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Silva GA, Picanço MC, Ferreira LR, Ferreira DO, Farias ES, Souza TC, Rodrigues-Silva N, Pereira EJG. Yield Losses in Transgenic Cry1Ab and Non-Bt Corn as Assessed Using a Crop-Life-Table Approach. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:218-226. [PMID: 29329399 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed crop life tables for Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) Cry1Ab and non-Bt corn hybrids, in which yield-loss factors and abundance of predaceous arthropods were recorded during 2 yr at two locations. Corn kernel/grain was the yield component that had the heaviest losses and that determined the overall yield loss in the corn hybrids across years and locations. Yield losses in both corn hybrids were primarily caused by kernel-destroying insects. Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were the key loss factors at one location, while at the other, the key loss factor was the silk fly larvae, Euxesta spp. (Diptera: Ulidiidae). Although the realized yield of corn grains was not different (P > 0.05) between Cry1Ab and non-Bt corn hybrids, the Bt corn hybrid reduced (P < 0.05) the damage by H. zea and S. frugiperda in three of the four field trials, particularly at the location where Lepidoptera were the key loss factors. As expected, no reduction in the abundance of predaceous arthropods was observed in Cry1Ab corn fields. Various species of natural enemies were recorded, particularly the earwig Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), which was the most abundant and frequent predaceous insect. These results indicate that integration of pest management practices should be pursued to effectively minimize losses by kernel-destroying insects during corn reproductive stages when growing non-Bt or certain low-dose Bt corn cultivars for fall armyworm and corn earworm, such as those producing Cry1Ab or other Cry toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson A Silva
- Laboratory of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lino R Ferreira
- Department of Plant Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dalton O Ferreira
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizeu S Farias
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thadeu C Souza
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eliseu José G Pereira
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Characterization of the Cry1Ah resistance in Asian corn Borer and its cross-resistance to other Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:234. [PMID: 29321568 PMCID: PMC5762712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins are effective to manage lepidopteran pests. Development of insect-resistance is the major threat to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops such as Cry1Ah-Maize. Laboratory selection with Bt-Cry1Ah toxin incorporated in artificial diet, during 48 generations of Asian corn borer (ACB) Ostrinia furnacalis produced 200-fold resistance. This resistant colony ACB-AhR readily consumed and survived on Cry1Ah-expressing Bt-maize. Cross-resistance analysis showed high cross-resistance to Cry1F (464-fold), moderate cross-resistance to Cry1Ab (28.38-fold), Cry1Ac (22.11-fold) and no cross-resistance to Cry1Ie toxin. This ACB-AhR cross-resistant phenotype is different from ACB-Cry1Fa resistant population that showed no cross resistance to Cry1Ah, suggesting that different mechanisms of resistance were selected in these two populations. Bioassays of reciprocal F1 crosses-progeny suggested autosomal inheritance of Cry1Ah resistance with no maternal effects. The dominance of resistance increased as concentration decreased. In Cry1Ah-maize tissues the progeny of reciprocal F1 crosses behaved as functionally recessive. Progenies analysis from backcrosses (F1 × resistant strain) suggested polygenic contribution to Cry1Ah- resistance in ACB-AhR. The use of multiple toxins is an imperative factor for delaying evolution of resistance to Cry1Ah-corn in ACB. However, the fact that ACB-AhR showed cross resistance to Cry1Fa indicates that selection of toxins for pyramided plants should be carefully done.
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Cory JS. Evolution of host resistance to insect pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:54-59. [PMID: 28822489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect pathogens are widely used as a tool for sustainable pest management. Their complex mode of action was thought to make them immune to the evolution of resistance; however, several examples of field-based resistance to the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a granulovirus have been recorded. Here I review the scenarios where resistance has evolved and discuss the likelihood of it occurring in other entomopathogens. I highlight recent research on the factors which might influence the evolution of resistance to insect pathogens, including the role of pathogen diversity, host nutrition and transgenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Jiang F, Zhang T, Bai S, Wang Z, He K. Evaluation of Bt Corn with Pyramided Genes on Efficacy and Insect Resistance Management for the Asian Corn Borer in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168442. [PMID: 28006032 PMCID: PMC5179094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Bt corn hybrid (AcIe) with two Bt genes (cry1Ie and cry1Ac) was derived by breeding stack from line expressing Cry1Ie and a line expressing Cry1Ac. Efficacy of this pyramided Bt corn hybrid against the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, was evaluated. We conducted laboratory bioassays using susceptible and resistant ACB strains fed on artificial diet or fresh plant tissues. We also conducted field trials with artificial infestations of ACB neonates at the V6 and silk stages. The toxin-diet bioassay data indicated that mixtures of Cry1Ac and Cry1Ie proteins had synergistic insecticidal efficacy. The plant tissue bioassay data indicated that Bt corn hybrids expressing either a single toxin (Cry1Ac or Cry1Ie) or two toxins had high efficacy against susceptible ACB. Damage ratings in the field trials indicated that the Bt corn hybrids could effectively protect against 1st and the 2nd generation ACB in China. The hybrid line with two Bt genes showed a higher efficacy against ACB larvae resistant to Cry1Ac or CryIe than the hybrid containing one Bt gene, and the two gene hybrid would have increased potential for managing or delaying the evolution of ACB resistance to Bt corn plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Zhao C, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Abdelgaffar HM, Pan H, Song F, Zhang J. Identification of a New cry1I-Type Gene as a Candidate for Gene Pyramiding in Corn To Control Ostrinia Species Larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3699-705. [PMID: 25795679 PMCID: PMC4421046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00379-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramiding of diverse cry toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis with different modes of action is a desirable strategy to delay the evolution of resistance in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Considering the dependency of susceptibility to Cry toxins on toxin binding to receptors in the midgut of target pests, a diverse mode of action is commonly defined as recognition of unique binding sites in the target insect. In this study, we present a novel cry1Ie toxin gene (cry1Ie2) as a candidate for pyramiding with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in corn to control Ostrinia species larvae. The new toxin gene encodes an 81-kDa protein that is processed to a protease-resistant core form of approximately 55 kDa by trypsin digestion. The purified protoxin displayed high toxicity to Ostrinia furnacalis and O. nubilalis larvae but low to no activity against Spodoptera or heliothine species or the coleopteran Tenebrio molitor. Results of binding assays with (125)I-labeled Cry1Ab toxin and brush border membrane vesicles from O. nubilalis larvae demonstrated that Cry1Ie2 does not recognize the Cry1Ab binding sites in that insect. Reciprocal competition binding assays with biotin-labeled Cry1Ie2 confirmed the lack of shared sites with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in O. nubilalis brush border membrane vesicles. These data support Cry1Ie2 as a good candidate for pyramiding with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in corn to increase the control of O. nubilalis and reduce the risk of resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heba M Abdelgaffar
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Siegfried BD, Hellmich RL. Understanding successful resistance management. GM CROPS & FOOD 2014; 3:184-93. [DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jin T, Chang X, Gatehouse AMR, Wang Z, Edwards MG, He K. Downregulation and mutation of a Cadherin gene associated with Cry1Ac resistance in the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2676-93. [PMID: 25216082 PMCID: PMC4179154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6092676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance in target pests is a major threat to long-term use of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. To manage and/or delay the evolution of resistance in target insects through the implementation of effective strategies, it is essential to understand the basis of resistance. One of the most important mechanisms of insect resistance to Bt crops is the alteration of the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors in the midgut. A Cry1Ac-selected strain of Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, a key pest of maize in China, evolved three mutant alleles of a cadherin-like protein (OfCAD) (MPR-r1, MPR-r2 and MPR-r3), which mapped within the toxin-binding region (TBR). Each of the three mutant alleles possessed two or three amino acid substitutions in this region, especially Thr1457→Ser. In highly resistant larvae (ACB-Ac200), MPR-r2 had a 26-amino acid residue deletion in the TBR, which resulted in reduced binding of Cry1Ac compared to the MPR from the susceptible strain, suggesting that the number of amino acid deletions influences the level of resistance. Furthermore, downregulation of OfCAD gene (ofcad) transcription was observed in the Cry1Ac resistant strain, ACB-Ac24, suggesting that Cry1Ac resistance in ACB is associated with the downregulation of the transcript levels of the cadherin-like protein gene. The OfCAD identified from ACB exhibited a high degree of similarity to other members of the cadherin super-family in lepidopteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xue Chang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Zhenying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Martin G Edwards
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Kanglai He
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Statement on a request from the European Commission related to an emergency measure notified by France under Article 34 of Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 to prohibit the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Siegfried BD, Rangasamy M, Wang H, Spencer T, Haridas CV, Tenhumberg B, Sumerford DV, Storer NP. Estimating the frequency of Cry1F resistance in field populations of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:725-733. [PMID: 24124030 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have suppressed European corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect throughout much of the US corn belt. A major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management and Bt corn is that the frequency of resistance alleles is low so that resistant pests surviving exposure to Bt corn will be rare. RESULTS The frequency of resistance to the Cry1F Bt toxin was estimated using two different screening tools and compared with annual susceptibility monitoring based on diagnostic bioassays and LC50 and EC50 determinations. An F1 screening approach where field-collected individuals were mated to a resistant laboratory strain and progeny were assayed to determine genotype revealed that resistance alleles could be recovered even during the first year of commercially available Cry1F corn (2003). Estimates of frequency from 2003-2005 and 2006-2008 indicated that, although allele frequency was higher than theoretical assumptions (0.0286 and 0.0253 respectively), there was no indication that the frequency was increasing. Similar estimates in 2008 and 2009 using an F2 screening approach confirmed the presence of non-rare resistance alleles (frequency ≈ 0.0093 and 0.0142 for 2008 and 2009, respectively). The results of both screening methods were in general agreement with the observed mortality in diagnostic bioassays and LC50 and EC50 determinations. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with previous modeling results, suggesting that the high-dose/refuge strategy that is in place for Bt corn may be effective in delaying resistance evolution even when a relatively high frequency of resistance alleles exists.
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Scientific Opinion on the annual Post-Market Environmental Monitoring(PMEM) report from Monsanto Europe S.A. on the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON810 in 2009. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Tabashnik BE, Huang F, Ghimire MN, Leonard BR, Siegfried BD, Rangasamy M, Yang Y, Wu Y, Gahan LJ, Heckel DG, Bravo A, Soberón M. Efficacy of genetically modified Bt toxins against insects with different genetic mechanisms of resistance. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:1128-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Khajuria C, Buschman LL, Chen MS, Siegfried BD, Zhu KY. Identification of a novel aminopeptidase P-like gene (OnAPP) possibly involved in Bt toxicity and resistance in a major corn pest (Ostrinia nubilalis). PLoS One 2011; 6:e23983. [PMID: 21887358 PMCID: PMC3161092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies to understand the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance mechanism in European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis) suggest that resistance may be due to changes in the midgut-specific Bt toxin receptor. In this study, we identified 10 aminopeptidase-like genes, which have previously been identified as putative Bt toxin receptors in other insects and examined their expression in relation to Cry1Ab toxicity and resistance. Expression analysis for the 10 aminopeptidase-like genes revealed that most of these genes were expressed predominantly in the larval midgut, but there was no difference in the expression of these genes in Cry1Ab resistant and susceptible strains. This suggested that altered expression of these genes was unlikely to be responsible for resistance in these ECB strains. However, we found that there were changes in two amino acid residues of the aminopeptidase-P like gene (OnAPP) involving Glu305 to Lys305 and Arg307 to Leu307 in the two Cry1Ab-resistant strains as compared with three Cry1Ab-susceptible strains. The mature OnAPP contains 682 amino acid residues and has a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus, a predicted glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchor signal at the C-terminal, three predicted N-glycosylation sites at residues N178, N278 and N417, and an O-glycosylation site at residue T653. We used a feeding based-RNA interference assay to examine the role of the OnAPP gene in Cry1Ab toxicity and resistance. Bioassays of Cry1Ab in larvae fed diet containing OnAPP dsRNA resulted in a 38% reduction in the transcript level of OnAPP and a 25% reduction in the susceptibility to Cry1Ab as compared with larvae fed GFP dsRNA or water. These results strongly suggest that the OnAPP gene could be involved in binding the Cry1Ab toxin in the ECB larval midgut and that mutations in this gene may be associated with Bt resistance in these two ECB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitvan Khajuria
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lawrent L. Buschman
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- USDA-ARS, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Blair D. Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A single major QTL controls expression of larval Cry1F resistance trait in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and is independent of midgut receptor genes. Genetica 2011; 139:961-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Crespo AL, Rodrigo-Simón A, Siqueira HA, Pereira EJ, Ferré J, Siegfried BD. Cross-resistance and mechanism of resistance to Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis in a field-derived strain of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Engels H, Bourguet D, Cagán L, Manachini B, Schuphan I, Stodola TJ, Micoud A, Brazier C, Mottet C, Andow DA. Evaluating resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ab by F2 screen in European populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1803-1809. [PMID: 21061983 DOI: 10.1603/ec10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have already lead to the evolution of Bt resistance in some pest populations targeted by these crops. We used the F2 screening method for further estimating the frequency of resistance alleles of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to Bt maize, Zea mays L., producing the Cry1Ab toxin. In France, Germany, and Italy, 784, 455, and 80 lines of European corn borer were screened for resistance to Mon810 maize, respectively. In Slovakia, 26 lines were screened for resistance to the Cry1Ab toxin. The cost of F2 screen performed in the four countries varied from U.S. dollars 300 to dollars 1300 per line screened. The major difference in cost was mostly due to a severe loss of univoltine lines during the screen in Germany and Slovakia. In none of the screened lines did we detect alleles conferring resistance to Mon810 maize or to the Cry1Ab toxin. The frequency of resistance alleles were < 1.0 x 10(-3), < 1.6 x 10(-3), < 9.2 x 10(-3), and < 2.6 x 10(-2) in France, Germany, Italy, and Slovakia, with 95% probability, respectively. The average detection probability over all lines was approximately 90%. Making the assumption that European corn borer populations in these countries belong to the same genetic entity, the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Cry1Ab produced by the Mon810 maize in western and central Europe was 1.0 x 10(-4), with a 95% confidence interval of 0-3.0 x 10(-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Engels
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biologie V), Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Nguyen HT, Jehle JA. Stability of Cry1Ab protein during long-term storage for standardization of insect bioassays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:113-9. [DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2009015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Applications (EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐MON810) for renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1) existing food and food ingredients produced from genetically modified insect resistant maize MON810; (2) feed consisting of and/or containing maize MON810, including the use of seed for cultivation; and of (3) food and feed additives, and feed materials produced from maize MON810, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Eizaguirre M, Albajes R, López C, Eras J, Lumbierres B, Pons X. Six years after the commercial introduction of Bt maize in Spain: field evaluation, impact and future prospects. Transgenic Res 2009; 15:1-12. [PMID: 16475005 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-3998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a 6-year-field evaluation to assess potential hazards of growing Compa, a transgenic Bt maize variety based on the transformation event CG 00256-176. Two categories of hazards were investigated: the potential of the target corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides to evolve resistance to Bt maize and effects on non-target organisms. In order to address the first hazard, dispersal capacity of the corn borer was measured and our results indicated that larvae move to plants other than those onto which the female oviposited - even to plants in adjacent rows - in remarkable numbers and they do so mostly at a mature age, suggesting that mixing Bt and non-Bt seeds in the same field would not be a very useful deployment strategy to delay/prevent resistance. In addition, adults move among fields to mate and males may do so for up to 400 m. Three different aspects of potential non-target effects were investigated: sub-lethal effects on the target S. nonagrioides, effects on non-target maize pests, and effects on maize-dwelling predators. Larvae collected in Bt fields at later growth stages, in which event 176 Bt maize expresses Bt toxin at sub-lethal concentrations, had longer diapause and post-diapause development than larvae collected in non-Bt fields, a feature that might lead to a certain isolation between populations in both type of fields and accelerate Bt resistance evolution. Transgenic maize did not have a negative impact on non-target pests in the field; more aphids and leafhoppers but similar numbers of cutworms and wireworms were counted in Bt versus non-Bt fields; in any case differences in damage or yield were recorded. We observed no difference in the numbers of the most relevant predators in fields containing transgenic or no transgenic maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Eizaguirre
- Universitat de Lleida, Centre UdL-IRTA, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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Bel Y, Siqueira HAA, Siegfried BD, Ferré J, Escriche B. Variability in the cadherin gene in an Ostrinia nubilalis strain selected for Cry1Ab resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:218-223. [PMID: 19114103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab (a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) is highly effective in the control of Ostrinia nubilalis. For its toxic action, Cry1Ab has to bind to specific insect midgut proteins. To date, in three Lepidoptera species resistance to a Cry1A toxin has been conferred by mutations in cadherin, a protein of the Lepidoptera midgut membrane. The implication of cadherin in the resistance of an Ostrinia nubilalis colony (Europe-R) selected with Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protoxin was investigated. Several major mutations in the cadherin (cdh) gene were found, which introduced premature termination codons and/or large deletions (ranging from 1383 to 1701bp). The contribution of these major mutations to the resistance was analyzed in resistant individuals that survived exposure to a high concentration of Cry1Ab protoxin. The results indicated that the presence of major mutations was drastically reduced in individuals that survived exposure. Previous inheritance experiments with the Europe-R strain indicated the involvement of more than one genetic locus and reduced amounts of the cadherin receptor. The results of the present work support a polygenic inheritance of resistance in the Europe-R strain, in which mutations in the cdh gene would contribute to resistance by means of an additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Bel
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by Austria on maize MON810 and T25 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pereira EJG, Storer NP, Siegfried BD. Inheritance of Cry1F resistance in laboratory-selected European corn borer and its survival on transgenic corn expressing the Cry1F toxin. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2008; 98:621-629. [PMID: 18631419 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485308005920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management strategies for transgenic crop plants that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis is that resistance traits that evolve in pest species will be recessive. The inheritance of Cry1F resistance and larval survival on commercially available Cry1F corn hybrids were determined in a laboratory-selected strain of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), displaying more than 3000-fold resistance to Cry1F. Concentration-response bioassays of reciprocal parental crosses indicated that the resistance is autosomal and recessive. Bioassays of the backcross of the F1 generation with the selected strain were consistent with the hypothesis that a single locus, or a set of tightly linked loci, is responsible for the resistance. Greenhouse experiments with Cry1F-expressing corn hybrids indicated that some resistant larvae survived the high dose of toxin delivered by Cry1F-expressing plants although F1 progeny of susceptible by resistant crosses had fitness close to zero. These results provide the first direct evidence that the high dose/refuge strategy currently in place to manage resistance in Cry1F-expressing corn is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J G Pereira
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by France on maize MON810 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC and the emergency measure according to Article 34 of Regulation(EC) No 1829/2003 ‐ Scientific opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Mohan S, Ma PWK, Williams WP, Luthe DS. A naturally occurring plant cysteine protease possesses remarkable toxicity against insect pests and synergizes Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1786. [PMID: 18335057 PMCID: PMC2262944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When caterpillars feed on maize (Zea maize L.) lines with native resistance to several Lepidopteran pests, a defensive cysteine protease, Mir1-CP, rapidly accumulates at the wound site. Mir1-CP has been shown to inhibit caterpillar growth in vivo by attacking and permeabilizing the insect's peritrophic matrix (PM), a structure that surrounds the food bolus, assists in digestion and protects the midgut from microbes and toxins. PM permeabilization weakens the caterpillar defenses by facilitating the movement of other insecticidal proteins in the diet to the midgut microvilli and thereby enhancing their toxicity. To directly determine the toxicity of Mir1-CP, the purified recombinant enzyme was directly tested against four economically significant Lepidopteran pests in bioassays. Mir1-CP LC50 values were 1.8, 3.6, 0.6, and 8.0 ppm for corn earworm, tobacco budworm, fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer, respectively. These values were the same order of magnitude as those determined for the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Bt-CryIIA. In addition to being directly toxic to the larvae, 60 ppb Mir1-CP synergized sublethal concentrations of Bt-CryIIA in all four species. Permeabilization of the PM by Mir1-CP probably provides ready access to Bt-binding sites on the midgut microvilli and increases its activity. Consequently, Mir1-CP could be used for controlling caterpillar pests in maize using non-transgenic approaches and potentially could be used in other crops either singly or in combination with Bt-toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidi Mohan
- Department of Entomology, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Peter W. K. Ma
- Department of Entomology, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - W. Paul Williams
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Laboratory, Mississippi State, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Dawn S. Luthe
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Díaz-Mendoza M, Farinós GP, Castañera P, Hernández-Crespo P, Ortego F. Proteolytic processing of native Cry1Ab toxin by midgut extracts and purified trypsins from the Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:428-35. [PMID: 17336999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of native Cry1Ab toxin by midgut extracts from the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, takes place in successive steps. Several cuts occur until a 74 kDa protein is obtained; this is further digested to give rise to an active form of 69 kDa, which can be again processed to fragments of 67, 66 and 43 kDa. We have shown that three different trypsins (TI, TIIA and TIII) purified from the S. nonagrioides midgut were able to digest Cry1Ab protoxin to obtain the active form of 69 kDa. Interestingly, TI and TIII further hydrolyzed the 69 kDa protein to a fragment of slightly lower molecular mass (67 kDa), while TIIA was able to continue digestion to give fragments of 46 and 43 kDa. These results contrast with those obtained using bovine trypsin, in which the main product of Cry1Ab digestion is a 69 kDa protein. The digestion of the toxin with a "non-trypsin" fraction from S. nonagrioides midgut lumen, mostly containing chymotrypsins and elastases and free of trypsin-like activity, resulted in a different processing pattern, yielding fragments of 79, 77, 71, 69 and 51 kDa. Our results indicate that trypsins and other proteases are involved in the first steps of protoxin processing, but trypsins play the most important role in obtaining the 74 and 69 kDa proteins. All the digestion products, including the proteins of 46 and 43 kDa obtained from the digestion of Cry1Ab by TIIA, were toxic to neonate larvae, indicating that none of the tested proteases contribute to toxin degradation in a significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Díaz-Mendoza
- Dpto. de Biología de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tyutyunov YV, Zhadanovskaya EA, Arditi R, Medvinsky AB. A spatial model of the development of pest resistance to a transgenic insecticidal crop: European corn borer on Bt maize. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350907010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Siqueira HAA, González-Cabrera J, Ferré J, Flannagan R, Siegfried BD. Analyses of Cry1Ab binding in resistant and susceptible strains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5318-24. [PMID: 16885282 PMCID: PMC1538724 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00219-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cry1Ab toxin binding analysis was performed to determine whether resistance in laboratory-selected Ostrinia nubilalis strains is associated with target site alteration. Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared using dissected midguts from late instars of susceptible and resistant strains (Europe-R and RSTT) of O. nubilalis. Immunoblot analysis indicated that three different proteins bound to Cry1Ab toxin and were recognized by an anticadherin serum. In a comparison of resistant and susceptible strains, reduced Cry1Ab binding was apparent for all three bands corresponding to cadherin-like proteins in the Europe-R strain, while reduced binding was apparent in only one band for the RSTT strain. Real-time analysis of Cry1Ab binding to gut receptors using surface plasmon resonance suggested slight differences in affinity in both resistant strains. Additional binding analysis was conducted using 125I-labeled Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1Aa. Slight differences were again observed between the resistant and susceptible strains for Cry1Ab binding. However, when binding of 125I-labeled Cry1Aa was tested, a 10-fold reduction in the concentration of binding sites was observed in the Europe-R strain. Expression of the O. nubilalis cadherin gene was similar in both the resistant and susceptible strains and did not account for differences in binding. In combination, the results of the present work suggest that differences in susceptibility to Cry1A toxins in the Europe-R strain of O. nubilalis are associated with altered receptor binding, although the precise nature of this mechanism is still uncertain.
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Coates BS, Hellmich RL, Lewis LC. Sequence variation in trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like cDNAs from the midgut of Ostrinia nubilalis: methods for allelic differentiation of candidate Bacillus thuringiensis resistance genes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:13-24. [PMID: 16469064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Midgut expressed alkaline serine proteases of Lepidoptera function in conversion of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protoxin to active toxin, and reduced level of transcript T23 is associated with Ostrinia nubilalis resistance to Dipel Bt formulations. Three groups of trypsin- (OnT25, OnT23, and OnT3) and two chymotrypsin-like (OnC1 and OnC2) cDNAs were isolated from O. nubilalis midgut tissue. Intraspecific groupings are based on cDNA similarity and peptide phylogeny. Derived serine proteases showed a catalytic triad (His, Asp, and Ser; except transcript OnT23a), three substrate specificity-determining residues, and three paired disulphide bonds. RT-PCR indicated all transcripts are expressed in the midgut. Mendelian-inherited genomic markers for loci OnT23, OnT3 and OnC1 will be useful for association of alleles with bioassayed Bt toxin resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Coates BS, Sumerford DV, Hellmich RL, Lewis LC. Sequence variation in the cadherin gene of Ostrinia nubilalis: a tool for field monitoring. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:129-139. [PMID: 15681223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxin-binding proteins of insect midgut epithelial cells are associated with insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. A 5378 nt cDNA encoding a 1717 amino acid putative midgut cadherin-like glycoprotein and candidate Cry1Ab toxin-binding protein was characterized from Ostrinia nubilalis. Intraspecific alignment of partial O. nubilalis cadherin gene sequences identified variance within proposed Cry1A toxin binding region 2 (TBR2), 1328IPLQTSILVVT[I/V] N1340, and flanking Cry1A toxin binding region 1 (TBR1), 861DIEIEIIDTNN871. DNA sequence and PCR-RFLP detected single nucleotide polymorphism between cadherin alleles, and pedigree analysis demonstrated Mendelian inheritance. A population sample from Mead, Nebraska showed allelic polymorphism. These assays may be useful for linkage mapping and field surveillance of wild populations and of O. nubilalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, 113 Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Siqueira HAA, Nickerson KW, Moellenbeck D, Siegfried BD. Activity of gut proteinases from Cry1Ab-selected colonies of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2004; 60:1189-1196. [PMID: 15578599 DOI: 10.1002/ps.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the Cry1Ab protoxin and toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) and activity of gut proteinases were assessed in both susceptible and Cry1Ab-selected colonies of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Resistance in two different selected colonies was at least 6- and 15-fold for the Cry1Ab protoxin and 108- and 484-fold for the Cry1Ab toxin. Activities of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and elastase-like proteinases were variable among the colonies tested and not indicative of a major contribution to Cry1Ab resistance. Activation of the 130-kDa Cry1Ab protoxin occurred rapidly in all colonies, with no apparent differences among colonies. In addition, there were no apparent changes in activated Cry1Ab processing, indicating that proteolytic degradation was not associated with resistance. These results suggest that mechanisms other than proteolytic activation of protoxin and toxin degradation, such as target site modification may be involved in the resistance to B thuringiensis Cry1Ab in these O nubilalis colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert A A Siqueira
- Department of Entomology, 202 Plant Industry Bldg, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Meng F, Shen J, Zhou W, Cen H. Long-term selection for resistance to transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2004; 60:167-172. [PMID: 14971684 DOI: 10.1002/ps.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Selection experiments for resistance to transgenic Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were conducted using a leaf-feeding method with 42 selection episodes over 45 generations. The cotton bollworm developed resistance to transgenic Bt cotton after 12 generations (F12) of selection. The survival rate of F12 neonates feeding on leaves of seedling stage for 4 days and boll-opening stage for 5 days of R19 line were ca 34 and 72%, respectively, compared with ca 0 and 40% for a non-selected sister strain (NYCS), but lower than or similar to that of F12 feeding on leaves of non-Bt cotton, Sumian 12 (ca 87 or 76%). Resistance to B thuringiensis HD-1 Dipel in neonates (F12) was ca 6-fold. After 42 generations of selection, the strain developed a very high level of resistance to Cry1Ac protoxin, 210 g kg(-1) MVPII wettable powder and 200 g litre(-1) MVPII liquid formulation, the resistance ratios being 1680-, 1780- and ca 1200-fold, respectively, compared with a laboratory susceptible strain (HZS). When compared with the non-selected NYCS, the resistance ratios to the above toxins were ca 540-, 580- and 510-fold, respectively, but to Dipel only ca 16-fold. The results indicated that it is very important to develop and implement effective resistance-management strategies and to detect early resistance to Bt cotton in field populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Meng
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Centre for Monitoring Pesticide Resistance, Department of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Bourguet D, Chaufaux J, Micoud A, Delos M, Naibo B, Bombarde F, Marque G, Eychenne N, Pagliari C. Ostrinia nubilalisparasitism and the field abundance of non-target insects in transgenicBacillus thuringiensiscorn (Zea mays). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 1:49-60. [PMID: 15612256 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated in field trials the effects on non-target species, of transgenic corn producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In 1998, we collected Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) larvae from transgenic Bt corn (Novartis Hybrid 176) and non-Bt corn at four geographical sites. We found a significant variation in parasitism by the tachinids Lydella thompsoni (Herting) and Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (Walker) among sites, and more parasitism in non-Bt than in Bt fields. The Bt effect did not vary significantly among fields. In 1999, we performed a field experiment at two sites, comparing the temporal abundance of non-target arthropods in Bt corn (Monsanto Hybrid MON810) and non-Bt corn. The non-target insects studied included the aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.), the bug Orius insidiosus (Say), the syrphid Syrphus corollae (Meigen), the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata (L.), the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), thrips and hymenopteran parasitoids. For all species but one, the number of individuals varied greatly over the season but did not differ between the types of corn. The only exception was thrips which, at one site, was significantly more abundant in Bt corn than in non-Bt corn. However this difference did not remain significant when we took the multiple tests into account. Implications for pest resistance management, population dynamics and risk assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bourguet
- Unité de Recherches de Lutte Biologique, INRA La Minière, 78285 Guyancourt, France.
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