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Sinha S, Singh K, Ravi Kumar YS, Roy R, Phadnis S, Meena V, Bhattacharyya S, Verma B. Dengue virus pathogenesis and host molecular machineries. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:43. [PMID: 38649998 PMCID: PMC11036733 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are positive-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family. DENV is the causative agent of dengue, the most rapidly spreading viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Each year, millions of people contract the virus through bites from infected female mosquitoes of the Aedes species. In the majority of individuals, the infection is asymptomatic, and the immune system successfully manages to control virus replication within a few days. Symptomatic individuals may present with a mild fever (Dengue fever or DF) that may or may not progress to a more critical disease termed Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or the fatal Dengue shock syndrome (DSS). In the absence of a universally accepted prophylactic vaccine or therapeutic drug, treatment is mostly restricted to supportive measures. Similar to many other viruses that induce acute illness, DENV has developed several ways to modulate host metabolism to create an environment conducive to genome replication and the dissemination of viral progeny. To search for new therapeutic options, understanding the underlying host-virus regulatory system involved in various biological processes of the viral life cycle is essential. This review aims to summarize the complex interaction between DENV and the host cellular machinery, comprising regulatory mechanisms at various molecular levels such as epigenetic modulation of the host genome, transcription of host genes, translation of viral and host mRNAs, post-transcriptional regulation of the host transcriptome, post-translational regulation of viral proteins, and pathways involved in protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kinjal Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Y S Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Riya Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sushant Phadnis
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Varsha Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Shum D, Bhinder B, Mahida J, Radu C, Calder PA, Djaballah H. A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals Common Host-Virus Gene Signatures: Implication for Dengue Antiviral Drug Discovery. GEN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 2:133-148. [PMID: 37928776 PMCID: PMC10623629 DOI: 10.1089/genbio.2023.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease that in recent years has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is a tropical neglected disease with increasing global incidences, affecting millions of people worldwide, and without the availability of specific treatments to combat it. The identification of host-target genes essential for the virus life cycle, for which effective modulators may already exist, would provide an alternative path to a rapid drug development of the much needed antidengue agents. For this purpose, we performed the first genome-wide RNAi screen, combining two high-content readouts for dengue virus infection (DENV E infection intensity) and host cell toxicity (host cell stained nuclei), against an arrayed lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA library covering 16,000 genes with a redundancy of at least 5 hairpins per gene. The screen identified 1924 gene candidates in total; of which, 1730 gene candidates abrogated dengue infection, whereas 194 gene candidates were found to enhance its infectivity in HEK293 cells. A first pass clustering analysis of hits revealed a well-orchestrated gene-network dependency on host cell homeostasis and physiology triggering distinct cellular pathways for infectivity, replication, trafficking, and egress; a second analysis revealed a comprehensive gene signature of 331 genes common to hits identified in 28 published RNAi host-viral interaction screens. Taken together, our findings provide novel antiviral molecular targets with the potential for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shum
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeni Mahida
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantin Radu
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul A. Calder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hakim Djaballah
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Genetic Associations and Differential mRNA Expression Levels of Host Genes Suggest a Viral Trigger for Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050879. [PMID: 35632621 PMCID: PMC9144834 DOI: 10.3390/v14050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The long search for the environmental trigger of the endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF, fogo selvagem) has not yet resulted in any tangible findings. Here, we searched for genetic associations and the differential expression of host genes involved in early viral infections and innate antiviral defense. Genetic variants could alter the structure, expression sites, or levels of the gene products, impacting their functions. By analyzing 3063 variants of 166 candidate genes in 227 EPF patients and 194 controls, we found 12 variants within 11 genes associated with differential susceptibility (p < 0.005) to EPF. The products of genes TRIM5, TPCN2, EIF4E, EIF4E3, NUP37, NUP50, NUP88, TPR, USP15, IRF8, and JAK1 are involved in different mechanisms of viral control, for example, the regulation of viral entry into the host cell or recognition of viral nucleic acids and proteins. Only two of nine variants were also associated in an independent German cohort of sporadic PF (75 patients, 150 controls), aligning with our hypothesis that antiviral host genes play a major role in EPF due to a specific virus−human interaction in the endemic region. Moreover, CCL5, P4HB, and APOBEC3G mRNA levels were increased (p < 0.001) in CD4+ T lymphocytes of EPF patients. Because there is limited or no evidence that these genes are involved in autoimmunity, their crucial role in antiviral responses and the associations that we observed support the hypothesis of a viral trigger for EPF, presumably a still unnoticed flavivirus. This work opens new frontiers in searching for the trigger of EPF, with the potential to advance translational research that aims for disease prevention and treatment.
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Simabuco FM, Tamura RE, Pavan ICB, Morale MG, Ventura AM. Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological interventions in the replication cycle of human coronaviruses. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 44:e20200212. [PMID: 33237152 PMCID: PMC7731901 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), as well as SARS-CoV from 2003 along with MERS-CoV from 2012, is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus of the Nidovirales order and is currently the cause of the pandemic called COVID-19 (or Coronavirus disease 2019). COVID-19, which is characterized by cough, fever, fatigue, and severe cases of pneumonia, has affected more than 23 million people worldwide until August 25th, 2020. Here, we present a review of the cellular mechanisms associated with human coronavirus replication, including the unique molecular events related to the replication transcription complex (RTC) of coronaviruses. We also present information regarding the interactions between each viral protein and cellular proteins associated to known host-pathogen implications for the coronavirus biology. Finally, a specific topic addresses the current attempts for pharmacological interventions against COVID-19, highlighting the possible effects of each drug on the molecular events of viral replication. This review intends to aid future studies for a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and the development of pharmacological approaches targeting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA), Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde (LABMAS), Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA), Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde (LABMAS), Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (FCF), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Oncologia Translacional, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Correlation of host inflammatory cytokines and immune-related metabolites, but not viral NS1 protein, with disease severity of dengue virus infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237141. [PMID: 32764789 PMCID: PMC7413495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe dengue can be lethal caused by manifestations such as severe bleeding, fluid accumulation and organ impairment. This study aimed to investigate the role of dengue non-structural 1 (NS1) protein and host factors contributing to severe dengue. Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing system was used to investigate the changes in barrier function of microvascular endothelial cells treated NS1 protein and serum samples from patients with different disease severity. Cytokines and metabolites profiles were assessed using a multiplex cytokine assay and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry respectively. The findings showed that NS1 was able to induce the loss of barrier function in microvascular endothelium in a dose dependent manner, however, the level of NS1 in serum samples did not correlate with the extent of vascular leakage induced. Further assessment of host factors revealed that cytokines such as CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 and CXCL1, as well as adhesion molecule ICAM-1, that are involved in leukocytes infiltration were expressed higher in dengue patients in comparison to healthy individuals. In addition, metabolomics study revealed the presence of deregulated metabolites involved in the phospholipid metabolism pathway in patients with severe manifestations. In conclusion, disease severity in dengue virus infection did not correlate directly with NS1 level, but instead with host factors that are involved in the regulation of junctional integrity and phospholipid metabolism. However, as the studied population was relatively small in this study, these exploratory findings should be confirmed by expanding the sample size using an independent cohort to further establish the significance of this study.
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Diosa-Toro M, Prasanth KR, Bradrick SS, Garcia Blanco MA. Role of RNA-binding proteins during the late stages of Flavivirus replication cycle. Virol J 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 32334603 PMCID: PMC7183730 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus encompasses several worldwide-distributed arthropod-borne viruses including, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Infection with these viruses manifest with symptoms ranging from febrile illness to life- threatening hypotensive shock and encephalitis. Therefore, flaviviruses pose a great risk to public health. Currently, preventive measures are falling short to control epidemics and there are no antivirals against any Flavivirus.Flaviviruses carry a single stranded positive-sense RNA genome that plays multiple roles in infected cells: it is translated into viral proteins, used as template for genome replication, it is the precursor of the subgenomic flaviviral RNA and it is assembled into new virions. Furthermore, viral RNA genomes are also packaged into extracellular vesicles, e.g. exosomes, which represent an alternate mode of virus dissemination.Because RNA molecules are at the center of Flavivirus replication cycle, viral and host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical determinants of infection. Numerous studies have revealed the function of RBPs during Flavivirus infection, particularly at the level of RNA translation and replication. These proteins, however, are also critical participants at the late stages of the replication cycle. Here we revise the function of host RBPs and the viral proteins capsid, NS2A and NS3, during the packaging of viral RNA and the assembly of new virus particles. Furthermore, we go through the evidence pointing towards the importance of host RBPs in mediating cellular RNA export with the idea that the biogenesis of exosomes harboring Flavivirus RNA would follow an analogous pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Diosa-Toro
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Health, Surveillance & Diagnostics Group, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia Blanco
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Selinger M, Tykalová H, Štěrba J, Věchtová P, Vavrušková Z, Lieskovská J, Kohl A, Schnettler E, Grubhoffer L. Tick-borne encephalitis virus inhibits rRNA synthesis and host protein production in human cells of neural origin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007745. [PMID: 31560682 PMCID: PMC6785130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus (Flaviviridae), is a causative agent of a severe neuroinfection. Recently, several flaviviruses have been shown to interact with host protein synthesis. In order to determine whether TBEV interacts with this host process in its natural target cells, we analysed de novo protein synthesis in a human cell line derived from cerebellar medulloblastoma (DAOY HTB-186). We observed a significant decrease in the rate of host protein synthesis, including the housekeeping genes HPRT1 and GAPDH and the known interferon-stimulated gene viperin. In addition, TBEV infection resulted in a specific decrease of RNA polymerase I (POLR1) transcripts, 18S and 28S rRNAs and their precursor, 45-47S pre-rRNA, but had no effect on the POLR3 transcribed 5S rRNA levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of flavivirus-induced decrease of specifically POLR1 rRNA transcripts accompanied by host translational shut-off. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a causative agent of a severe human neuroinfection that threatens Europe and Asia. Little is known about the interaction of this neurotropic virus with neural cells, even though this may be important to better understand why or how TBEV can cause high pathogenicity in humans, especially following neural cell infection. Here, we showed that TBEV induced host translational shut-off in cells of neural origin. In addition, TBEV interfered also with the expression of host ribosomal RNAs. Interestingly, the transcriptional shut-off was documented for rRNA species transcribed by RNA polymerase I (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and their precursor 45-47S pre-rRNA), but not for RNA polymerase III rRNA transcripts (5S rRNA). Artificial inhibition of host translation using cycloheximide resulted in the decrease of all rRNA species. Based on these data, TBEV seems to specifically target transcription of RNA polymerase I. These new findings further increase our understanding of TBEV interactions with a key target cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Selinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Štěrba
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Věchtová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vavrušková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ES); (LG)
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ES); (LG)
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Using genetic variation in Aedes aegypti to identify candidate anti-dengue virus genes. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:580. [PMID: 31272403 PMCID: PMC6611004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic profiling has generated extensive lists of genes that respond to viral infection in mosquitoes. These gene lists contain two types of genes; (1) those that are responsible for the insect's natural antiviral defense mechanisms, including some known innate immunity genes, and (2) genes whose change in expression may occur simply as a result of infection. As genetic modification tools for mosquitoes continue to improve, the opportunities to make refractory insects via allelic replacement or delivery of small RNAs that alter gene expression are expanding. Therefore, the ability to identify which genes in transcriptional profiles may have immune function has increasing value. Arboviruses encounter a range of mosquito tissues and physiologies as they traverse from the midgut to the salivary glands. While the midgut is well-studied as the primary tissue barrier, antiviral genes expressed in the subsequent tissues of the carcass offer additional candidates for second stage intervention in the mosquito body. METHODS Mosquito lines collected recently from field populations exhibit natural genetic variation for dengue virus susceptibility. We sought to use a modified full-sib breeding design to identify mosquito families that varied in their dengue viral load in their bodies post infection. RESULTS By delivering virus intrathoracically, we bypassed the midgut and focused on whole body responses in order to evaluate carcass-associated refractoriness. We tested 25 candidate genes selected for their appearance in multiple published transcriptional profiles and were able to identify 12 whose expression varied with susceptibility in the genetic families. CONCLUSIONS This method, using natural genetic variation, offers a simple means to screen and reduce candidate gene lists prior to carrying out more labor-intensive functional studies. The extracted RNA from the females across the families represents a storable resource that can be used to screen subsequent candidate genes in the future. The aspect of vector competence being assessed could be varied by focusing on different tissues or time points post infection.
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Ignatieva EV, Yurchenko AA, Voevoda MI, Yudin NS. Exome-wide search and functional annotation of genes associated in patients with severe tick-borne encephalitis in a Russian population. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:61. [PMID: 31122248 PMCID: PMC6533173 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV infection is responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from mild fever to severe neurological illness. Genetic factors involved in the host response to TBEV that may potentially play a role in the severity of the disease are still poorly understood. In this study, using whole-exome sequencing, we aimed to identify genetic variants and genes associated with severe forms of TBE as well as biological pathways through which the identified variants may influence the severity of the disease. Results Whole-exome sequencing data analysis was performed on 22 Russian patients with severe forms of TBE and 17 Russian individuals from the control group. We identified 2407 candidate genes harboring rare, potentially pathogenic variants in exomes of patients with TBE and not containing any rare, potentially pathogenic variants in exomes of individuals from the control group. According to DAVID tool, this set of 2407 genes was enriched with genes involved in extracellular matrix proteoglycans pathway and genes encoding proteins located at the cell periphery. A total of 154 genes/proteins from these functional groups have been shown to be involved in protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with the known candidate genes/proteins extracted from TBEVHostDB database. By ranking these genes according to the number of rare harmful minor alleles, we identified two genes (MSR1 and LMO7), harboring five minor alleles, and three genes (FLNA, PALLD, PKD1) harboring four minor alleles. When considering genes harboring genetic variants associated with severe forms of TBE at the suggestive P-value < 0.01, 46 genes containing harmful variants were identified. Out of these 46 genes, eight (MAP4, WDFY4, ACTRT2, KLHL25, MAP2K3, MBD1, OR10J1, and OR2T34) were additionally found among genes containing rare pathogenic variants identified in patients with TBE; and five genes (WDFY4,ALK, MAP4, BNIPL, EPPK1) were found to encode proteins that are involved in PPIs with proteins encoded by genes from TBEVHostDB. Three genes out of five (MAP4, EPPK1, ALK) were found to encode proteins located at cell periphery. Conclusions Whole-exome sequencing followed by systems biology approach enabled to identify eight candidate genes (MAP4, WDFY4, ACTRT2, KLHL25, MAP2K3, MBD1, OR10J1, and OR2T34) that can potentially determine predisposition to severe forms of TBE. Analyses of the genetic risk factors for severe forms of TBE revealed a significant enrichment with genes controlling extracellular matrix proteoglycans pathway as well as genes encoding components of cell periphery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0503-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Ignatieva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Theoretical Genetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Voevoda
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine-Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630004, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Yudin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Tan WL, Lee YK, Ho YF, Yusof R, Abdul Rahman N, Karsani SA. Comparative proteomics reveals that YK51, a 4-Hydroxypandurantin-A analogue, downregulates the expression of proteins associated with dengue virus infection. PeerJ 2018; 5:e3939. [PMID: 29404200 PMCID: PMC5796277 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is endemic throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Currently, there is no clinically approved therapeutic drug available for this acute viral infection. Although the first dengue vaccine Dengvaxia has been approved for use in certain countries, it is limited to those without a previous dengue infection while the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in those elderly and younger children still need to be identified. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to develop therapeutics/drugs to combat dengue virus (DENV) infection. YK51 is a synthetic analogue of 4-Hydroxypandurantin A (a compound found in the crude extract of the rhizomes of Boesenbergia rotunda) that has been extensively studied by our research group. It has been shown to possess outstanding antiviral activity due to its inhibitory activity against NS2B/NS3 DENV2 protease. However, it is not known how YK51 affects the proteome of DENV infected cells. Therefore, we performed a comparative proteomics analysis to identify changes in protein expression in DENV infected HepG2 cells treated with YK51. Classical two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by protein identification using tandem mass spectrometry was employed in this study. Thirty proteins were found to be down-regulated with YK51 treatment. In silico analysis predicted that the down-regulation of eight of these proteins may inhibit viral infection. Our results suggested that apart from inhibiting the NS2B/NS3 DENV2 protease, YK51 may also be causing the down-regulation of a number of proteins that may be responsible in, and/or essential to virus infection. However, functional characterization of these proteins will be necessary before we can conclusively determine their roles in DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lian Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yen Fong Ho
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abdul Rahman
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hou JN, Chen TH, Chiang YH, Peng JY, Yang TH, Cheng CC, Sofiyatun E, Chiu CH, Chiang-Ni C, Chen WJ. PERK Signal-Modulated Protein Translation Promotes the Survivability of Dengue 2 Virus-Infected Mosquito Cells and Extends Viral Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090262. [PMID: 28930151 PMCID: PMC5618028 DOI: 10.3390/v9090262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of mosquitoes from dengue virus (DENV) infection is a prerequisite of viral transmission to the host. This study aimed to see how mosquito cells can survive the infection during prosperous replication of the virus. In C6/36 cells, global protein translation was shut down after infection by DENV type 2 (DENV2). However, it returned to a normal level when infected cells were treated with an inhibitor of the protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) signaling pathway. Based on a 7-Methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate (m7GTP) pull-down assay, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex was also identified in DENV2-infected cells. This suggests that most mosquito proteins are synthesized via canonical cap-dependent translation. When the PERK signal pathway was inhibited, both accumulation of reactive oxygen species and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential increased. This suggested that ER stress response was alleviated through the PERK-mediated shutdown of global proteins in DENV2-infected C6/36 cells. In the meantime, the activities of caspases-9 and -3 and the apoptosis-related cell death rate increased in C6/36 cells with PERK inhibition. This reflected that the PERK-signaling pathway is involved in determining cell survival, presumably by reducing DENV2-induced ER stress. Looking at the PERK downstream target, α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), an increased phosphorylation status was only shown in infected C6/36 cells. This indicated that recruitment of ribosome binding to the mRNA 5′-cap structure could have been impaired in cap-dependent translation. It turned out that shutdown of cellular protein translation resulted in a pro-survival effect on mosquito cells in response to DENV2 infection. As synthesis of viral proteins was not affected by the PERK signal pathway, an alternate mode other than cap-dependent translation may be utilized. This finding provides insights into elucidating how the PERK signal pathway modulates dynamic translation of proteins and helps mosquito cells survive continuous replication of the DENV2. It was ecologically important for virus amplification in mosquitoes and transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Nan Hou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Huang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Yun Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Han Yang
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chieh Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Eny Sofiyatun
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
- Environmental Health Department, Banjarnegara Polytechnic, Central Java 53482, Indonesia.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-June Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.
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12
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AR-12 suppresses dengue virus replication by down-regulation of PI3K/AKT and GRP78. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:158-168. [PMID: 28238876 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has become a public health issue of worldwide concern and is a serious health problem in Taiwan, yet there are no approved effective antiviral drugs to treat DENV. The replication of DENV requires both viral and cellular factors. Targeting host factors may provide a potential antiviral strategy. It has been known that up-regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling and GRP78 by DENV infection supports its replication. AR-12, a celecoxib derivative with no inhibiting activity on cyclooxygenase, shows potent inhibitory activities on both PI3K/AKT signaling and GRP78 expression levels, and recently has been found to block the replication of several hemorrhagic fever viruses. However the efficacy of AR-12 in treating DENV infection is still unclear. Here, we provide evidence to show that AR-12 is able to suppress DENV replication before or after virus infection in cell culture and mice. The antiviral activities of AR-12 are positive against infection of the four different DENV serotypes. AR-12 significantly down-regulates the PI3K/AKT activity and GRP78 expression in DENV infected cells whereas AKT and GRP78 rescue are able to attenuate anti-DENV effect of AR-12. Using a DENV-infected suckling mice model, we further demonstrate that treatment of AR-12 before or after DENV infection reduces virus replication and mice mortality. In conclusion, we uncover the potential efficacy of AR-12 as a novel drug for treating dengue.
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Rabelo K, Trugilho MRO, Costa SM, Pereira BAS, Moreira OC, Ferreira ATS, Carvalho PC, Perales J, Alves AMB. The effect of the dengue non-structural 1 protein expression over the HepG2 cell proteins in a proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2016; 152:339-354. [PMID: 27826075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an important mosquito borne viral disease in the world. Dengue virus (DENV) encodes a polyprotein, which is cleaved in ten proteins, including the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). In this work, we analyzed the effect of NS1 expression in one hepatic cell line, HepG2, through a shotgun proteomic approach. Cells were transfected with pcENS1 plasmid, which encodes the DENV2 NS1 protein, or the controls pcDNA3 (negative control) and pMAXGFP (GFP, a protein unrelated to dengue). Expression of NS1 was detected by immunofluorescence, western blot and flow cytometry. We identified 14,138 peptides that mapped to 4,756 proteins in all analyzed conditions. We found 41 and 81 differentially abundant proteins when compared to cells transfected with plasmids pcDNA3 and pMAXGFP, respectively. Besides, 107 proteins were detected only in the presence of NS1. We identified clusters of proteins involved mainly in mRNA process and viral RNA replication. Down regulation expression of one protein (MARCKS), identified by the proteomic analysis, was also confirmed by real time PCR in HepG2 cells infected with DENV2. Identification of proteins modulated by the presence of NS1 may improve our understanding of its role in virus infection and pathogenesis, contributing to development of new therapies and vaccines. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dengue is an important viral disease, with epidemics in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease is complex, with different manifestations, in which the liver is normally affected. The NS1 is found in infected cells associated with plasma membrane and secreted into the circulation as a soluble multimer. This protein is essential for virus viability, although its function is not elucidated. Some reports indicate that the NS1 can be used as a protective antigen for the development of a dengue vaccine, while others suggest its involvement in viral pathogenesis. In this work, we report an in-depth comprehensive proteomic profiling resulting from the presence of NS1 in HepG2 cells. These results can contribute to a better understanding of the NS1 role during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique R O Trugilho
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone M Costa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A S Pereira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André T S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Chen X, Xia J, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Liu J, Feng L, He J, Zhang P. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4AI interacts with NS4A of Dengue virus and plays an antiviral role. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:148-53. [PMID: 25866185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes the most prevalent diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. DENV utilizes host factors to facilitate its replication, while host cells intend to restrain virus replication. NS4A of DENV has been implicated to play a crucial role during viral replication. To identify more cellular proteins that are recruited by NS4A, we carried out a tandem affinity purification assay. The mass spectrometry data revealed that human eukaryotic initiation factor 4AI (eIF4AI) was one of potential NS4A-interacting partners. Co-immunoprecipitation data confirmed the interaction between NS4A and eIF4AI, and both the N-terminal ATP-binding domain and C-terminal helicase domain of eIF4AI were involved in their association. Functionally, silencing of eIF4AI by RNAi significantly increased the replication level of DENV1, DENV2 and DENV3. And knockdown of eIF4AI markedly attenuated the phosphorylation of protein kinase regulated by dsRNA-activated (PKR) and eIF2ɑ induced by DENV2 infection. Collectively, these data suggested that a potential role of NS4A in antagonizing host antiviral defense is by recruiting eIF4AI and escaping the translation inhibition mediated by PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Qirui Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lianqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Junfang He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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15
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Brinton MA, Basu M. Functions of the 3' and 5' genome RNA regions of members of the genus Flavivirus. Virus Res 2015; 206:108-19. [PMID: 25683510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The positive sense genomes of members of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae are ∼ 11 kb in length and have a 5' type I cap but no 3' poly-A. The 3' and 5' terminal regions contain short conserved sequences that are proposed to be repeated remnants of an ancient sequence. However, the functions of most of these conserved sequences have not yet been determined. The terminal regions of the genome also contain multiple conserved RNA structures. Functional data for many of these structures have been obtained. Three sets of complementary 3' and 5' terminal region sequences, some of which are located in conserved RNA structures, interact to form a panhandle structure that is required for initiation of minus strand RNA synthesis with the 5' terminal structure functioning as the promoter. How the switch from the terminal RNA structure base pairing to the long distance RNA-RNA interaction is triggered and regulated is not well understood but evidence suggests involvement of a cell protein binding to three sites on the 3' terminal RNA structures and a cis-acting metastable 3' RNA element in the 3' terminal RNA structure. Cell proteins may also be involved in facilitating exponential replication of nascent genomic RNA within replication vesicles at later times of the infection cycle. Other conserved RNA structures and/or sequences in the 3' and 5' terminal regions have been proposed to regulate genome translation. Additional functions of the 3' and 5' terminal sequences have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mausumi Basu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Kiyama R, Zhu Y. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling of estrogenic chemicals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2065-82. [PMID: 24399289 PMCID: PMC11113397 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We summarize updated information about DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling by focusing on its application to estrogenic chemicals. First, estrogenic chemicals, including natural/industrial estrogens and phytoestrogens, and the methods for detection and evaluation of estrogenic chemicals were overviewed along with a comprehensive list of estrogenic chemicals of natural or industrial origin. Second, gene expression profiling of chemicals using a focused microarray containing estrogen-responsive genes is summarized. Third, silent estrogens, a new type of estrogenic chemicals characterized by their estrogenic gene expression profiles without growth stimulative or inhibitory effects, have been identified so far exclusively by DNA microarray assay. Lastly, the prospect of a microarray assay is discussed, including issues such as commercialization, future directions of applications and quality control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Signaling Molecules Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan,
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17
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Replication cycle and molecular biology of the West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 6:13-53. [PMID: 24378320 PMCID: PMC3917430 DOI: 10.3390/v6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and modify the host cell environment. Although much has been learned about virion structure and virion-endosomal membrane fusion, the cell receptor(s) used have not been definitively identified and little is known about the early stages of the virus replication cycle. Members of the genus Flavivirus differ from members of the two other genera of the family by the lack of a genomic internal ribosomal entry sequence and the creation of invaginations in the ER membrane rather than double-membrane vesicles that are used as the sites of exponential genome synthesis. The WNV genome 3' and 5' sequences that form the long distance RNA-RNA interaction required for minus strand initiation have been identified and contact sites on the 5' RNA stem loop for NS5 have been mapped. Structures obtained for many of the viral proteins have provided information relevant to their functions. Viral nonstructural protein interactions are complex and some may occur only in infected cells. Although interactions between many cellular proteins and virus components have been identified, the functions of most of these interactions have not been delineated.
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18
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Sessions OM, Tan Y, Goh KC, Liu Y, Tan P, Rozen S, Ooi EE. Host cell transcriptome profile during wild-type and attenuated dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2107. [PMID: 23516652 PMCID: PMC3597485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses 1-4 (DENV1-4) rely heavily on the host cell machinery to complete their life cycle, while at the same time evade the host response that could restrict their replication efficiency. These requirements may account for much of the broad gene-level changes to the host transcriptome upon DENV infection. However, host gene function is also regulated through transcriptional start site (TSS) selection and post-transcriptional modification to the RNA that give rise to multiple gene isoforms. The roles these processes play in the host response to dengue infection have not been explored. In the present study, we utilized RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify novel transcript variations in response to infection with both a pathogenic strain of DENV1 and its attenuated derivative. RNAseq provides the information necessary to distinguish the various isoforms produced from a single gene and their splice variants. Our data indicate that there is an extensive amount of previously uncharacterized TSS and post-transcriptional modifications to host RNA over a wide range of pathways and host functions in response to DENV infection. Many of the differentially expressed genes identified in this study have previously been shown to be required for flavivirus propagation and/or interact with DENV gene products. We also show here that the human transcriptome response to an infection by wild-type DENV or its attenuated derivative differs significantly. This differential response to wild-type and attenuated DENV infection suggests that alternative processing events may be part of a previously uncharacterized innate immune response to viral infection that is in large part evaded by wild-type DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- October M. Sessions
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ying Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kenneth C. Goh
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yujing Liu
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Computational Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Steve Rozen
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Walsh D, Mathews MB, Mohr I. Tinkering with translation: protein synthesis in virus-infected cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a012351. [PMID: 23209131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and their replication requires host cell functions. Although the size, composition, complexity, and functions encoded by their genomes are remarkably diverse, all viruses rely absolutely on the protein synthesis machinery of their host cells. Lacking their own translational apparatus, they must recruit cellular ribosomes in order to translate viral mRNAs and produce the protein products required for their replication. In addition, there are other constraints on viral protein production. Crucially, host innate defenses and stress responses capable of inactivating the translation machinery must be effectively neutralized. Furthermore, the limited coding capacity of the viral genome needs to be used optimally. These demands have resulted in complex interactions between virus and host that exploit ostensibly virus-specific mechanisms and, at the same time, illuminate the functioning of the cellular protein synthesis apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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20
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Dengue-2-virus-interacting polypeptides involved in mosquito cell infection. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1453-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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