1
|
Xiao H, Verboven P, Tong S, Pedersen O, Nicolaï B. Hypoxia in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during ripening: Biophysical elucidation by a 3D reaction-diffusion model. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1893-1905. [PMID: 38546393 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Respiration provides energy, substrates, and precursors to support physiological changes of the fruit during climacteric ripening. A key substrate of respiration is oxygen that needs to be supplied to the fruit in a passive way by gas transfer from the environment. Oxygen gradients may develop within the fruit due to its bulky size and the dense fruit tissues, potentially creating hypoxia that may have a role in the spatial development of ripening. This study presents a 3D reaction-diffusion model using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit as a test subject, combining the multiscale fruit geometry generated from magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography with varying respiration kinetics and contrasting boundary resistances obtained through independent experiments. The model predicted low oxygen levels in locular tissue under atmospheric conditions, and the oxygen level was markedly lower upon scar occlusion, aligning with microsensor profiling results. The locular region was in a hypoxic state, leading to its low aerobic respiration with high CO2 accumulation by fermentative respiration, while the rest of the tissues remained well oxygenated. The model further revealed that the hypoxia is caused by a combination of diffusion resistances and respiration rates of the tissue. Collectively, this study reveals the existence of the respiratory gas gradients and its biophysical causes during tomato fruit ripening, providing richer information for future studies on localized endogenous ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | | | - Shuai Tong
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leszczuk A, Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Nowak A, Nosalewicz A, Zdunek A. Low oxygen environment effect on the tomato cell wall composition during the fruit ripening process. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:503. [PMID: 38840061 PMCID: PMC11155102 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen concentration is a key characteristic of the fruit storage environment determining shelf life and fruit quality. The aim of the work was to identify cell wall components that are related to the response to low oxygen conditions in fruit and to determine the effects of such conditions on the ripening process. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits at different stages of the ripening process were stored in an anoxic and hypoxic environment, at 0% and 5% oxygen concentrations, respectively. We used comprehensive and comparative methods: from microscopic immunolabelling and estimation of enzymatic activities to detailed molecular approaches. Changes in the composition of extensin, arabinogalactan proteins, rhamnogalacturonan-I, low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, and high methyl-esterified homogalacturonan were analysed. RESULTS In-depth molecular analyses showed that low oxygen stress affected the cell wall composition, i.e. changes in protein content, a significantly modified in situ distribution of low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, appearance of callose deposits, disturbed native activities of β-1,3-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and disruptions in molecular parameters of single cell wall components. Taken together, the data obtained indicate that less significant changes were observed in fruit in the breaker stage than in the case of the red ripe stage. The first symptoms of changes were noted after 24 h, but only after 72 h, more crucial deviations were visible. The 5% oxygen concentration slows down the ripening process and 0% oxygen accelerates the changes taking place during ripening. CONCLUSIONS The observed molecular reset occurring in tomato cell walls in hypoxic and anoxic conditions seems to be a result of regulatory and protective mechanisms modulating ripening processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland.
| | | | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Artur Nosalewicz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pieczywek PM, Leszczuk A, Kurzyna-Szklarek M, Cybulska J, Jóźwiak Z, Rutkowski K, Zdunek A. Apple metabolism under oxidative stress affects plant cell wall structure and mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13879. [PMID: 37620347 PMCID: PMC10449782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown beneficial effects of short exposure to oxidative stress on stored fruit, such as better preservation, increased firmness, preservation of polyphenolic compounds, and reduced risk of postharvest disorders such as bitter pit and superficial scald in apples. In this study the effect of short-term oxidative stress conditions on the physiology of apple fruit was investigated. Apple fruit of three cultivars were exposed to hypoxic storage conditions of various lengths to induce anaerobiosis. The response of apple fruit to short-term oxidative stress was evaluated by means of cell wall immunolabeling and atomic force microscopy. In addition, the antioxidant capacity and antioxidative activity of apple peels was assessed. Through various techniques, it was shown that short-term oxidative stress conditions promote specific enzymatic activity that induces changes in the cell wall of apple fruit cells. Exposure to short-term stress resulted in the remodeling of cell wall pectic polysaccharides, observed as an increase in the size and complexity of extracted oxalate pectin. Structural changes in the cell wall were followed by an increase in Young's modulus (compressive stiffness of a solid material, expressed as the relationship between stress and axial strain) of the cell wall material. The data presented in this paper show in a novel way how storage under short-term oxidative stress modifies the cell wall of apple fruit at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jóźwiak
- Institute of Horticulture - National Research Institute, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rutkowski
- Institute of Horticulture - National Research Institute, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riaño C, Ribba T, Marchant JI, O’Brien JA, Contreras C, Zoffoli JP. Ultra-Low Oxygen and Preconditioning Storage Regulate Ethylene Synthesis to Prevent Corky Disorders in 'Fuji' Apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910139. [PMID: 35712580 PMCID: PMC9194684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Corky disorders in apples represent a significant problem for long-term storage where controlled atmosphere (CA) is mainly used. Ultra-low oxygen (ULO) is an alternative to CA, which consists of low partial pressure of O2 to maintain a low metabolism in the apple fruit, achieving an effective decrease in the ethylene production and physiological disorders. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of a short hypoxia period on the development of cork physiological disorders during the storage of apple. 'Fuji' apples were prestored under ULO (0.5 kPa O2) for two periods of time (15 and 30 days) and at two temperatures (0 or 5°C). Corky physiological disorders increased at 5°C prestorage temperature; however, ULO treatments for 15 or 30 days at 0 or 5°C achieved a significant reduction in corky disorders near to 1%, compared with control treatments. In addition, a considerable reduction in ethylene production for up to 30 days was observed in ULO-treated fruit at 0 and 5°C. ULO for 30 days at 0 and 5°C increased the internal production of ethanol and acetaldehyde, causing a lower sensory quality due to the presence of fermentative flavors in fruit stored at 5°C. ULO of 15 days of conditioning decreased the relative expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes MdACS1 and MdACO1, resulting in lower ethylene production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Riaño
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Ribba
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan I. Marchant
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A. O’Brien
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Contreras
- Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan P. Zoffoli
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Benkeblia N. Physiological and Biochemical Response of Tropical Fruits to Hypoxia/Anoxia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670803. [PMID: 34335647 PMCID: PMC8322732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration and oxygen consumption are indicators of routine metabolic rate, and dissolved oxygen in plant tissues is one of the most important environmental factors affecting their survival. The reduction of available O2 leads to hypoxia which causes a limitation of the oxidative phosphorylation; when O2 is absent, tissues generate ATP by activating the fermentative glycolysis to sustain glycolysis in the absence of mitochondrial respiration, which results in the production of lactate. Overall, hypoxia was reported to often decrease the respiration rate (O2 uptake) and delay the climacteric rise of ethylene in climacteric fruits by inhibiting action, thus delaying their ripening. Much research has been done on the application of postharvest hypoxia and anoxia treatment to temperate fresh crops (controlled or modified atmosphere), however, very few reported on tropical commodities. Indeed, the physiological mode of action of low or absence of oxygen in fresh crops is not well understood; and the physiological and biochemical bases of the effects low or absence of O2 are also yet to be clarified. Recent investigations using omics technologies, however, have provided useful information on the response of fresh fruits and vegetables to this abiotic stress. The aims of this review are to (i) report on the oxygen exchange in the crops tissue, (ii) discuss the metabolic responses to hypoxia and anoxia, and (iii) report the physiological and biochemical responses of crops tissues to these abiotic stresses and the potential benefits of these environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Al‐Obaidi JR, Jamil NAM, Rahmad N, Rosli NHM. Proteomic and metabolomic study of wax apple (
Syzygium samarangense
) fruit during ripening process. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2954-2964. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jameel R. Al‐Obaidi
- Agro‐Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI)c/o MARDI Headquarters Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Azreen Mohd Jamil
- Agro‐Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI)c/o MARDI Headquarters Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norasfaliza Rahmad
- Agro‐Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI)c/o MARDI Headquarters Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hüther CM, Martinazzo EG, Rombaldi CV, Bacarin MA. Effects of flooding stress in ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato plants transformed with different levels of mitochondrial sHSP23.6. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 0:0. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Soil flooding is an environmental stressor for crops that can affect physiological performance and reduce crop yields. Abiotic stressors cause changes in protein synthesis, modifying the levels of a series of proteins, especially the heat shock proteins (HSP), and these proteins can help protect the plants against abiotic stress. The objective of this study was to verify if tomato plants cv. Micro-Tom from different genotypes with varying expression levels of MT-sHSP23.6 (mitochondrial small heat shock proteins) have different responses physiological to flooding. Plants from three genotypes (untransformed, MT-sHSP23.6 sense expression levels and MT-sHSP23.6 antisense expression levels) were cultivated under controlled conditions. After 50 days, the plants were flooded for 14 days. After this period half of the plants from each genotype were allowed to recover. Chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, chlorophyll index, leaf area and dry matter were evaluated. Flood stress affected the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which is related to inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex, loss of connectivity among units in photosystem II, oxidation-reduction of the plastoquinone pool and activity of photosystem I. The genotype with MT-sHSP23.6 sense expression levels was less sensitive to stress from flooding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. G. Martinazzo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - M. A. Bacarin
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|