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Tavvabi-Kashani N, Hasanpour M, Baradaran Rahimi V, Vahdati-Mashhadian N, Askari VR. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review. Toxicon 2024; 238:107607. [PMID: 38191032 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Tavvabi-Kashani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maede Hasanpour
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Vahdati-Mashhadian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Martorano AS, Messias NS, Bighetti-Trevisan RL, de Oliveira PT, de Castro Raucci LMS, Raucci Neto W. In vitro inflammatory modulation of bioceramic endodontic sealer in macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Int Endod J 2023; 56:213-226. [PMID: 36314853 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of AH Plus (Dentsply), Sealer 26 (Dentsply), and Sealer Plus BC (Produtos Médicos e Odontológicos) on cytotoxicity and inflammation in macrophage cultures exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODOLOGY After initial setting, the sealers were conditioned with serum-free culture medium for 24 h (1 ml/cm2 ). Macrophages from the RAW 264.7 strain were exposed to sealer extracts in a 1:16 ratio in a culture medium with or without LPS. Cell morphology, viability, mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress and gene expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated. Data on mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress and TNF-α were analysed using a two-way analysis of variance (anova) test, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls post-test. IL-1β data were analysed using one-way anova, followed by SNK, and the t-test was used for intragroup comparison. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS In the absence of LPS, only AH Plus and Sealer 26 showed a reduction in cell density, while in the presence of LPS, Sealer 26 had the lowest density compared to the other groups. In terms of mitochondrial activity, at 24 and 48 h, Sealer Plus BC had significantly higher mean values than Sealer 26 and AH Plus (p < .05). Sealer 26 exhibited the lowest levels of oxidative stress and IL-1β and TNF-α expression, regardless of the presence of LPS (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Although all sealers interfere with the response of macrophages to LPS, contact with epoxy resin-based sealers can impair cell activity in vitro, while bioceramic sealer seems to favour the inflammatory functions of these cells.
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de Oliveira PY, Lacerda MFLS, Maranduba CMDC, Rettore JVP, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro AP. The response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to endodontic materials. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:33-43. [PMID: 35508034 PMCID: PMC9645149 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An endodontic material must be minimally harmful to stem cells since they are essential, thanks to their capacity for cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. For this reason, in this in vitro study, the cell viability and the expression of genes involved in cell plasticity and differentiation were investigated in stem cells recovered from human dental pulp (hDPSCs) that were in contact with four endodontic materials (Endofill, MTA, Pulp Canal Sealer, and Sealer 26). The viability of HDPSCs was assessed by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. PCR evaluated cellular plasticity by determining the CD34, CD45, Nestin, CD105, Nanog, and OCT4 expressions. The effect on cell differentiation was determined by RT-PCR expression of the RUNX2, ALP, OC/BGLAP, and DMP1 genes. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p <0.05). Pulp Canal Sealer and Endofill decreased cell viability after 48 hours (p <0.001). MTA and Sealer 26 did not disrupt cell viability (p> 0.05). When cultivated in the presence of MTA and Sealer 26, hDPSCs expressed Nestin, CD105, NANOG, and OCT-4 and did not express CD34 and CD45. MTA and Sealer 26 interfered with DMP1, OC/BGLAP and RUNX2 expressions (p <0.05) but did not change ALP gene expression (p> 0.05). MTA and Sealer 26 showed biological compatibility in the presence of hDPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Yanne de Oliveira
- Department of Operative Denstistry, School of Dentistry,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Vitor Paes Rettore
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences,
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Leda Quercia Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological
Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Paulino Ribeiro
- Department of Operative Denstistry, School of Dentistry,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Mohammadi Nejad S, Özgüneş H, Başaran N. Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Eugenol. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:201-206. [PMID: 32454614 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is a volatile phenolic constituent of clove essential oil obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata buds and leaves. It is a functional ingredient of numerous products which have been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry in restricted concentrations. Its derivatives have been used in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic. The wide range of eugenol activities includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant. Although eugenol is considered safe as a product, due to the vast range of different applications and extensive use, there has been a great concern about its toxicity in recent years. However, studies about cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of eugenol are very limited and controversial. The pharmacological and toxicological properties of eugenol will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Mohammadi Nejad
- Hacettepe University, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Department Of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Özgüneş
- Hacettepe University, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Department Of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nursen Başaran
- Hacettepe University, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Department Of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
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Kaur A, Shah N, Logani A, Mishra N. Biotoxicity of commonly used root canal sealers: A meta-analysis. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:83-8. [PMID: 25829682 PMCID: PMC4379664 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.153054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main objective of a root canal sealer is to provide a fluid tight seal. The purpose of this systematic meta-analysis was to determine the relative toxicity of commonly used root canal sealers like zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and resin-based sealers. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online search was conducted in peer-reviewed journals listed in PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO, and IndMed databases between 2000 and 2012). Statistical analysis was carried out by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc comparison by Bonferroni method. The comparison between toxicity at 24 h and between 3 and 7 days was done by using paired t-test for each sealer. RESULTS At 24 h, the relative biotoxicity of the three sealers reported was insignificant (P- value 0.29), but the difference in toxicity was found significant (P < 0.001) after 3 days. CONCLUSION Calcium hydroxide sealer and zinc oxide eugenol were found to be significantly biotoxic as compared to resin-based sealers after 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naseem Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Logani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Navin Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cunha SA, Rached Jr FJA, Alfredo E, León JE, Perez DEDC. Biocompatibility of sealers used in apical surgery: a histological study in rat subcutaneous tissue. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:299-305. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of sealers used in apical surgery in rat subcutaneous tissue. Sterile polyethylene tubes were filled with the following sealers: Sealapex, Sealapex with addition of zinc oxide, Sealer 26, Sealer 26 with thicker consistency (greater powder-to-resin ratio) and White MTA. The tubes were implanted in the dorsum of male rats and after 7, 21 and 42 days, the animals were killed, obtaining 5 specimens for each sealer in each evaluation period. The lateral surface of the tube was used as negative control. The inflammatory reaction to contact with the sealers was classified as absent, mild, moderate and severe. At 7 days, all sealers caused similar inflammatory reactions in the connective tissue of the animals, with most specimens presenting a moderate to intense chronic inflammatory reaction, with presence of multinucleated giant cells. At 21 days, Sealer 26 and Sealer 26 with thicker consistency presented more intense inflammatory reaction (p=0.004), whereas after 42 days, the inflammatory reaction ranged from absent to mild with statistically similar results for both materials (p=0.08). Except for MTA, all sealers presented foreign-body granulomatous reaction at 42 days. All sealers but Sealapex presented a statistically significant decrease of the inflammatory reaction over time. In conclusion, all sealers caused moderate to severe inflammation in the earlier evaluation period. However, Sealer 26 and Sealer 26 with thicker consistency caused more intense inflammatory reactions after 21 days of contact with the tissues and no granulomatous reaction was observed for MTA at the final period of analysis.
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Brasil DS, Soares JA, Horta MCR, Ferreira CL, Nunes E, Chaves GG, Silveira FF. Periapical repair in dog teeth: root canal adhesive filling by using the Resilon System. J Endod 2010; 36:482-8. [PMID: 20171367 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New filling biomaterials with better physicochemical properties would create a favorable biologic environment for the healing of periapical tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate periapical repair after biomechanical preparation and root filling with an adhesive system compared with the gold standard material (gutta-percha+sealer) in dog teeth. METHODS The pulp of 25 root canals was removed. The apical cementum layer was perforated, and the root canals were prepared up to size #60 K-file followed by step-back shaping with the #90 K-file and filled by the lateral condensation technique. In the experimental group (n=15), the Resilon System (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT) was used. As a control material (n=10), gutta-percha cones and pulp canal sealer were used. After 60 days, the animals were killed, and 10 histologic parameters were evaluated. Differences among the groups were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS In radiographic and histologic evaluations, most fillings were slightly short of the apex. Progressive regenerative stages were observed; however, there was a reduced prevalence of biologic foraminal closure. No significant differences were observed between the 2 biomaterials with regard to any of the parameters evaluated (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS The Resilon System shows periapical biocompatibility equivalent to the gold standard material.
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