Tissue content of sulfomucins and sialomucins in the colonic mucosa, without fecal stream, undergoing daily intervention with sucralfate

Probiotic potential of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHProbi M15 on sucralfate-induced constipation in mice

The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential probiotic properties of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHProbi®M15 (M15). This study examined the effects of M15 on sucralfate-induced constipation in a mouse model. The BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: the normal group (NOR) was without any treatment, while the constipation (CON), phenolphthalein (PHE), and probiotic (PRO) treatment groups were fed with sucralfate until the appearance of constipation symptoms. Afterward, the NOR and CON groups were given 1 ml saline orally every day until the end of the experiment; the PHE and PRO groups were given phenolphthalein or M15 suspension in 1 ml orally, respectively. Compared with the CON group, the fecal water content and intestinal peristalsis improved in the PRO group. Here, intake of M15 effectively attenuated sucralfate-induced constipation, recuperated colonic epithelial integrity, and increased serum levels of gastrointestinal excitatory neurotransmitters (motilin, gastrin, substance P). Analysis of the intestinal microbiota of mice by 16S rRNA metagenomic revealed an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroides and a decrease in Sclerotinia, Verrucosa and Proteus in the PRO group. Compared with the CON group, the constipation-induced intestinal microecological changes were partially recovered in the PHE and PRO groups. These results demonstrate that M15 enhanced gastrointestinal transit and alleviated in mice with sucralfate-induced constipation.

Mucin levels in glands of the colonic mucosa of rats with diversion colitis subjected to enemas containing sucralfate and n-acetylcysteine alone or in combination

PURPOSE

To evaluate the tissue content of neutral and acidic mucins, sulfomucins and sialomucins in colonic glands devoid of intestinal transit after enemas containing sucralfate and n-acetylcysteine alone or in combination.

METHODS

Sixty-four rats underwent intestinal transit bypass. A colonic segment was collected to compose the white group (without intervention). After derivation, the animals were divided into two groups according to whether enemas were performed daily for two or four weeks. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups according to the substance used: control group: saline 0.9%; sucralfate group (SCF): SCF 2 g/kg/day; n-acetylcysteine group (NAC): NAC 100 mg/kg/day; and SCF+NAC group: SCF 2 g/kg/day + NAC 100 mg/kg/day.Neutral and acidic mucins were stained by periodic acid-Schiff and alcian-blue techniques, respectively. The distinction between sulfomucins and sialomucin was made by the high alcian-blue iron diamine technique. The content of mucins in the colonic glands was measured by computerized morphometry. The inflammatory score was assessed using a validated scale. The results between the groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney's test, while the variation according to time by the Kruskal-Wallis' test (Dunn's post-test). A significance level of 5% was adopted.

RESULTS

There was reduction in the inflammatory score regardless of the application of isolated or associated substances. Intervention with SCF+NAC increased the content of all mucin subtypes regardless of intervention time.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of SCF+NAC reduced the inflammatory process of the colonic mucosa and increased the content of different types of mucins in the colonic glands of segments excluded from fecal transit.

Positive effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis VHProbi YB11 in improving gastrointestinal movement of mice having constipation

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis VHProbi® YB11 (YB11) on attenuating sucralfate-induced constipation in BALB/c mice. The strain of YB11 exhibited favorable tolerance of simulated gastrointestinal (GI) juice. Only 0.42 Log value declined when the live cells of YB11 were co-incubated with simulated GI juice. Meanwhile, this strain also displayed perfect ability to adhere the intestinal epithelium Caco-2 cells with adhesion index of 18.5. 24 of female mice were randomized into four groups.

METHODS

The normal group (NOR) was fed with a normal diet, whereas the placebo group (PLA), positive group (POS), and probiotic group (PRO) were fed with sucralfate to induce constipation. After first successfully establishing the constipation model, groups NOR and PLA received the oral administration of saline solutions. Meanwhile, the POS and PRO groups were orally administered phenolphthalein and YB11 suspensions, respectively. Several indices, including fecal water content, GI transit time, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal neuropeptides level, and histopathology of colonic tissues, were investigated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Compared with PLA, YB11 had a positive effect in increasing the fecal water content and intestinal peristalsis. Some positive trends, including the acetic and total acids level of fecal samples, and the colonic tissue histopathology, were also observed. Furthermore, YB11 had an ability to upregulate the levels of gut excitatory neuropeptides including motilin, gastrin, and substance P, whereas it downregulated the levels of inhibitory neuropeptides including endothelin-1, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. We conclude that the strain YB11 has a positive impact on improving gastrointestinal mobility and reducing the severity of constipation.

Sucralfate enemas reduce the oxidative tissue damage and preserves the contents of E-cadherin and ?-catenin in colonic mucosa without fecal stream

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of sucralfate enemas in tissue contents of E-cadherin and ?-catenin in an experimental diversion colitis.

METHODS

Thirty-six male Wistar rats were submitted to a proximal colostomy and a distal mucous fistula. They were allocated into three groups: first group received daily saline enemas (2 mL/day) and the two other groups daily enemas with sucralfate at dosage of 1 or 2 g/kg/day, respectively. Six animals of each group were euthanized after two weeks and six animals after four weeks. The inflammation of the excluded mucosa was evaluated by histological analysis. The oxidative damage was quantified by measurement of malondialdehyde tissue levels. The expression of E-cadherin and ?-catenin was identified by immunohistochemistry, and its contents were quantified by computer-assisted image analysis.

RESULTS

Sucralfate enemas reduced inflammation in animals subjected to treatment with 2 g/kg/day by four weeks, and the levels of oxidative damage in mucosa without fecal stream irrespective of concentration and time of intervention. E-cadherin and ?-catenin content increased in segments without fecal stream in those animals subjected to treatment with sucralfate.

CONCLUSIONS

Sucralfate reduces the inflammation and oxidative stress and increases the tissue content of E-cadherin and ?-catenin in colonic mucosa devoid to the fecal stream.

ENEMA DE SULCRALFATO PODE PREVENIR COLITE EM SEGMENTOS COLÔNICOS SEM TRÂNSITO FECAL?

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O estresse oxidativo é um dos principais mecanismos associados à ruptura dos mecanismos de defesa que formam a barreira epitelial cólica e reduz o conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina principais constituintes das junções de oclusão intercelulares. O sucralfato, possui atividade antioxidante e tem sido usado para tratar diferentes formas de colite. OBJETIVO: Mensurar o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina da mucosa do cólon sem trânsito fecal, submetido à intervenção com sucralfato. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis ratos foram submetidos à colostomia do cólon esquerdo e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a eutanásia ser realizada duas ou quatro semanas após a intervenção. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com o tipo de intervenção realizada diariamente: solução salina isolada; sucralfato a 1 g/kg/dia ou sucralfato a 2g/kg/dia. A colite foi diagnosticada por análise histológica adotando escala de validação prévia. A expressão tecidual de ambas as proteínas foi identificada por imunoistoquímica. O conteúdo das proteínas foi quantificado por análise de imagem assistida por computador. RESULTADOS: O escore inflamatório foi maior nos segmentos cólicos sem trânsito fecal e os enemas com sucralfato reduziram o escore inflamatório nesses segmentos, principalmente nos animais submetidos à intervenção com sucralfato em maior concentração e por período mais longo de intervenção. Houve aumento no conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina, relacionado com a concentração de sucralfato. O conteúdo tecidual de ambas as proteínas não se modificou com a duração da intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: Enemas com sucralfato reduzem a inflamação e aumentam o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina na mucosa cólica sem trânsito intestinal.

Enemas with mesalazine increase the tissue contents of mucins in the colonic mucosa devoid of fecal stream

Purpose:

To evaluate the inflammatory reaction and measure the content of mucins, in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream submit to intervention with mesalazine.

Methods:

Twenty-four rats were submitted to a left colostomy and a distal mucous fistula and divided into two groups according to euthanasia to be performed two or four weeks. Each group was divided into two subgroups according daily application of enemas containing saline or mesalazine at 1.0 g/kg/day. Colitis was diagnosed by histological analysis and the inflammatory reaction by validated score. Acidic mucins and neutral mucins were determined with the alcian-blue and periodic acid of Schiff techniques, respectively. Sulfomucin and sialomucin were identified by high iron diamine-alcian blue technique. The tissue contents of mucins were quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the results establishing the level of significance of 5%.

Results:

Enemas with mesalazine in colonic segments without fecal stream decreased the inflammation score and increased the tissue content of all subtypes of mucins. The increase of tissue content of neutral, acid and sulfomucin was related to the time of intervention.

Conclusion:

Mesalazine enemas reduce the inflammatory process and preserve the content of mucins in colonic mucosa devoid of fecal stream.

Adenoma of colorectal laterally spreading tumor nongranular type with biological phenotypic features similar to cancer

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are morphologically subdivided into granular (LST-G) and nongranular (LST-NG) categories. We aimed to elucidate the differences in oncogenic characteristics between the two types.

METHODS

Laterally spreading tumors resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgery from March 2009 to May 2017 were examined for p53 positivity, Ki-67 labeling index (LI), microvessel density, degree of fibrosis, intensities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT), and expression of acid mucins. We compared these factors between adenomas, noninvasive cancers, and invasive cancers, both LST-G and LST-NG.

RESULTS

Ninety-three LST-G (53 adenomas [LST-GA] and 40 cancers [LST-GC]) and 55 LST-NG (24 adenomas [LST-NGA] and 31 cancers [LST-NGC]) were evaluated. Although p53 positivity was lower in LST-GA than in LST-NGA (P < 0.001), there was no difference between LST-GC and LST-NGC. Ki-67 LI was higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001) and higher in LST-NGC than in LST-GC of noninvasive cancers (P < 0.001). Microvessel density and degree of fibrosis were higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001), and intensities of iNOS and NT were also higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001). Expression of acid mucins was lower in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001). Although there were significant differences in p53 positivity, Ki-67 LI, microvessel density, degree of fibrosis, intensities of iNOS and NT, and expression of acid mucins between LST-GA and LST-NGA, these factors were only slightly different between LST-GC and LST-NGC of invasive cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike LST-GA, LST-NGA possessed phenotypic features similar to cancer.

EVALUATION OF ENEMAS CONTAINING SUCRALFATE IN TISSUE CONTENT OF MUC-2 PROTEIN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DIVERSION COLITIS

BACKGROUND

The effects of topical application of sucralfate (SCF) on the tissue content of MUC-2 protein have not yet been evaluated in experimental models of diversion colitis.

AIM

To measure the tissue content of MUC-2 protein in the colonic mucosa diverted from fecal stream submitted to the SCF intervention.

METHODS

Thirty-six rats underwent derivation of intestinal transit through proximal colostomy and distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into three groups which were submitted application of enemas with saline, SCF 1 g/kg/day and SCF 2 g/kg/day. Each group was divided into two subgroups, according to euthanasia was done after two or four weeks. The colitis diagnosis was established by histopathological study and the inflammatory intensity was evaluated by previously validated scale. The MUC-2 protein was identified by immunohistochemistry and the tissue content was measured computerized morphometry).

RESULTS

The application of enemas with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day reduced inflammatory score of the segments that were diverted from fecal stream. The content of MUC-2 in diverted colon of the animals submitted to the intervention with SCF, independently of intervention period and the used concentration, was significantly greater than animals submitted to the application of enemas containing saline (p< 0.01). The content of MUC-2 after the intervention with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day was significantly higher when compared to the animals submitted to the application containing SCF at concentration of 1.0 g/kg/day (p<0.01). The tissue content of MUC-2 reached the highest values after intervention with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day for four weeks (p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

The preventive application of enemas containing SCF reduces the inflammatory score and avoids the reduction of tissue content of MUC-2, suggesting that the substance is a valid therapeutic strategy to preserve the mucus layer that covers the intestinal epithelium.

EVALUATION OF ENEMAS CONTAINING SUCRALFATE IN TISSUE CONTENT OF MUC-2 PROTEIN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DIVERSION COLITIS

BACKGROUND

The effects of topical application of sucralfate (SCF) on the tissue content of MUC-2 protein have not yet been evaluated in experimental models of diversion colitis.

AIM

To measure the tissue content of MUC-2 protein in the colonic mucosa diverted from fecal stream submitted to the SCF intervention.

METHODS

Thirty-six rats underwent derivation of intestinal transit through proximal colostomy and distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into three groups which were submitted application of enemas with saline, SCF 1 g/kg/day and SCF 2 g/kg/day. Each group was divided into two subgroups, according to euthanasia was done after two or four weeks. The colitis diagnosis was established by histopathological study and the inflammatory intensity was evaluated by previously validated scale. The MUC-2 protein was identified by immunohistochemistry and the tissue content was measured computerized morphometry).

RESULTS

The application of enemas with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day reduced inflammatory score of the segments that were diverted from fecal stream. The content of MUC-2 in diverted colon of the animals submitted to the intervention with SCF, independently of intervention period and the used concentration, was significantly greater than animals submitted to the application of enemas containing saline (p< 0.01). The content of MUC-2 after the intervention with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day was significantly higher when compared to the animals submitted to the application containing SCF at concentration of 1.0 g/kg/day (p<0.01). The tissue content of MUC-2 reached the highest values after intervention with SCF in the concentration of 2 g/kg/day for four weeks (p<0.01). Conclusion: The preventive application of enemas containing SCF reduces the inflammatory score and avoids the reduction of tissue content of MUC-2, suggesting that the substance is a valid therapeutic strategy to preserve the mucus layer that covers the intestinal epithelium.

Claudin-3 and occludin content in the glands of colonic mucosa devoid from fecal stream submitted to topical intervention with oil extract of Curcuma longa

Purpose:

To evaluate the inflammatory intensity and measure the tissue content of the proteins claudin-3 and occludin in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream submit to intervention with curcumin.

Methods:

Thirty-six rats were submitted to a proximal colostomy and a distal mucous fistula and divided into two groups according to sacrifice to be performed two or four weeks. Each group was divided into three subgroups according daily application of enemas containing saline, curcumin at 50 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day. Colitis was diagnosed by histological analysis. Claudin-3 and occludin were determined by immunohistochemistry. The tissue content of claudin-3 and occludin were quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. Mann-Whitney, Student t and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the results establishing the level of significance of 5% for both (p<0.05).

Results:

Curcumin at both concentrations reduces the inflammation and preserves the tissue content of the proteins claudin-3 and occludin, which was related to the concentration used and to the time of the intervention.

Conclusion:

The application of enemas with curcumin reduces inflammation and preserves the tissue content of the proteins claudin-3 and occludin in the colonic mucosa devoid from the fecal stream.