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Virgilio LR, Teixeira GO, Almeida LS, Melo HPS, Júnior SLP, Meneguetti DUO, Camargo LMA, Takemoto RM. Infection with Trypanosoma spp. in Platydoras armatulus (Siluriformes, Doradidae), in southwestern Amazon, Brazil. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:607-612. [PMID: 36091272 PMCID: PMC9458826 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma is a hemoflagellate capable of infecting a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, such as Neotropical freshwater fish. The present study described and morphologically compared Trypanosoma spp., found in Platydoras armatulus, Valenciennes, 1840, in southwestern Amazon. Fish specimens were sampled in Ipixuna and Juruá rivers located in the states of Amazonas and Acre, Brazil. Fish blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture, and smears were prepared for quantification, morphometric measurements, and morphotyping (characterization of the trypanosomes according to their morphological variations) of trypanosomes found. Prevalence, mean abundance, and intensity of parasitism were estimated in the parasitized fish specimens. Five fish specimens were collected, showing a 100% prevalence of parasites in the host. We found two Trypanosoma morphotypes, A and B, in which A had the highest infection intensity in host specimens. Thus, the present study presented the first report of Trypanosoma parasitizing P. armatulus, with different morphological variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Virgilio
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (Bionorte), Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Acre Brazil
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre CEP 69980-00 Brazil
| | - G. O. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre CEP 69980-00 Brazil
| | - L. S. Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre CEP 69980-00 Brazil
| | - H. P. S. Melo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre CEP 69980-00 Brazil
| | - S. L. Prolo Júnior
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre CEP 69980-00 Brazil
| | - D. U. O. Meneguetti
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (Bionorte), Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Acre Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, College of Application, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 654 - Downtown, Rio Branco, Acre 69900-150 Brazil
| | - L. M. A. Camargo
- Federal University of Acre, College of Application, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 654 - Downtown, Rio Branco, Acre 69900-150 Brazil
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences., R. Francisco Prestes, 2728, Monte Negro, Rondonia CEP 76888-000 Brazil
| | - R. M. Takemoto
- State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790 – Jandaia do Sul, University, Maringá, Paraná CEP 87020-900 Brazil
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Fermani P, Metz S, Balagué V, Descy JP, Morana C, Logares R, Massana R, Sarmento H. Microbial eukaryotes assemblages and potential novel diversity in four tropical East-African Great Lakes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6335480. [PMID: 34338764 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
East-African Great Lakes are old and unique natural resources heavily utilized by their bordering countries. In those lakes, ecosystem functioning is dominated by pelagic processes, where microorganisms are key components, however protistan diversity is barely known. We investigated the community composition of small eukaryotes (< 10 µm) in surface waters of four African Lakes (Kivu, Edward, Albert and Victoria) by sequencing the 18S rRNA gene. Moreover, in the meromictic Lake Kivu, two stations were vertically studied. We found high protistan diversity distributed in 779 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), spanning in eleven high-rank lineages, being Alveolata (31%), Opisthokonta (20%) and Stramenopiles (17%) the most represented supergroups. Surface protistan assemblage were associated to conductivity and productivity gradients; whereas depth, had a strong effect on protistan community in Kivu, with higher contribution of heterotrophic organisms. Approximately 40% of OTUs had low similarity (< 90%) with reported sequences in public databases, these were mostly coming from deep anoxic waters of Kivu, suggesting a high extent of novel diversity. We also detected several taxa so far considered exclusive of marine ecosystems. Our results unveiled a complex and largely undescribed protistan community, in which several lineages have adapted to different niches after crossing the salinity boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Fermani
- Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (UNSAM-CONICET) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Metz
- University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Vanessa Balagué
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Cédric Morana
- Unit of Chemical Oceanography, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ramiro Logares
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Departamento de Hidrobiologia (DHb), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos - SP, Brazil
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Sousa LFDE, Souza DCDE, CoÊlho TÁA, Tavares-Dias M, CorrÊa LL. Morphometric Characterization of Trypanosoma spp. and blood parameters in Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Pisces: Loricariidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190577. [PMID: 33084761 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes Trypanosoma spp. infection and blood parameters in Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the Tapajós River basin in eastern Amazon (Brazil). Of 32 fish examined, 40.6% were infected by Trypanosoma spp., while a total of 112 trypomastigotes were found. Two Trypanosoma morphotypes were characterized and compared with species described in literature infecting other Loricariidae, and a similarity of 94% was found with one species described for another host. The plasma glucose and aspartate aminotransferase levels, hematocrit, number of total erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the infected and uninfected fish were similar, but hemoglobin was lower in fish infected with Trypanosoma spp. Hemoglobin levels declined with the abundance of the hemoparasites, but the condition factor was similar among fish infected and uninfected by Trypanosoma spp. This is the first study on the hemoparasitism by Trypanosoma spp. and blood parameters in P. pardalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciclara F DE Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2946, Fátima, 68040-470 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Darlison C DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade(PPGBEES), Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2946, Fátima, 68040-470 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - TÁssio A CoÊlho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade(PPGBEES), Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2946, Fátima, 68040-470 Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tavares-Dias
- Embrapa Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 5, No 2600, Universidade, 68903-419 Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Lincoln L CorrÊa
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará/UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas/ICTA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2946, Fátima, 68040-470 Santarém, PA, Brazil
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Chagas CRF, Binkienė R, Ilgūnas M, Iezhova T, Valkiūnas G. The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:104. [PMID: 32103784 PMCID: PMC7045512 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa, Trypanosomatidae and Filarioidea are widespread in birds and have been studied extensively. Microscopical examination (ME) of stained blood films remains the gold standard method for the detection of these infections in birds, particularly because co-infections predominate in wildlife. None of the available molecular tools can detect all co-infections at the same time, but ME provides opportunities for this to be achieved. However, fixation, drying and staining of blood films as well as their ME are relatively time-consuming. This limits the detection of infected hosts during fieldwork when captured animals should be released soon after sampling. It is an obstacle for quick selection of donor hosts for parasite experimental, histological and other investigations in the field. This study modified, tested and described the buffy coat method (BCM) for quick diagnostics (~ 20 min/sample) of avian blood parasites. METHODS Blood of 345 birds belonging to 42 species was collected, and each sample was examined using ME of stained blood films and the buffy coat, which was examined after centrifugation in capillary tubes and after being transferred to objective glass slides. Parasite detection using these methods was compared using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Cohen's kappa index. RESULTS Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, microfilariae, Trypanosoma and Lankesterella parasites were detected. BCM had a high sensitivity (> 90%) and specificity (> 90%) for detection of Haemoproteus and microfilariae infections. It was of moderate sensitivity (57%) and high specificity (> 90%) for Lankesterella infections, but of low sensitivity (20%) and high specificity (> 90%) for Leucocytozoon infections. Trypanosoma and Plasmodium parasites were detected only by BCM and ME, respectively. According to Cohen's kappa index, the agreement between two diagnostic tools was substantial for Haemoproteus (0.80), moderate for Lankesterella (0.46) and fair for microfilariae and Leucocytozoon (0.28) infections. CONCLUSIONS BCM is sensitive and recommended as a quick and reliable tool to detect Haemoproteus, Trypanosoma and microfilariae parasites during fieldwork. However, it is not suitable for detection of species of Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium. BCM is a useful tool for diagnostics of blood parasite co-infections. Its application might be extended to studies of blood parasites in other vertebrates during field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasa Binkienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikas Ilgūnas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tatjana Iezhova
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Jiang B, Lu G, Du J, Wang J, Hu Y, Su Y, Li A. First report of trypanosomiasis in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from China: pathological evaluation and taxonomic status. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1731-1739. [PMID: 31049695 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trypanosomes on cultured largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and describe the taxonomic identification of the parasite. The effects of the parasite on M. salmoides were examined based on clinical symptoms, hemograms, histopathology, and serum biochemistry. Diseased fish showed typical clinical symptoms of trypanosomiasis, which included lethargy, anorexia, and histopathological lesions in the liver, head kidney, and spleen. The serum of diseased fish had significantly lower concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein, and significantly higher alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The morphology of the trypanosomes was also analyzed using light microscopy, and their 18S rDNA sequence was analyzed to establish genetic relationships with other known strains. We found that the trypomastigote form of the trypanosomes from M. salmoides was similar to those isolated from Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The trypanosomes had a slender and narrow body with a relatively long free flagellum, not well-developed undulating membrane, and an oval kinetoplast located near the subterminal posterior end of the body. The 18S rDNA sequences of the trypanosome from M. salmoides had the highest similarity (99.8%) with that of P. fulvidraco, suggesting they are identical species. Based on the differences in morphological characteristics and 18S rDNA sequence compared to trypanosomes isolated from other freshwater fish, it is considered as a new species and we propose the name Trypanosoma micropteri n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Geling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youlu Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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A comparative study of Trypanosoma sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) parasitizing four species of loricarides in the Brazilian Amazon. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McAllister M, Phillips N, Belosevic M. Trypanosoma carassii infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.): changes in the expression of erythropoiesis and anemia regulatory genes. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1147-1158. [PMID: 30747294 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma carassii is a flagellated bloodstream parasite of cyprinid fish with pathogenesis manifesting primarily as anemia in experimentally infected fish. This anemia is characterized by decreases in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) during peak parasitemia. We examined changes in the key blood metrics and expression of genes known to be important in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Increasing parasitemia was strongly correlated with an overall decrease in the total number of circulating RBCs. Gene expression of key erythropoiesis regulators (EPO, EPOR, GATA1, Lmo2, and HIFα) and proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) were measured and their expressions differed from those in fish made anemic by injections of phenylhydrazine (PHZ). Significant upregulation of pro-erythropoietic genes was observed in PHZ-induced anemia, but not during peak parasitic infection. Previously, we reported on functional characterization of goldfish erythropoietin (rgEPO) and its ability to induce survival and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Treatment of goldfish during the infection with rgEPO reduced the severity of anemia but failed to fully prevent the onset of the anemic state in infected fish. Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the suppression of erythropoiesis during trypanosomiasis, specifically the cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1β. Analysis of key proinflammatory cytokines revealed that mRNA levels of IFNγ and TNFα were upregulated in response to infection, but only TNFα increased in response to PHZ treatment. Synergistic activity of the proinflammatory cytokines may be required to sustain prolonged anemia. These findings provide insight into the relationship between T. carassii and host anemia and suggest that T. carassii may directly or indirectly suppress host erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McAllister
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Medicinal leech therapy-an overall perspective. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:337-343. [PMID: 29296560 PMCID: PMC5741396 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary medicine methods have a long history, but modern medicine has just recently focused on their possible modes of action. Medicinal leech therapy (MLT) or hirudotherapy, an old technique, has been studied by many researchers for possible effects on various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, osteoarthritis, and after different surgeries. Hirudo medicinalis has widest therapeutic usage among the leeches, but worldwide, many different species were tested and studied. Leeches secrete more than 20 identified bioactive substances such as antistasin, eglins, guamerin, hirudin, saratin, bdellins, complement, and carboxypeptidase inhibitors. They have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, platelet inhibitory, anticoagulant, and thrombin regulatory functions, as well as extracellular matrix degradative and antimicrobial effects, but with further studies, the spectrum of effects may widen. The technique is cheap, effective, easy to apply, and its modes of action have been elucidated for certain diseases. In conclusion, for treatment of some diseases, MLT is not an alternative, but is a complementary and/or integrative choice. MLT is a part of multidisciplinary treatments, and secretes various bioactive substances. These substances vary among species and different species should be evaluated for both treatment capability and their particular secreted molecules. There is huge potential for novel substances and these could be future therapeutics.
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