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Marinho-Vieira LE, Martins LAC, Freitas DQ, Haiter-Neto F, Oliveira ML. Revisiting dynamic range and image enhancement ability of contemporary digital radiographic systems. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 51:20210404. [PMID: 34860568 PMCID: PMC9499203 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the dynamic range and enhancement ability of radiographs acquired with contemporary digital systems. METHODS Five repeated periapical radiographs of human mandibles with an aluminium step-wedge were acquired using two sensor-based and three photostimulable phosphor plate-based systems and an X-ray unit at ten exposure times 0.020, 0.032, 0.063, 0.080, 0.100, 0.200, 0.320, 0.400, 0.500, and 0.630 s. All images had their brightness and contrast enhanced by two experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologists in consensus and were exported as both the original and enhanced file formats. Mean grey values were obtained from the aluminium steps and tabulated with their corresponding thicknesses for each exposure time, digital radiographic system, and file format. Images with saturated steps were excluded and the mean grey values from the remaining images were averaged to assess image brightness and the angular coefficient of the linear trendlines was generated from the relationship between mean grey values and their corresponding aluminium thicknesses to assess image contrast. Brightness and contrast values were compared using two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey (α = 0.05). RESULTS Photostimulable phosphor plate-based digital radiographic systems had a broader dynamic range. Longer exposure times produced original images with lower brightness and variable contrast (p < 0.05). Subjective enhancement significantly increased or reduced brightness and/or contrast in some systems (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Contemporary digital radiographic systems present different dynamic ranges and exposure-related brightness and contrast. Image enhancement may be a valuable tool at slightly suboptimal exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Marinho-Vieira
- Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Augusto Cano Martins
- Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Oliveira
- Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
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Arriola-Guillén L, Jasa-Andrade G, Castillo AD. Effects of exposure parameters on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using two digital intra-oral sensors – An experimental study. Indian J Dent Res 2021; 32:480-484. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_926_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Aydin KC, Demirel O, Özcan M. Comparison of two digital intraoral radiography imaging systems as a function of contrast resolution and exposure time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:148-152. [PMID: 32610723 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the image quality of two different digital imaging systems; one photostimulable phosphor plate system (PSP) and a direct digital radiography system with CMOS imaging sensor; via evaluating contrast resolution among four different exposure times. METHODS Endodontically treated incisor teeth embedded in paraffin blocks are aligned next to a 99.5% Al wedge and exposed for 0.8, 0.1,0.125 and 0.16 seconds using both the CMOS and PSP systems. Using ImageJ software, 5 isometric and isogridded ROI from each root filling area and isometric ROI from the Al stepwedge were calculated. RESULTS Evaluation of the total of 120 images displayed that PSP system produced significantly higher contrast resolution (P<0.05) in regard to pixel values than the CMOS. The CMOS system was non- responsive to increasing dose (P=0.000). Regarding the EqAl values, no significant difference was determined between groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The contrast resolution was higher using the PSP system. It can be estimated that, filling material will be more obvious under lower doses using PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kader C Aydin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey -
| | - Oğuzhan Demirel
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Unit of Dental Materials Unit, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science, Zürich, Switzerland
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Yaghooti Khorasani MM, Ebrahimnejad H. Comparison of the accuracy of conventional and digital radiography in root canal working length determination: An invitro study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2017; 11:161-165. [PMID: 29184631 PMCID: PMC5666215 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2017.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Digital
radiography has widespread use in endodontics. Determining a correct working
length is vital for a proper endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was
to compare the accuracy of conventional and digital radiographic
techniques for root canal working length determination.
Methods.
After determining the real working lengths of 50
permanent maxillary central incisors (gold standard), the conventional (E-
and F-speed films) and digital (CCD, PSP) images were obtained using the
parallel technique. The mean registered working length of each modality
was compared with the other and with the gold
standard using one-way ANOVA at P<0.05.
Results.
No significant difference was found between the
recorded working length values using the conventional and digital
radiographic techniques (P=0.828).
Conclusion.
Within
the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there was no difference
between the measurement accuracy of CCD, PSP and conventional imaging
techniques in root canal working length determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Provedel LF, Pimentel BNADS, Jesus TMD, Lacerda APS, Rubira-Bullen IRF, Sarmento VA. Effects of Image Compression on Linear Measurements of Digital Panoramic Radiographs. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:757-760. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201601157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of panoramic radiographs obtained by digital system based on charge coupled device (CCD) and a phosphor storage plate (PSP) system with two different file formats, JPEG irreversible type and BMP. Linear measurements of artificial bony defects were made in dry mandibles with a digital caliper. Measures of digital panoramic radiographs were taken in ImageJ(r) software. Each measurement was performed twice by an experienced examiner. The intra-rater agreement was considered very strong (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.97). There was no significant difference between the linear measurements of dry mandibles, considered the gold standard, in relation to measurements obtained from digital radiographs (p=0.47). The error of these measures for the CCD was 1.04 mm (9.97%) for JPEG images and 1.03 mm (9.99%) for those with BMP format. For the PSP images, these values were 1.48 mm (14.94%) and 1.43 mm (14.43%), respectively. Although there was no statistical difference between the images with JPEG and BMP format, for both digital systems (p=1.00 for CCD and p=0.98 for PSP system), errors made on radiographs obtained by PSP system were significantly higher than those of CCD (p<0.05). The size of the files saved in JPEG was also significantly lower (p=0.005) compared with the files saved in BMP. It may be concluded that the digital radiographs, both saved in JPEG and BMP formats, are accurate, regardless the used digital system, and JPEG images are more suitable for teleradiology.
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Olsson L, Nilsson M, Svenson B, Hellén-Halme K. The effect of anatomical noise on perception of low contrast in intra-oral radiographs: an in vitro study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2016; 45:20150402. [PMID: 26891747 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20150402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiographic images suffer from varying amounts of noise. The most studied and discussed of these is random noise. However, recent research has shown that the projected anatomy contributes substantially to noise, especially when detecting low-contrast objects in the images. Our aim, therefore, was to evaluate the extent to which overprojected anatomical noise affects the detection of low-contrast objects in intra-oral images. METHODS Our study used four common sensor models. With each sensor, we took four series of images, three series with and one series without an anatomical phantom present. In each series, we exposed a low-contrast phantom at 18 different exposure times using a standardized method. 4 observers evaluated all 288 images. RESULTS The low-contrast characteristics differed substantially when imaging low contrast on a homogeneous background compared with imaging low contrast when an anatomical phantom was present. For three of the sensors, optimal exposure times for low-contrast imaging were found, while the fourth sensor displayed a completely different behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Calibrating the low-contrast properties of an imaging system using low-contrast objects on a homogeneous background is not recommended. On an anatomical background, low-contrast properties are completely different, and these will mimic the clinical situation much more closely, directing the operator how to best use the system. There is a clear demand for further research on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Olsson
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,2 Department of Oral Radiology, Postgraduate Dental Education Center, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,3 Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Svenson
- 4 Postgraduate Dental Education Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hellén-Halme
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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de Barros FC, Braga FF, Fischer RG, Figueredo CMDS. Effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on the alveolar bone density. Braz Dent J 2014; 25:90-5. [PMID: 25140711 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on alveolar bone density (ABD) and bone height (BH) using direct digital radiography. Nineteen patients (mean age: 36 ± 7.3 years) with generalized chronic periodontitis were examined at baseline, 90 (90 AT) and 180 (180 AT) days after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Radiographs were taken from two sites with specific characteristics: 39 sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤ 3 mm and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≤ 1 mm (shallow sites); and 62 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and CAL ≥ 3 mm (deep sites). The ABD was assessed considering the bone regions of interest at the alveolar bone crest (ROI I) and at the medullar bone (ROI II). The BH was assessed considering the distance from the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction. Mann-Whitney test was used for the overall demographic data, Wilcoxon test was used to compare the baseline, 90 AT and 180 AT data as well as to compare the groups and subgroups within the same evaluation period. The significance level was set at 5%. The deep sites showed a significant increase of ABD in ROI I at 90 AT (p<0.007) and at 180 AT (p<0.005). ABD decrease was seen in ROI II at 180 AT (p<0.04) while BH reduced only in shallow sites at 90 AT. In conclusion, an increase in ABD was observed in deep sites of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. However, no significant change in alveolar BH was observed in these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cervo de Barros
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, UERJ - Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Farah Braga
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, UERJ - Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Guimarães Fischer
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, UERJ - Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Loiola LE, Morgental RD, Leonardo RDT, Tanomaru-Filho M. Efficacy of four irrigation needles in cleaning the apical third of root canals. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:21-4. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation needle gauge and design, and the final root canal diameter on the apical cleaning efficacy. Twelve human mandibular incisors were used. At different stages of root canal widening (sizes 20, 30 and 40 K-files), root canals were filled with radiopaque contrast medium. Four different needles were evaluated: 23G with side opening, 22G with apical opening, 30G with side opening and 30G with apical opening. Irrigation was carried out with 2 mL distilled water. The same tooth was radiographed with a digital system several times to assess the four types of needle in those three stages of canal widening. Pre-irrigation (canals filled with contrast) and post-irrigation (canals with remaining contrast) images were submitted to digital subtraction using the Adobe Photoshop CS4 program. Pre-irrigation (filled with contrast) and subtracted (cleaned by irrigation) areas were outlined by a trained and blinded operator using the Image Tool 3.0 software. Their ratio was calculated to express the percentage of apical cleaning in each stage of canal widening (sizes 20, 30 and 40 K-files) with each of the four needles. Data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. The 30G needles with side and apical opening promoted better apical cleaning at all stages of root canal widening (p<0.05). In conclusion, smaller diameter needles were more efficacious in cleaning the apical third of the root canals, regardless of their design.
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Sogur E, Baksi BG, Mert A. The effect of delayed scanning of storage phosphor plates on occlusal caries detection. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2012; 41:309-15. [PMID: 22282506 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/12935491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine (1) the effect of various scan delays on pixel intensity measurements and (2) the diagnostic accuracy of occlusal caries detection. METHODS 72 non-cavitated extracted human permanent molar teeth with sound and carious occlusal surfaces were radiographed using the DIGORA® storage phosphor plates (SPPs) (Soredex Corporation, Helsinki, Finland). Plates were scanned immediately and 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min after exposure. Three different plates were used for each scan delay. An aluminium (Al) wedge was used to evaluate the change in mean grey values (MGVs) for scan delays. Diagnostic accuracy for occlusal caries detection was performed by scoring all the digital images. The true presence of caries was determined by stereomicroscopy. Comparison of MGVs of the Al wedge for immediate and delayed scans was made using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer tests. The accuracy was expressed as the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (A(z)). A(z)s were compared using two-way ANOVA and t-tests. Kappa was used to measure inter and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS The mean A(z)s of immediately scanned plates were higher than the A(z)s of plates scanned with four different delays (p < 0.05). The A(z) of immediately scanned images was significantly higher than the A(z)s of images with 60 min and 120 min scan delays (p < 0.05) but not for 10 min and 30 min delays (p > 0.05). MGVs of immediately scanned plates were significantly higher than the plates scanned with four different delays (p < 0.05). Agreement decreased with increasing scan delays. CONCLUSION Scanning of DIGORA SPPs should not be delayed beyond 30 min for accurate occlusal caries diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sogur
- Ege Universitesi, Dishekimligi Fakultesi, Oral Diagnoz & Rad AD, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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10
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Vandenberghe B, Corpas L, Bosmans H, Yang J, Jacobs R. A comprehensive in vitro study of image accuracy and quality for periodontal diagnosis. PART 1: The influence of X-ray generator on periodontal measurements using conventional and digital receptors. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:537-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Hellén-Halme K. Effect of two X-ray tube voltages on detection of approximal caries in digital radiographs. An in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:209-13. [PMID: 20143243 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of two different tube voltages on clinicians' ability to diagnose approximal carious lesions in digital radiographs. One hundred extracted teeth were radiographed twice at two voltage settings, 60 and 70 kV, using a standardized procedure. Seven observers evaluated the radiographs on a standard color monitor pre-calibrated according to DICOM part 14. Evaluations were made at ambient light levels below 50 lx. All observations were analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curves. A histological examination of the teeth served as the criterion standard. A paired t test compared the effects of the two voltages. The significance level was set to p < 0.05. Weighted kappa statistics estimated intra-observer agreement. No significant difference in accuracy of approximal carious lesion diagnosis was found between the two voltage settings. But five observers rated dentin lesions on radiographs exposed at 70 kV better than on radiographs exposed at 60 kV. Intra-observer agreement differed from fair to moderate. There was no significant difference in accuracy of approximal carious lesion diagnosis between digital radiographs exposed with 60 or 70 kV.
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Vandenberghe B, Jacobs R. The influence of tube potential on periodontal bone level measurements and subjective image quality using a digital photostimulable storage phosphor sensor. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2010; 1:e5. [PMID: 24421961 PMCID: PMC3886041 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of the present study was to determine
the measurement accuracy and subjective image quality for periodontal disease diagnosis
when using two X-ray tube voltages with a digital photostimulable storage phosphor
sensor. Material and Methods A digital photostimulable storage phosphor
(PSP) sensor (Vistascan) and a multipulse X-ray generator (Prostyle Intra) with
two tube voltages were used in this study. The front, premolar and molar region
of two adult human cadaver skulls jaws were imaged using the X-ray tube at 63 kV
and 70 kV, both at 8 mA and decreasing exposure times (160 ms, 120 ms and 80 ms).
A standardized exposure protocol containing waxed occlusal keys and an aiming device
ensured proper and reproducible beam alignment. Three observers assessed the digital
radiographs for 31 selected periodontal bone loss sites. Radiographic measurements
were compared to physical measurements (Standard). Subjective ratings of lamina
dura, crater defect and furcation involvement visibility, contrast perception
and bone quality were also performed. Results Multiple regression equation of the variables kV and
exposure time demonstrated no significant difference for the periodontal bone level
measurements (P > 0.05). In 90.3% and 96.7% of the measurements for 70 kV and 63
kV respectively, deviation was within 1 mm. The subjective ratings produced similar
findings in terms of image quality for both tube voltages and the three exposure
times. Conclusions The results of the present study revealed that tube
voltages of 63 kV and 70 kV provided similar accuracy and image quality for periodontal
disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Vandenberghe
- Oral Imaging Center, Department of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Oral Imaging Center, Department of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven Belgium
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Farrier SL, Drage NA, Newcombe RG, Hayes SJ, Dummer PMH. A comparative study of image quality and radiation exposure for dental radiographs produced using a charge-coupled device and a phosphor plate system. Int Endod J 2009; 42:900-7. [PMID: 19548931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Farrier
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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14
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Brito-Júnior M, Santos LAN, Baleeiro ÉN, Pêgo MMF, Eleutério NB, Camilo CC. Linear measurements to determine working length of curved canals with fine files: conventional versus digital radiography. J Oral Sci 2009; 51:559-64. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Lopes SLPDC, Cruz ADD, Ferreira RI, Bóscolo FN, Almeida SMD. Image quality in partially erased DenOptix® storage phosphor plates. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22:78-83. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wu DM, Wu YN, Guo W, Sameer S. Accuracy of direct digital radiography in the study of the root canal type. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006; 35:263-5. [PMID: 16798923 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/31225825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of direct digital radiography (DDR) in the study of the root canal type. A sub aim was to assess intraexaminer and interexaminer agreement for this feature using DDR system. METHODS 100 recently extracted permanent maxillary first premolars from Chinese population were used. Standardized periapical DDR images were taken from a buccolingual and mesiodistal direction. Then the specimens were accessed, injected with dye, demineralized, dehydrated and finally were cleared. The DDR images were evaluated based on the root canal type by two independent trained post-graduate students (examiner A and B) twice at an interval of 2 weeks. The cleared teeth were examined under 5 x magnification using a dental operating microscope by another experienced endodontist, and the data of root canal type were collected. RESULTS The Kappa values for the agreement between the examiner A and the clearing technique were 0.3793 and 0.329, between the examiner B and the clearing technique were 0.2481 and 0.2184. While the Kappa values between the two observations of each examiner were 0.7704 and 0.7725, between the two examiners they were 0.537 and 0.4793, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The intraexaminer agreement was good, and the interexaminer agreement was moderate, but the agreement between either DDR examiner and the clearing technique was poor, indicating the limited value of DDR alone when studying root canal type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wu
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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