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Bermúdez-Forero MI, García-Otálora MA. Blood transfusion dynamics in Colombia: Unveiling patterns, reactions and survival rates in multitransfused patients. Vox Sang 2024. [PMID: 38922908 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is no consensus on a universally accepted threshold to categorize a patient as multitransfused. In 2019, Colombia established the definition of a multitransfused patient as someone who has received six or more blood components, irrespective of the time frame. This study aims to delineate the characteristics, adverse transfusion reactions (ATRs, definitions according to the International Society of Blood Transfusion [ISBT]) and survival rates in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an analysis from the data of all institutions engaged in blood component transfusions at the national level who notified events to the National Information System of Haemovigilance (SIHEVI-INS), from January 2018 to December 2022. The selection criteria focused on individuals who not only exhibited ATRs but also received six or more blood components. RESULTS Among the 1,784,428 patients who received 6,637,271 blood components, an average of 3.7 components per patient was noted. Concurrently, 8378 ATRs were reported (12.6 ATRs/10,000 transfused components). Within this cohort, 691 patients met the criteria for multitransfusion. Predominantly women (51.8%), these individuals received between 6 and 14 blood components. Out of the 691 multitransfused individuals who experienced ATR, 541 had an allergic reaction. Conversely, out of the 6479 non-multitransfused individuals who experienced ATR, 3835 had an allergic reaction (odds ratio: 2.49, 95% confidence interval: 2.06-3.0). Notably, 271 multitransfused individuals (39.2%) were documented as deceased, with 76% succumbing within 12 months of encountering their most recent ATR. CONCLUSION Multitransfused individuals in Colombia, being a high-risk group, exhibit a heightened susceptibility to allergic reactions, surpassing the frequency observed in other transfusion populations. This underscores the necessity for tailored medical care specific to this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Isabel Bermúdez-Forero
- Coordinación Red Nacional Bancos de Sangre y Servicios de Transfusión, Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Bogotá, Colombia
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Kaliniczenko A, Martins JO, Cruz BR, Chiba AK, Filho JPBV, Bordin JO. Frequency of the DI*A, DI*B and Band 3 Memphis polymorphism among distinct groups in Brazil. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2023; 45 Suppl 2:S91-S94. [PMID: 35662509 PMCID: PMC10433289 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Band 3 is a red blood cell protein that carries the Dia and Dib antigens from the Diego blood system. The SLC4A1 gene encodes Band 3; Band 3 Memphis is a polymorphism of normal Band 3 and has two variants, but only the variant II carries the Dia antigen. OBJECTIVES Describe the frequencies of the DI*A and DI*B alleles and the Band 3 Memphis among blood donors, sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and Amazonian Indians. METHODS A total of 427 blood samples were collected and separated into three groups: 206 unrelated blood donors, 90 patients with SCD and 131 Amazonian Indians. We performed DI*A/B, normal Band 3 and Band 3 Memphis genotyping, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS The frequency of the DI*A/DI*A genotype was 0.5% in blood donors and it was not found in other groups. The frequency of the DI*A/DI*B was higher in Amazonian Indians (33.6%) and the frequency of the DI*B/DI*B was highest in blood donors (92.2%). All 105 individuals tested were positive for the presence of normal Band 3 and of these individuals, only 5/105 (4.8%) presented the Band 3 Memphis mutation. CONCLUSION We observed a higher frequency of the DI*B allele in blood donors and a low frequency of the DI*A/DI*A genotype in all groups studied. The Band 3 Memphis was found in a higher frequency in the blood donor group. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing different population groups to gain a better understanding of the genetic association of blood group antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Ribeiro Cruz
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
| | - Akemi Kuroda Chiba
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
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Aburto A, Zapata D, Retamales E, Moscoso H, Canales C, Escobar C. Erythrocyte antigens and antibodies in the Chilean population. Immunohematology 2021; 37:151-156. [PMID: 34964312 DOI: 10.21307/immunohematology-2021-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chile does not have a national registry of immunohematologic test results; there are no data on the prevalence of erythrocyte antigens and the frequency of antibodies in this population. Therefore, foreign references are used for decision-making. In this study, a standard questionnaire was used in 74 laboratories of public and private establishments. The information from tests conducted in 2015 was requested: ABO and D typing, antibody detection, antibody identification, and erythrocyte phenotype. Prevalence for the ABO-D phenotypes were obtained at the country level (D+ [94.4%] and D- [5.5%]) and differ from those recorded in the white population (85% and 15%, respectively). Positive antibody detection results were found in 0.4 and 1.3 percent of blood donors and patients, respectively; the main specificities were anti-Lea, -E, and -D in donors and anti-D, -E, and -K in patients. Inconclusive results were observed in ABO-D typing and antibody identification in donors and patients; these samples were referred to immunohematology reference laboratories for resolution. From this study, it was possible to estimate the prevalence of erythrocyte antigens and the frequency of antibodies at the national level, and this step allows us to characterize Chile's population of blood donors and transfusion recipients and to compare the results and frequencies with other populations or countries. Chile does not have a national registry of immunohematologic test results; there are no data on the prevalence of erythrocyte antigens and the frequency of antibodies in this population. Therefore, foreign references are used for decision-making. In this study, a standard questionnaire was used in 74 laboratories of public and private establishments. The information from tests conducted in 2015 was requested: ABO and D typing, antibody detection, antibody identification, and erythrocyte phenotype. Prevalence for the ABO-D phenotypes were obtained at the country level (D+ [94.4%] and D– [5.5%]) and differ from those recorded in the white population (85% and 15%, respectively). Positive antibody detection results were found in 0.4 and 1.3 percent of blood donors and patients, respectively; the main specificities were anti-Lea, -E, and -D in donors and anti-D, -E, and -K in patients. Inconclusive results were observed in ABO-D typing and antibody identification in donors and patients; these samples were referred to immunohematology reference laboratories for resolution. From this study, it was possible to estimate the prevalence of erythrocyte antigens and the frequency of antibodies at the national level, and this step allows us to characterize Chile’s population of blood donors and transfusion recipients and to compare the results and frequencies with other populations or countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aburto
- Biomedical Laboratory Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Av. Marathon 1000, Santiago , Chile 7780050
| | - D Zapata
- Biomedical Laboratory Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Santiago , Chile
| | - E Retamales
- Biomedical Laboratory Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Santiago , Chile
| | - H Moscoso
- Biomedical Laboratory Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Canales
- Scientific Matters Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Escobar
- Scientific Matters Department, Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) , Santiago , Chile
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Sobral PADS, Göttems LBD, Santana LA. Hemovigilance and patient safety: analysis of immediate transfusion reactions in elderly. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20190735. [PMID: 33084830 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify immediate transfusion reactions in elders hospitalized in a public hospital in the Federal District. METHODS This is an observational, retrospective, documental, and analytical research, with a quantitative analysis of 516 transfusions of packed red blood cells in elders hospitalized in the largest public hospital, who required blood components, from June to December 2017, through descriptive statistics. RESULTS The sample corresponded to 46.36% of the total number of transfusions in elders in the period. The mean age was 70 years old. There were adverse effects (reactions to the transfusion) in 12 (2.3%) transfusions. Respiratory alterations (33.3%) and fever (23.8%) were the most common events. CONCLUSION The incidence of reactions to the transfusion is below national and international rates, indicating probable undernotification, which could be associated to a lack of knowledge regarding its clinical manifestations and the lack of systematic monitoring of the transfusion.
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Yusoff SM, Bahar R, Hassan MN, Noor NHM, Ramli M, Shafii NF. Prevalence of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization among Transfused Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Oman Med J 2020; 35:e177. [PMID: 33083035 PMCID: PMC7538639 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Red blood cell (RBC) immunization is a common complication in blood transfusion recipients. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) eventually develop anemia, which is multifactorial, and requires regular blood transfusions, which exposes patients to the development of RBC antibodies. We sought to determine the prevalence and specificity patterns of RBC immunization and its risk factors among transfused CKD patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study over one year from January to December 2018 in the Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 249 samples were recruited from CKD patients who received a blood transfusion (at least one-pint), which only match for ABO and Rh(D) antigen. The serum was screened for the presence of the RBC antibody using the gel agglutination technique (Diamed gel cards). Samples with positive antibody screening were subjected to antibody identification. Results Of the 249 transfused CKD patients, 31 (12.4%) developed RBC immunization. Thirty (12%) were alloimmunized, and one (0.4%) was autoimmunized. Anti-Mia was the most common antibody (n = 14, 46.7%) among alloantibodies, followed by anti-E (n = 7, 23.3%). There was a significant association between pregnancy history with the development of antibodies whereas, no significant association was found between sociodemographic background, stage of CKD, hemodialysis status, underlying medical illness, and number of packed cell transfusions with the development of RBC antibodies. Conclusions One-eighth of our patient cohort had RBC alloimmunization, and the risk was increased in patients with a history of pregnancy. We propose Rhesus RBC phenotyping and to supply blood match Rhesus antigen in CKD patients, especially patients of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafini Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Bahar
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Hassan
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Haslina Mohd Noor
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Marini Ramli
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Molina-Aguilar R, Gómez-Ruiz S, Vela-Ojeda J, Montiel-Cervantes LA, Reyes-Maldonado E. Pathophysiology of Alloimmunization. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 47:152-159. [PMID: 32355475 DOI: 10.1159/000501861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmunization is caused by exposure to erythrocytes from a donor that expresses blood group antigens other than those of the recipient and is related to processes that alter the balance of the immune system. Knowing the pathophysiology of alloimmunization process is essential to understand clinical complications associated with this process. Patients and Methods From October 2016 to April 2017, irregular antibody screening was performed in 1,434 polytransfused (compatible with the ABO and D system) patients by means of agglutination techniques using erythrocytes of a known phenotype of 44 patients with a positive alloantibody screening. Non-alloimmunized (control) subjects were matched for age, gender, pathology, and treatment group with alloimmunized patients. The subsets of B, T, and Treg lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Results The results of screening for alloantibodies in patients by specificity of antibodies were as follows: nonspecific (30%), followed by anti-Di<sup>a</sup> (13%), anti-e (9%), anti-S (9%), anti-I (7%), anti-K (7%), and anti-P (7%). A lower percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes and an increase of CD8+ T lymphocytes were observed in alloimmunized patients, as well as a low CD4/CD8 ratio (0.7 vs. 1.6, p = 0.003), a higher percentage of B lymphocytes versus the control group (30 vs. 20%, p = 0.003), and a decrease of Treg CD4+ lymphocytes versus the control group (3 vs. 12 cells/μL, p = 0.043). These observations suggest that alloimmunized patients have important alterations in the number of some lymphocyte subsets that can be translated into clinical immune dysregulation. Conclusion A decreased CD4/CD8 ratio, increased B lymphocytes, and Treg lymphocyte deficiency are the most significant changes observed in alloimmunized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubiraida Molina-Aguilar
- Morphology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Hematology Department, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Translational Medicine Research Unit in Hemato-Oncological Diseases, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Soledad Gómez-Ruiz
- Morphology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Vela-Ojeda
- Morphology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Hematology Department, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Translational Medicine Research Unit in Hemato-Oncological Diseases, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Arcelia Montiel-Cervantes
- Morphology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Hematology Department, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Translational Medicine Research Unit in Hemato-Oncological Diseases, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elba Reyes-Maldonado
- Morphology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kaur D, Bains L, Kandwal M, Parmar I. Erythrocyte Alloimmunization and Autoimmunization among Blood Donors and Recipients visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:EC12-EC15. [PMID: 28511387 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22904.9401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ultimate aim of pretransfusion testing is the acceptable survival of donor red cells in recipient's body and antibody detection plays a critical role in achieving the same. The cornerstone of antibody detection method is detecting an unexpected antibody as against the expected antibodies of ABO blood group system. Autoantibodies can also interfere with the detection of clinically significant alloantibodies. AIM To study the frequency of alloantibodies and autoantibodies in the healthy blood donors and patient population visiting our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Column Agglutination Technology (CAT) was used for ABO RhD blood grouping, Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT), Autocontrol (AC), Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) and red cell antibody screening and the unexpected reactions in any of these tests were recorded for further evaluation. Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) blood samples were used for all these tests for both blood donors and admitted patients. The CAT was exercised for the blood grouping (using ABD-Reverse Diluent cassettes) and antibody screening (using 0.8% Surgiscreen, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Limited, USA and Low Ionic Strength Saline Ortho BLISS with AHG cassettes) on the automated immunohaematology platform ORTHO AutoVue® Innova system (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Limited, USA). RESULTS Among all blood donors (n=6350), seven (0.11%) donors had showed unexpected reaction. Of these, four had positive antibody screen (three having naturally occuring antibodies 2=anti-M, 1=anti-Lea and 1=inconclusive) and the other three had positive DAT. Of all the patient samples (n=6136) screened for irregular red cell antibodies, four (0.06%) patients were found to have unexpected reaction revealing one (0.02%) with anti-M antibody and the other three (0.05%) had autoantibodies in their serum. CONCLUSION The combined prevalence for both blood donor and recipient population (n=12,486) was found to be 0.11% at our center. The alloimmunisation among patient population was found to be lower than many other studies worldwide as our hospital does not cater to multitransfused or transfusion dependant patients with haematological disorders and majorly elective surgery patients with no history of previous blood transfusions visit our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daljit Kaur
- Consultant, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lovenish Bains
- Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kandwal
- Technical Supervisor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Indu Parmar
- Senior Scientific Officer, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Frequencies and specificities of "enzyme-only" detected erythrocyte alloantibodies in patients hospitalized in austria: is an enzyme test required for routine red blood cell antibody screening? JOURNAL OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 2014; 2014:532919. [PMID: 24790773 PMCID: PMC3984838 DOI: 10.1155/2014/532919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and specificities of "enzyme-only" detected red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in the routine antibody screening and antibody identification in patients hospitalized in Austria. Routine blood samples of 2420 patients were investigated. The antibody screening was performed with a 3-cell panel in the low-ionic strength saline- (LISS-) indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and with an enzyme-pretreated (papain) 3-cell panel fully automated on the ORTHO AutoVue Innova System. The antibody identification was carried out manually with an 11-cell panel in the LISS-IAT and with an enzyme-pretreated (papain) 11-cell panel. In total 4.05% (n = 98) of all patients (n = 2420) had a positive RBC antibody screening result. Of them 25.51% (25/98) showed "enzyme-only" detected specific or nonspecific RBC alloantibodies. Rhesus and Lewis system antibodies were found the only specificities of "enzyme-only" RBC alloantibodies: all in all 4.8% (4/98) were detected with anti-E, 3.06% (3/98) with anti-Le(a), 3.06% (3/98) with anti-D after anti-D prophylaxis and 1.02% (1/98) with anti-e. In total, 14.29% (14/98) showed a nonspecific RBC alloantibody result with the enzyme test. The results of the present study demonstrate that a high number of unwanted positive reactions with the enzyme technique overshadows the detection of "enzyme-only" RBC alloantibodies. ( TRIAL REGISTRATION K-37-13).
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Mota MA. Red cell and human leukocyte antigen alloimmunization in candidates for renal transplantation: a reality. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 35:160-1. [PMID: 23904801 PMCID: PMC3728124 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Aparecida Mota
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Albert Einstein - IIEPAE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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da Silva SFR, Ferreira GM, da Silva SL, Alves TMDO, Ribeiro IF, Ribeiro TR, Cavalcante MDCS. Red blood cell and leukocyte alloimmunization in patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 35:185-8. [PMID: 23904808 PMCID: PMC3728131 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20130043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the rates of red blood cell and leukocyte alloimmunization in patients with chronic kidney disease awaiting kidney transplantation. Methods In this cross-sectional and prospective study, the serum of 393 chronic kidney disease patients on a transplant waiting list in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil were tested for red cell and leukocyte antibodies. In addition, demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results The average age in the sample of 393 patients was 34.1 ± 14 years. Slightly more than half (208; 52.9%) were male. The average numbers of transfusions and gestations were 3.1 ± 3.3 and 1.6 ± 6, respectively. One third (33.6%) were alloimmunized: 78% with leukocyte antibodies, 9.1% with red cell antibodies and 12.9% with both. Red cell antibodies were detected in 29 cases (7.4%), 17 of whom were women, who had received more transfusions than the males (p-value < 0.0001). The most frequently detected red cell antibodies belonged to the Rh (24.1%) and Kell (13.8%) blood group systems. Leukocyte antibodies were detected in 30.5% of cases, 83 of whom were women, who had received more transfusions than the males (p-value < 0.0001) and were more reactive to panel reactive antibodies (p-value < 0.0001). The mean alloreactivity to panel reactive antibodies was 47.7 ± 31.2%. Conclusion Chronic kidney disease patients on the transplant waiting list in Ceará, Brazil, display high rates of red cell (7.4%) and leukocyte (30.5%) alloimmunization. In this sample, alloimmunization was significantly associated with the number of transfusions and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fernandes Ribeiro da Silva
- Universidade de Fortaleza - Unifor, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil ; Centro de Pesquisas em Doenças Hepato-Renais - CPDHR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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