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Niassy S, Tamiru A, Hamilton JGC, Kirk WDJ, Mumm R, Sims C, de Kogel WJ, Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Bandi K, Mitchell F, Subramanian S. Characterization of Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of the Bean Flower Thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:348-355. [PMID: 30788655 PMCID: PMC6476851 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has been observed on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. To understand the mechanism underpinning this behavior, we studied the responses of M. sjostedti to headspace volatiles from conspecifics in a four-arm olfactometer. Both male and female M. sjostedti were attracted to male, but not to female odor. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses revealed the presence of two distinct compounds in male M. sjostedti headspace, namely (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate (major compound) and (R)-lavandulol (minor compound); by contrast, both compounds were only present in trace amounts in female headspace collections. A behavioral assay using synthetic compounds showed that male M. sjostedti was attracted to both (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate and (R)-lavandulol, while females responded only to (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate. This is the first report of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the genus Megalurothrips. The bean flower thrips is the primary pest of cowpea, which is widely grown in sub-Saharan Africa. The attraction of male and female M. sjostedti to these compounds offers an opportunity to develop ecologically sustainable management methods for M. sjostedti in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
- Infectious Disease Transmission and Biology Group, Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG UK
| | - William D. J. Kirk
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Roland Mumm
- Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cassie Sims
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Willem Jan de Kogel
- Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nguya K. Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Krishnakumari Bandi
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Fraser Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Niassy S, Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Orindi B, Moritz GB, de Kogel WJ, Subramanian S. Active aggregation among sexes in bean flower thrips ( Megalurothrips sjostedti) on cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata). ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA 2016; 158:17-24. [PMID: 26726262 PMCID: PMC4690520 DOI: 10.1111/eea.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Male sexual aggregations are a common territorial, mating-related or resource-based, behaviour observed in diverse organisms, including insects such as thrips. The influence of factors such as plant substrate, time of day, and geographic location on aggregation of thrips is uncertain, therefore we monitored the dispersion of male and female bean flower thrips (BFT), Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae), over three cowpea growth stages and across three cowpea-growing areas of Kenya. Our results indicated that for all the crop growth stages, the density of BFTs varied over the time of day, with higher densities at 10:00, 13:00, and 16:00 hours than at 07:00 hours. Thrips densities did not differ among blocks at the budding stage, but they did at peak flowering and podding stages. Dispersion indices suggested that both male and female BFTs were aggregated. Active male aggregation occurred only on green plant parts and it varied across blocks, crop stages, and locations. Similarly, active female aggregation was observed in peak flowering and podding stages. Such active aggregation indicates a semiochemical or behaviour-mediated aggregation. Identification of such a semiochemical may offer new opportunities for refining monitoring and management strategies for BFT on cowpea, the most important grain legume in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyPO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyPO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nguya K Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyPO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyPO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald B Moritz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther UniversityHalle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Willem J de Kogel
- Plant Research InternationalWageningen UR, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyPO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Nyasani JO, Subramanian S, Poehling HM, Maniania NK, Ekesi S, Meyhöfer R. Optimizing Western Flower Thrips Management on French Beans by Combined Use of Beneficials and Imidacloprid. INSECTS 2015; 6:279-96. [PMID: 26463079 PMCID: PMC4553542 DOI: 10.3390/insects6010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an important pest of vegetable crops worldwide and has developed resistance to many insecticides. The predatory mites Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) cucumeris (Oudemans), the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.), and an insecticide (imidacloprid) were tested for their efficacy to reduce WFT population density and damage to French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods under field conditions in two planting periods. Metarhizium anisopliae was applied as a foliar spray weekly at a rate of one litre spray volume per plot while imidacloprid was applied as a soil drench every two weeks at a rate of two litres of a mixture of water and imidacloprid per m². Neoseiulus cucumeris was released every two weeks on plant foliage at a rate of three mites per plant. Single and combined treatment applications reduced WFT population density by at least three times and WFT damage to French bean pods by at least 1.7 times compared with untreated plots. The benefit-cost ratios in management of WFT were profitable with highest returns realized on imidacloprid treated plots. The results indicate that M. anisopliae, N. cucumeris, and imidacloprid have the potential for use in developing an integrated pest management program against WFT on French beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson O Nyasani
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Embu Research Centre, P O Box 27-60100 Embu, Kenya.
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P O Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P O Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Hans-Michael Poehling
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
| | - Nguya K Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P O Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P O Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Rainer Meyhöfer
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
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Madadi H, Dashti F, Enkegaard A. Spatial Distribution of Thrips tabaci and Development of a Fixed-Precision Sampling Plan for Greenhouse Cucumber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/je.2011.280.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tiwari S, Youngman RR, Jordan TA, Laub CA. A technique using reusable components for hand-infesting cornstalks with European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:2080-2086. [PMID: 21309228 DOI: 10.1603/ec10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Field trials were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the use of reusable wire nuts and nonreusable gelatin capsules for hand-infesting cornstalks with European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae. The reusable technique, which consists of a modified WingGard plastic wire connector (i.e., wire nut) as a containment device for larvae, was compared over three plant growth stages to a gelatin capsule technique. In 2005 and 2006, the wire nut technique resulted in significantly higher number of wire nuts still intact (i.e., undamaged, with or without a larva) on the stalk at 72 h after infestation compared with the gelatin capsule technique. In addition, the wire nut technique resulted in significantly higher number of tunnels per stalk compared with the gelatin capsule technique at all three corn growth stages during both years. In 2005, the mean +/- SEM number of tunnels per stalk was 0.53 +/- 0.03 in the wire nut technique compared with 0.13 +/- 0.03 tunnels per stalk in the gelatin capsule technique. In 2006, the mean number of tunnels per stalk was 0.45 +/- 0.03 in the wire nut technique compared with 0.08 +/- 0.02 tunnels per stalk in the gelatin capsule technique. In addition, the relative net precision in the wire-nut technique was approximately 2 times higher compared with the gelatin capsule technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tiwari
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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Aliakbarpour H, Rawi CSM. Diurnal activity of four species of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and efficiencies of three nondestructive sampling techniques for thrips in mango inflorescences. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:631-640. [PMID: 20568607 DOI: 10.1603/ec09167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thrips cause considerable economic loss to mango, Mangifera indica L., in Penang, Malaysia. Three nondestructive sampling techniques--shaking mango panicles over a moist plastic tray, washing the panicles with ethanol, and immobilization of thrips by using CO2--were evaluated for their precision to determine the most effective technique to capture mango flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in an orchard located at Balik Pulau, Penang, Malaysia, during two flowering seasons from December 2008 to February 2009 and from August to September 2009. The efficiency of each of the three sampling techniques was compared with absolute population counts on whole panicles as a reference. Diurnal flight activity of thrips species was assessed using yellow sticky traps. All three sampling methods and sticky traps were used at two hourly intervals from 0800 to 1800 hours to get insight into diurnal periodicity of thrips abundance in the orchard. Based on pooled data for the two seasons, the CO2 method was the most efficient procedure extracting 80.7% adults and 74.5% larvae. The CO2 method had the lowest relative variation and was the most accurate procedure compared with the absolute method as shown by regression analysis. All collection techniques showed that the numbers of all thrips species in mango panicles increased after 0800 hours, reaching a peak between 1200 and 1400 hours. Adults thrips captured on the sticky traps were the most abundant between 0800-1000 and 1400-1600 hours. According to results of this study, the CO2 method is recommended for sampling of thrips in the field. It is a nondestructive sampling procedure that neither damages flowers nor diminishes fruit production. Management of thrips populations in mango orchards with insecticides would be more effectively carried out during their peak population abundance on the flower panicles at midday to 1400 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aliakbarpour
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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