise groups and 3 time points (4, 8, and 12 weeks; n = 12 per group). Exercise training and CS exposure were performed for 30 min/day, twice a day, 5 days/week for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Aerobic exercise improved functional capacity and attenuated the increase in the cachexia index induced by CS exposure after 12 weeks. Concomitantly, exercise training downregulated tumor necrosis factor α concentration, glutathione oxidation, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Keap1 (P < 0.01) and upregulated interleukin 10 concentration, total antioxidant capacity, and mRNA expression of Nrf2, Gsr, and Txn1 (P < 0.01) in muscle. Exercise increased mRNA expression of Hmox1 compared with the control after 12 weeks (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between smoke groups for superoxide dismutase activity and Hmox1 mRNA expression. Exercise training improved the ability of skeletal muscle to adequately upregulate key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses to detoxify electrophilic compounds induced by CS exposure, and these effects were more pronounced after 12 weeks. Novelty Exercise attenuates oxidative stress in skeletal muscle from animals exposed to CS via Nrf2 and glutathione pathways. Exercise is a helpful tool to control the inflammatory balance in skeletal muscle from animals exposed to CS. These beneficial effects were evident after 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Toledo-Arruda
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 72220-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-520, Brazil.,Postgraduate Programs in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP 11060-001, Brazil.,Anhembi Morumbi University, School of Medicine, São José dos Campos, SP 12230-002, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Guarnier
- Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Caleman-Neto
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Camila L Suehiro
- Department of Pathology, (LIM-22), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Clarice R Olivo
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Chin J Lin
- Department of Pathology, (LIM-22), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
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Pakhale S, Luks V, Burkett A, Turner L. Effect of physical training on airway inflammation in bronchial asthma: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:38. [PMID: 23758826 PMCID: PMC3751945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of the global population cannot afford existing asthma pharmacotherapy. Physical training as an airway anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma could potentially be a non-invasive, easily available, affordable, and healthy treatment modality. However, effects of physical training on airway inflammation in asthma are currently inconclusive. The main objective of this review is to summarize the effects of physical training on airway inflammation in asthmatics. Methods A peer reviewed search was applied to Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and DARE databases. We included all observational epidemiological research studies and RCTs. Studies evaluating at least one marker of airway inflammation in asthmatics after a period of physical training were selected. Data extraction was performed in a blinded fashion. We decided a priori to avoid pooling of the data in anticipation of heterogeneity of the studies, specifically heterogeneity of airway inflammatory markers studied as outcome measures. Results From the initial 2635 studies; 23 studies (16 RCTs and 7 prospective cohort studies) were included. Study sizes were generally small (median sample size = 30). There was a reduction in C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, sputum cell counts and IgE in asthmatics with physical training. Mixed results were observed after training for fractional excretion of nitric oxide and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The data was not pooled owing to significant heterogeneity between studies, and a funnel plot tests for publication bias were not performed because there were less than 10 studies for almost all outcome measures. Physical training intervention type, duration, intensity, frequency, primary outcome measures, methods of assessing outcome measures, and study designs were heterogeneous. Conclusion Due to reporting issues, lack of information and heterogeneity there was no definite conclusion; however, some findings suggest physical training may reduce airway inflammation in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Pakhale
- The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Luks V, Burkett A, Turner L, Pakhale S. Effect of physical training on airway inflammation in animal models of asthma: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23617952 PMCID: PMC3691924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little data on the effect of exercise on markers of airway inflammation in human asthmatics. The main objective of this review is to determine the effects of physical training on markers of airway inflammation in animal models of asthma. METHODS A peer reviewed search was applied to Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and DARE databases. Data extraction was performed in a blinded fashion. RESULTS From the initial 2336 studies, a total of 10 studies were selected for the final analysis. All were randomized controlled trials with low to moderate intensity training on ovalbumin-sensitized mice. In the exercised group of mice, there was a reduction in BAL eosinophils and Th-2 cytokines, no change in Th-1 cytokines, an increase in IL-10, and a reversal of airway remodeling. The data was not pooled owing to significant heterogeneity between studies, and a funnel plot test for publication bias was not performed because there were few studies reporting on any one outcome measure. The asthma models differed between studies in age and gender of mice, as well as in timing of physical training after sensitization. The risk of bias was unclear for some studies though this may not influence outcome measures. The accuracy of data extracted from graphics is unknown. CONCLUSIONS Physical training improves airway inflammation in animal asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Luks
- Division of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew Burkett
- Division of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lucy Turner
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Divison of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Lee JS, Kim JH, Bae JS, Kim JY, Park TJ, Pasaje CF, Park BL, Cheong HS, Park JS, Uh ST, Kim MK, Choi IS, Cho SH, Choi BW, Park CS, Shin HD. Association analysis of UBE3C polymorphisms in Korean aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 105:307-312. [PMID: 20934631 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), as an asthma phenotype that involves the upper or lower airways, occurs from excessive leukotriene production on administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The UBE3C gene on chromosome 7 is a member of the E3 ligase enzymes and is implicated in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This pathway is involved in immune responses to inflammation, including asthma. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the UBE3C polymorphisms are associated with the risk of AIA. METHODS Twenty-four nonmonomorphic genetic variants of UBE3C were genotyped in 163 patients with AIA and 429 controls with aspirin-tolerant asthma. After genotyping, logistic analyses were performed and haplotypes of each individual were inferred using the PHASE algorithm. RESULTS Logistic analyses revealed that 2 polymorphisms (rs3802122 and rs6979947) in the intron showed significant associations with risk of AIA (P < .001 and P(corr) = .002 in both single nucleotide polymorphisms; odds ratios, 0.61 and 0.60, respectively). In associations with haplotypes, haplotype 2, which contains all the significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms and was infrequent in AIA compared with aspirin-tolerant asthma, was associated with aspirin hypersensitivity in asthmatic patients (P = .003 and P(corr) = .03; odds ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.86). CONCLUSIONS The rs3802122 and rs6979947 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of AIA. However, further studies are required to establish the underlying mechanism by which UBE3C and its polymorphisms affect the risk of AIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Russo TL, Peviani SM, Durigan JLQ, Gigo-Benato D, Delfino GB, Salvini TF. Stretching and electrical stimulation reduce the accumulation of MyoD, myostatin and atrogin-1 in denervated rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2010; 31:45-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-010-9203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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