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Rinkevich FD, Danka RG, Rinderer TE, Margotta JW, Bartlett LJ, Healy KB. Relative impacts of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata:Varroidae) infestation and pesticide exposure on honey bee colony health and survival in a high-intensity corn and soybean producing region in northern Iowa. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:18. [PMID: 38805656 PMCID: PMC11132140 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The negative effects of Varroa and pesticides on colony health and survival are among the most important concerns to beekeepers. To compare the relative contribution of Varroa, pesticides, and interactions between them on honey bee colony performance and survival, a 2-year longitudinal study was performed in corn and soybean growing areas of Iowa. Varroa infestation and pesticide content in stored pollen were measured from 3 apiaries across a gradient of corn and soybean production areas and compared to measurements of colony health and survival. Colonies were not treated for Varroa the first year, but were treated the second year, leading to reduced Varroa infestation that was associated with larger honey bee populations, increased honey production, and higher colony survival. Pesticide detections were highest in areas with high-intensity corn and soybean production treated with conventional methods. Pesticide detections were positively associated with honey bee population size in May 2015 in the intermediate conventional (IC) and intermediate organic (IO) apiaries. Varroa populations across all apiaries in October 2015 were negatively correlated with miticide and chlorpyrifos detections. Miticide detections across all apiaries and neonicotinoid detections in the IC apiary in May 2015 were higher in colonies that survived. In July 2015, colony survival was positively associated with total pesticide detections in all apiaries and chlorpyrifos exposure in the IC and high conventional (HC) apiaries. This research suggests that Varroa are a major cause of reduced colony performance and increased colony losses, and honey bees are resilient upon low to moderate pesticide detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Rinkevich
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert G Danka
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Thomas E Rinderer
- USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Joseph W Margotta
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lewis J Bartlett
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristen B Healy
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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2
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Li Z, Wang Y, Qin Q, Chen L, Dang X, Ma Z, Zhou Z. Imidacloprid disrupts larval molting regulation and nutrient energy metabolism, causing developmental delay in honey bee Apis mellifera. eLife 2024; 12:RP88772. [PMID: 38466325 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a global health threat that severely poisons the economically and ecologically important honeybee pollinator, Apis mellifera. However, its effects on developing bee larvae remain largely unexplored. Our pilot study showed that imidacloprid causes developmental delay in bee larvae, but the underlying toxicological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we exposed bee larvae to imidacloprid at environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.7, 1.2, 3.1, and 377 ppb. There was a marked dose-dependent delay in larval development, characterized by reductions in body mass, width, and growth index. However, imidacloprid did not affect on larval survival and food consumption. The primary toxicological effects induced by elevated concentrations of imidacloprid (377 ppb) included inhibition of neural transmission gene expression, induction of oxidative stress, gut structural damage, and apoptosis, inhibition of developmental regulatory hormones and genes, suppression of gene expression levels involved in proteolysis, amino acid transport, protein synthesis, carbohydrate catabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis energy production. In addition, we found that the larvae may use antioxidant defenses and P450 detoxification mechanisms to mitigate the effects of imidacloprid. Ultimately, this study provides the first evidence that environmentally exposed imidacloprid can affect the growth and development of bee larvae by disrupting molting regulation and limiting the metabolism and utilization of dietary nutrients and energy. These findings have broader implications for studies assessing pesticide hazards in other juvenile animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuedi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiqian Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanchun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinator Resources Conservation and Utilization of the Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Chongqing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Pecenka JR, Ingwell LL, Krupke CH, Kaplan I. Implementing IPM in crop management simultaneously improves the health of managed bees and enhances the diversity of wild pollinator communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11033. [PMID: 37420024 PMCID: PMC10328965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impacts of insecticide use on the health of wild and managed pollinators have been difficult to accurately quantify in the field. Existing designs tend to focus on single crops, even though highly mobile bees routinely forage across crop boundaries. We created fields of pollinator-dependent watermelon surrounded by corn, regionally important crops in the Midwestern US. These fields were paired at multiple sites in 2017-2020 with the only difference being pest management regimes: a standard set of conventional management (CM) practices vs. an integrated pest management (IPM) system that uses scouting and pest thresholds to determine if/when insecticides are used. Between these two systems we compared the performance (e.g., growth, survival) of managed pollinators-honey bees (Apis mellifera), bumble bees (Bombus impatiens)-along with the abundance and diversity of wild pollinators. Compared to CM fields, IPM led to higher growth and lower mortality of managed bees, while also increasing the abundance (+ 147%) and richness (+ 128%) of wild pollinator species, and lower concentrations of neonicotinoids in the hive material of both managed bees. By replicating realistic changes to pest management, this experiment provides one of the first demonstrations whereby tangible improvements to pollinator health and crop visitation result from IPM implementation in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Pecenka
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Laura L Ingwell
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christian H Krupke
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Neonicotinoid Analysis in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Honey Samples Collected around Tekirdag in Turkey. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:9429449. [PMID: 36969908 PMCID: PMC10036171 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9429449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the widespread use of neonicotinoids in agricultural areas has caused environmental pollution due to its lower toxicity to mammals. Honey bees, which are considered as biological indicators of environmental pollution, can carry these pollutants to the hives. Forager bees returning from sunflower crops that have been treated with neonicotinoids treated sunflower fields cause residue accumulation in the hives, which reason colony-level adverse effects. This study analyses neonicotinoid residues in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) honey sampled by beekeepers from Tekirdag province. Honey samples have been subjected to liquid-liquid extraction methods before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method validation was carried out to fulfill all the necessary requirements of procedures SANCO/12571/2013. Accuracy was in the range of 93.63–108.56%, for recovery in the range of 63.04–103.19%, and for precision in the range 6.03–12.77%. Detection and quantification limits were determined according to the maximum residue limits of each analyte. No neonicotinoid residues were found above the maximum residue limit in the sunflower honey samples analysed.
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Decourtye A, Rollin O, Requier F, Allier F, Rüger C, Vidau C, Henry M. Decision-making criteria for pesticide spraying considering the bees’ presence on crops to reduce their exposure risk. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1062441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of poisoning bees by sprayed pesticides depends on the attractiveness of plants and environmental and climatic factors. Thus, to protect bees from pesticide intoxication, an usual exemption to pesticide regulations allows for spraying on blooming flowers with insecticides or acaricides when no bees are foraging on crops. Nevertheless, decision-making criteria for farmers to assess the absence of bees on their crops remain under debate. To fill this gap, we present here a review of the literature and an analysis of weather conditions and environmental factors that affect the presence of bees on flowering crops that may be treated with pesticides, with the objective of proposing to farmers a series of decision-making criteria on how and when to treat. We conclude that the criteria commonly considered, such as ambient temperature, crop attractiveness, or distance from field edges, cannot guarantee the absence of forager exposure during pesticide sprays. Nocturnal sprays of pesticides on crops would be the most effective action to help farmers avoid unintentional acute poisoning of bees.
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Martins CAH, Caliani I, D'Agostino A, Di Noi A, Casini S, Parrilli M, Azpiazu C, Bosch J, Sgolastra F. Biochemical responses, feeding and survival in the solitary bee Osmia bicornis following exposure to an insecticide and a fungicide alone and in combination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27636-27649. [PMID: 36383317 PMCID: PMC9995414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural ecosystems, bees are exposed to combinations of pesticides that may have been applied at different times. For example, bees visiting a flowering crop may be chronically exposed to low concentrations of systemic insecticides applied before bloom and then to a pulse of fungicide, considered safe for bees, applied during bloom. In this study, we simulate this scenario under laboratory conditions with females of the solitary bee, Osmia bicornis L. We studied the effects of chronic exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide, Confidor® (imidacloprid) at a realistic concentration, and of a pulse (1 day) exposure of the fungicide Folicur® SE (tebuconazole) at field application rate. Syrup consumption, survival, and four biomarkers: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CaE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated at two different time points. An integrated biological response (IBRv2) index was elaborated with the biomarker results. The fungicide pulse had no impact on survival but temporarily reduced syrup consumption and increased the IBRv2 index, indicating potential molecular alterations. The neonicotinoid significantly reduced syrup consumption, survival, and the neurological activity of the enzymes. The co-exposure neonicotinoid-fungicide did not increase toxicity at the tested concentrations. AChE proved to be an efficient biomarker for the detection of early effects for both the insecticide and the fungicide. Our results highlight the importance of assessing individual and sub-individual endpoints to better understand pesticide effects on bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Ariana Henriques Martins
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Agostino
- Department of Management and Quantitative Studies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Agata Di Noi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Casini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Parrilli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Celeste Azpiazu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de La Barceloneta 37, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fabio Sgolastra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università Di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Insolia L, Molinari R, Rogers SR, Williams GR, Chiaromonte F, Calovi M. Honey bee colony loss linked to parasites, pesticides and extreme weather across the United States. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20787. [PMID: 36456591 PMCID: PMC9714769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony loss is a widespread phenomenon with important economic and biological implications, whose drivers are still an open matter of investigation. We contribute to this line of research through a large-scale, multi-variable study combining multiple publicly accessible data sources. Specifically, we analyzed quarterly data covering the contiguous United States for the years 2015-2021, and combined open data on honey bee colony status and stressors, weather data, and land use. The different spatio-temporal resolutions of these data are addressed through an up-scaling approach that generates additional statistical features which capture more complex distributional characteristics and significantly improve modeling performance. Treating this expanded feature set with state-of-the-art feature selection methods, we obtained findings that, nation-wide, are in line with the current knowledge on the aggravating roles of Varroa destructor and pesticides in colony loss. Moreover, we found that extreme temperature and precipitation events, even when controlling for other factors, significantly impact colony loss. Overall, our results reveal the complexity of biotic and abiotic factors affecting managed honey bee colonies across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Insolia
- Institute of Economics & EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, 56127, Italy.,Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Molinari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, Auburn, 36849, AL, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, 36849, AL, USA
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Institute of Economics & EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, 56127, Italy.,Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Martina Calovi
- Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
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8
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Démares FJ, Schmehl D, Bloomquist JR, Cabrera AR, Huang ZY, Lau P, Rangel J, Sullivan J, Xie X, Ellis JD. Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Nectar and Pollen in Urban and Suburban Environments from Four Regions of the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:991-1003. [PMID: 35262221 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The risk of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) exposure to pesticide residues while foraging for nectar and pollen is commonly explored in the context of agroecosystems. However, pesticides are also used in urban and suburban areas for vegetation management, vector control, and the management of ornamental plants in public and private landscapes. The extent to which pesticides pose a health risk to honey bees in these settings remains unclear. We addressed this at a landscape scale by conducting pesticide residue screening analyses on 768 nectar and 862 pollen samples collected monthly over 2 years from honey bee colonies located in urban and suburban areas in eight medium to large cities in California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas (USA). A risk assessment was performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's BeeREX model whenever an oral toxicity value was available for a compound. Chemical analyses detected 17 pesticides in nectar and 60 in pollen samples during the survey. Approximately 73% of all samples contained no detectable pesticide residues. Although the number of detections varied among the sampled regions, fewer pesticides were detected in nectar than in pollen. Per BeeREX, four insecticides showed a potential acute risk to honey bees: imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and esfenvalerate in nectar, and deltamethrin in nectar and pollen. In general, exposure of honey bees to pesticides via nectar and pollen collection was low in urban and suburban areas across the United States, and no seasonal or spatial trends were evident. Our data suggest that honey bees are exposed to fewer pesticides in developed areas than in agricultural ones. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:991-1003. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien J Démares
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Schmehl
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Zachary Y Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pierre Lau
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- US Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xianbing Xie
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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9
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Mild chronic exposure to pesticides alters physiological markers of honey bee health without perturbing the core gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4281. [PMID: 35277551 PMCID: PMC8917129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted that exposure to glyphosate can affect specific members of the core gut microbiota of honey bee workers. However, in this study, bees were exposed to relatively high glyphosate concentrations. Here, we chronically exposed newly emerged honey bees to imidacloprid, glyphosate and difenoconazole, individually and in a ternary mixture, at an environmental concentration of 0.1 µg/L. We studied the effects of these exposures on the establishment of the gut microbiota, the physiological status, the longevity, and food consumption of the host. The core bacterial species were not affected by the exposure to the three pesticides. Negative effects were observed but they were restricted to few transient non-core bacterial species. However, in the absence of the core microbiota, the pesticides induced physiological disruption by directly altering the detoxification system, the antioxidant defenses, and the metabolism of the host. Our study indicates that even mild exposure to pesticides can directly alter the physiological homeostasis of newly emerged honey bees and particularly if the individuals exhibit a dysbiosis (i.e. mostly lack the core microbiota). This highlights the importance of an early establishment of a healthy gut bacterial community to strengthen the natural defenses of the honey bee against xenobiotic stressors.
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Brar PK, Kang BK, Chhuneja PK, Sahoo SK. Dissipation kinetics of imidacloprid in cotton flower, nectariferous tissue, pollen and Apis mellifera products using QuEChERS method. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:662-670. [PMID: 34647410 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of Apis mellifera to neonicotinoid insecticides is one of the factors attributed to the recent decline in A. mellifera populations resulting in economic and ecological losses due to loss of pollination services. Honey bees can get exposed to neonicotinoids like imidacloprid directly in the field at the time of application as well as during consumption of pollen and nectar from treated plants. So, the fate of imidacloprid in commodities to which honey bees get exposed needs to be overhauled. RESULTS Residue of imidacloprid was investigated following imidacloprid application as seed treatment (2.4 and 4.8 g a.i. kg-1 seed) at the time of sowing and as foliar spray (17.8 and 35.6 g a.i. ha-1 ) at 70 days after sowing when the crop was at full bloom stage. The imidacloprid residue was below limit of quantification (LOQ) in flowers, necatariferous tissue, pollen from seed-treated cotton plants and honey collected from hives kept in plots with seed-treated cotton plants. However, average initial imidacloprid residue (2 h after spray) was 1.84 and 1.95 mg kg-1 in flowers; 0.22 and 0.24 mg kg-1 in nectariferous tissue; 0.88 and 0.96 mg kg-1 in pollen collected from plants sprayed with imidacloprid @ 17.8 g a.i. ha-1 at locations Faridkot and Bathinda, respectively. The average initial imidacloprid residue (21 days after spray) in honey collected from hives was 0.01 mg kg-1 . CONCLUSION The residue in different substrates sampled from seed treated cotton plants was below LOQ. However, its foliar spray at bloom time resulted in imidacloprid residue in flower, nectariferous tissue, pollen and honey sampled from hives placed in plots. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar
| | - Balpreet Kaur Kang
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar
| | - Pardeep Kumar Chhuneja
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar
| | - Sanjay Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar
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11
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Schuhmann A, Schmid AP, Manzer S, Schulte J, Scheiner R. Interaction of Insecticides and Fungicides in Bees. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 1:808335. [PMID: 38468891 PMCID: PMC10926390 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2021.808335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Honeybees and wild bees are among the most important pollinators of both wild and cultivated landscapes. In recent years, however, a significant decline in these pollinators has been recorded. This decrease can have many causes including the heavy use of biocidal plant protection products in agriculture. The most frequent residues in bee products originate from fungicides, while neonicotinoids and, to a lesser extent, pyrethroids are among the most popular insecticides detected in bee products. There is abundant evidence of toxic side effects on honeybees and wild bees produced by neonicotinoids, but only few studies have investigated side effects of fungicides, because they are generally regarded as not being harmful for bees. In the field, a variety of substances are taken up by bees including mixtures of insecticides and fungicides, and their combinations can be lethal for these pollinators, depending on the specific group of insecticide or fungicide. This review discusses the different combinations of major insecticide and fungicide classes and their effects on honeybees and wild bees. Fungicides inhibiting the sterol biosynthesis pathway can strongly increase the toxicity of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. Other fungicides, in contrast, do not appear to enhance toxicity when combined with neonicotinoid or pyrethroid insecticides. But the knowledge on possible interactions of fungicides not inhibiting the sterol biosynthesis pathway and insecticides is poor, particularly in wild bees, emphasizing the need for further studies on possible effects of insecticide-fungicide interactions in bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schuhmann
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Paulina Schmid
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Manzer
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janna Schulte
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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MORALES-ALBA AF, CARVAJAL-COGOLLO JE, Morales Castaño IT. ABEJAS EN SISTEMAS AGRÍCOLAS: REVISIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD TAXONÓMICA Y FUNCIONAL, Y PERSPECTIVAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v27n2.92192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las abejas son insectos de gran importancia ecológica ya que son responsables de procesos como la polinización en ambientes naturales y agrícolas, contribuyendo a la salud y resiliencia de los ecosistemas. Se hizo una revisión para abordar las dimensiones taxonómica y funcional de la diversidad de abejas en cultivos de palma, papa, café, granadilla, gulupa y maracuyá. Se realizó la búsqueda de información en bases de datos usando palabras claves y operadores boléanos. Se construyeron curvas análogas a las de acumulación de especies y se realizó un análisis de complementariedad, para evaluar la diversidad taxonómica. Se utilizó un análisis de conglomerados para identificar tipos funcionales y se evaluó la riqueza funcional de cada cultivo. Se encontraron 19 publicaciones de abejas asociadas a cultivos, con registros de 116 especies. El cultivo de palma presentó la mayor riqueza con 48 especies, seguido de papa (44) y café (41). Se identificaron 11 tipos funcionales, donde el más representativo fue el de abejas con corbícula, eusociales, que anidan en cualquier cavidad (ScEuCc). La riqueza funcional fue mayor en el café (3,33), seguido de papa (2,83) y gulupa (2,00). La alta diversidad de abejas en agroecosistemas parece estar relacionada con la cercanía de cada cultivo a fragmentos de bosque, de acuerdo a las publicaciones analizadas. Los agroecosistemas podrían ofrecer un recurso alternativo a las abejas al permitirles combatir la disminución de sus hábitats, por lo que sugerimos ampliar las investigaciones de los beneficios de los cultivos agrícolas sobre las abejas y viceversa.
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El-Nahhal Y, El-Nahhal I. Cardiotoxicity of some pesticides and their amelioration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44726-44754. [PMID: 34231153 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used to control pests that harm plants, animals, and humans. Their application results in the contamination of the food and water systems. Pesticides may cause harm to the human body via occupational exposure or the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Once a pesticide enters the human body, it may create health consequences such as cardiotoxicity. There is not enough information about pesticides that cause cardiotoxicity in the literature. Currently, there are few reports that summarized the cardiotoxicity due to some pesticide groups. This necessitates reviewing the current literature regarding pesticides and cardiotoxicity and to summarize them in a concrete review. The objectives of this review article were to summarize the advances in research related to pesticides and cardiotoxicity, to classify pesticides into certain groups according to cardiotoxicity, to discuss the possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, and to present the agents that ameliorate cardiotoxicity. Approximately 60 pesticides were involved in cardiotoxicity: 30, 13, and 17 were insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, respectively. The interesting outcome of this study is that 30 and 13 pesticides from toxicity classes II and III, respectively, are involved in cardiotoxicity. The use of standard antidotes for pesticide poisoning shows health consequences among users. Alternative safe medical management is the use of cardiotoxicity-ameliorating agents. This review identifies 24 ameliorating agents that were successfully used to manage 60 cases. The most effective agents were vitamin C, curcumin, vitamin E, quercetin, selenium, chrysin, and garlic extract. Vitamin C showed ameliorating effects in a wide range of toxicities. The exposure mode to pesticide residues, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 are aerial exposure to pesticide drift, home and/or office exposure, exposure due to drinking contaminated water, and consumption of contaminated food, respectively. General cardiotoxicity is represented by 5, whereas 6, 7, 8 and 9 are electrocardiogram (ECG) of hypotension due to exposure to OP residues, ECG of myocardial infraction due to exposure to OPs, ECG of hypertension due to exposure to OC and/or PY, and normal ECG respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser El-Nahhal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science Faculty of Science, The Islamic University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.
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Straub L, Villamar‐Bouza L, Bruckner S, Chantawannakul P, Kolari E, Maitip J, Vidondo B, Neumann P, Williams GR. Negative effects of neonicotinoids on male honeybee survival, behaviour and physiology in the field. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research CentreAgroscope Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Selina Bruckner
- Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University Auburn AL USA
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Eleonora Kolari
- Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Jakkrawut Maitip
- Bee Protection Laboratory Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Rayong Thailand
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research CentreAgroscope Bern Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey R. Williams
- Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research CentreAgroscope Bern Switzerland
- Bee Protection Laboratory Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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Alonso-Prados E, González-Porto AV, Bernal JL, Bernal J, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M. A Case Report of Chronic Stress in Honey Bee Colonies Induced by Pathogens and Acaricide Residues. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080955. [PMID: 34451419 PMCID: PMC8398566 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case report, we analyze the possible causes of the poor health status of a professional Apis mellifera iberiensis apiary located in Gajanejos (Guadalajara, Spain). Several factors that potentially favor colony collapse were identified, including Nosema ceranae infection, alone or in combination with other factors (e.g., BQCV and DWV infection), and the accumulation of acaricides commonly used to control Varroa destructor in the beebread (coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate). Based on the levels of residues, the average toxic unit estimated for the apiary suggests a possible increase in vulnerability to infection by N. ceranae due to the presence of high levels of acaricides and the unusual climatic conditions of the year of the collapse event. These data highlight the importance of evaluating these factors in future monitoring programs, as well as the need to adopt adequate preventive measures as part of national and international welfare programs aimed at guaranteeing the health and fitness of bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso-Prados
- Unidad de Productos Fitosanitarios, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Amelia-Virginia González-Porto
- Laboratorio de Mieles y Productos de las Colmenas Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain;
| | - José Luis Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Instituto Universitario Centro de Innovación en Química y Materiales Avanzados (I.U.CINQUIMA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.L.B.); (J.B.)
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Instituto Universitario Centro de Innovación en Química y Materiales Avanzados (I.U.CINQUIMA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.L.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla—La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-949-88-88-56
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Ben Abdelkader F, Çakmak İ, Çakmak SS, Nur Z, İncebıyık E, Aktar A, Erdost H. Toxicity assessment of chronic exposure to common insecticides and bee medications on colony development and drones sperm parameters. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:806-817. [PMID: 33932203 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of agrochemicals and beekeeping treatments on drones have not been widely investigated compared to workers or queens. In the present study, we investigated the chronic exposure of chemicals set (deltamethrin, acetamiprid, oxalic acid, fumagillin, and amitraz) on some sperm parameters and on the histomorphology of seminal vesicles. We also assessed the colony development and nosema load before and after the exposure. Thirty native Apis mellifera anatolica honeybee colonies with sister queens equalized with brood and total frame of bees were used for this experiment. Five colonies were used for each group. Deltamethrin, acetamiprid and fumagillin were given as oral chronic exposure at final concentrations of 25.10-6 mg L-1, 0.01 m L-1 and 50 mg L-1 respectively in syrup solution (50/50). Colonies were exposed to oxalic acid by spraying 5 mL per frame space of 3% (w/v) of oxalic acid dihydrate. Finally, the amitraz was applied based on the manufacturer's instructions. The concentrations chosen represented the field-realistic concentrations and those used by beekeepers in the region. Results showed that deltamethrin reduced brood production. In the same group, we found a high increase in nosema load. All treatments decreased sperm count except for fumagillin but this compound increased sperm mortality and increased the percentage of sperm with defected acrosome integrity. The amitraz exhibited a high sperm mortality and high percentage of sperm with defected membrane integrity function. The sperm parameters such as the count, the motility, the acrosome integrity, the membrane function of sperm, and the histomorphology of seminal vesicles of drones exposed to oxalic acid were the most affected. Bee medications commonly used such as oxalic acid and fumagillin should be more investigated and should be considered by beekeepers and particularly queen breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Ben Abdelkader
- Bursa Uludag University, Beekeeping Development-Application and Research Center, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - İbrahim Çakmak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Bursa Uludag University, Beekeeping Development-Application and Research Center, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Zekariya Nur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, and Artificial Insemination, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ece İncebıyık
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology, and Embryology, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aktar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, and Artificial Insemination, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hatice Erdost
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology, and Embryology, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
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Honey Bee Health in Maine Wild Blueberry Production. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060523. [PMID: 34198744 PMCID: PMC8227623 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Wild blueberry is an important native North American crop that requires insect pollination. Migratory western honey bee colonies constitute the majority of commercial bees brought into Maine for pollination of wild blueberry. Currently, many stressors impact the western honey bee in the US. We designed a two-year monitoring study (2014 and 2015) to assess the potential health of honey bee colonies hired for pollination services in wild blueberry fields. We monitored the colony health of nine hive locations (three hives/location) in 2014 and nine locations (five hives/location) in 2015 during bloom (May–June). Queen health status, colony strength, rate of population increase, and pesticide residues on pollen, wax, and honey bee workers were measured. In addition, each hive was sampled to assess levels of mite parasites, viruses, and Microsporidian and Trypanosome pathogens. Different patterns in colony health were observed over the two years. Factors predicting colony growth rate over both years were Varroa mite infestation and risk due to pollen pesticide residues during bloom. In addition, recently discovered parasites and pathogens were already observed in most of the colonies suggesting that parasites and diseases spread rapidly and become established quickly in commercial honey bee colonies. Abstract A two-year study was conducted in Maine wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) on the health of migratory honey bee colonies in 2014 and 2015. In each year, three or five colonies were monitored at each of nine wild blueberry field locations during bloom (mid-May until mid-June). Colony health was measured by assessing colony strength during wild blueberry bloom. Potential factors that might affect colony health were queen failure or supersedure; pesticide residues on trapped pollen, wax comb, and bee bread; and parasites and pathogens. We found that Varroa mite and pesticide residues on trapped pollen were significant predictors of colony health measured as the rate of change in the amount of sealed brood during bloom. These two factors explained 71% of the variance in colony health over the two years. Pesticide exposure was different in each year as were pathogen prevalence and incidence. We detected high prevalence and abundance of two recently discovered pathogens and one recently discovered parasite, the trypanosome Lotmaria passim Schwartz, the Sinai virus, and the phorid fly, Apocephalus borealis Brues.
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Soydan E, Olcay AC, Bilir G, Taş Ö, Şentürk M, Ekinci D, Supuran CT. Investigation of pesticides on honey bee carbonic anhydrase inhibition. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1923-1927. [PMID: 33078633 PMCID: PMC7594722 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1835885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) plays crucial physiological roles in many different organisms, such as in pH regulation, ion transport, and metabolic processes. CA was isolated from the European bee Apis mellifera (AmCA) spermatheca and inhibitory effects of pesticides belonging to various classes, such as carbamates, thiophosphates, and pyrethroids, were investigated herein. The inhibitory effects of methomyl, oxamyl, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and diazinon on AmCA were analysed. These pesticides showed effective in vitro inhibition of the enzyme, at sub-micromolar levels. The IC50 values for these pesticides ranged between of 0.0023 and 0.0385 μM. The CA inhibition mechanism with these compounds is unknown at the moment, but most of them contain ester functionalities which may be hydrolysed by the enzyme with the formation of intermediates that can either react with amino acid residues or bid to the zinc ion from the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Soydan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Can Olcay
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Bilir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ömer Taş
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Şentürk
- Pharmacy Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Ben Mukiibi S, Nyanzi SA, Kwetegyeka J, Olisah C, Taiwo AM, Mubiru E, Tebandeke E, Matovu H, Odongo S, Abayi JJM, Ngeno EC, Sillanpää M, Ssebugere P. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Uganda's honey as a bioindicator of environmental contamination and reproductive health implications to consumers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112094. [PMID: 33677382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey has multifaceted nutritional and medicinal values; however, its quality is hinged on the floral origin of the nectar. Taking advantage of the large areas that they cover; honeybees are often used as bioindicators of environmental contamination. The focus of the present paper was to examine the quality of honey from within the vicinity of an abandoned pesticide store in Masindi District in western Uganda. Surficial soils (<20 cm depths) and honey samples were collected from within the vicinity of the abandoned pesticide store and analysed for organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues using gas chromatograph coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The mean level of ∑DDTs in all the soil samples was 503.6 µg/kg dry weight (d.w). ∑DDTs contributed 92.2% to the ∑OCPs contamination loads in the soil samples, and others (lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfans) contributed only 7.8%. Ratio (p, p'-DDE+p, p'-DDD)/p, p'-DDT of 1.54 suggested historical DDT input in the area. In all the honey samples, the mean level of ∑DDTs was 20.9 µg/kg. ∑DDTs contributed 43.3% to ∑OCPs contamination loads in the honey samples, followed by lindane (29.8%), endosulfans (23.6%) and dieldrin (3.2%), with corresponding mean levels of 14.4, 11.4 and 1.55 µg/kg, respectively. Reproductive risk assessment was done based on the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) procedure. In our study, the calculated HIs for adults (102.38), and children (90.33) suggested high potential health risks to the honey consumers. Lindane, endosulfan and p, p'-DDD detected in the honey samples at levels exceeding the acute reference dose (ARfD) are known risk factors for spontaneous abortion, reduced implantation, menstrual cycle shortening, impaired semen quality, and prostate cancer in exposed individuals and experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Ben Mukiibi
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven Allan Nyanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justus Kwetegyeka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Adewale Matthew Taiwo
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Tebandeke
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Neov B, Shumkova R, Palova N, Hristov P. The health crisis in managed honey bees (Apis mellifera). Which factors are involved in this phenomenon? Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kadlikova K, Vaclavikova M, Halesova T, Kamler M, Markovic M, Erban T. The investigation of honey bee pesticide poisoning incidents in Czechia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128056. [PMID: 33297064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees are major pollinators of crops with high economic value. Thus, bees are considered to be the most important nontarget organisms exposed to adverse effects of plant protection product use. The side effects of pesticides are one of the major factors often linked to colony losses. Fewer studies have researched acute poisoning incidents in comparison to the study of the sublethal effects of pesticides. Here, we compared pesticides in dead/dying bees from suspected poisoning incidents and the suspected crop source according to government protocols. Additionally, we analyzed live bees and bee bread collected from the brood comb to determine recent in-hive contamination. We used sites with no reports of poisoning for reference. Our analysis confirmed that not all of the suspected poisonings correlated with the suspected crop. The most important pesticides related to the poisoning incidents were highly toxic chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and imidacloprid and slightly toxic prochloraz and thiacloprid. Importantly, poisoning was associated with pesticide cocktail application. Almost all poisoning incidents were investigated in relation to rapeseed. Some sites were found to be heavily contaminated with several pesticides, including a reference site. However, other sites were moderately contaminated despite agricultural use, including rapeseed cultivation sites, which can influence the extent of pesticide use, including tank mixes and other factors. We suggest that the analysis of pesticides in bee bread and in bees from the brood comb is a useful addition to dead bee and suspected crop analysis in poisoning incidents to inform the extent of recent in-hive contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kadlikova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia; Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czechia
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 336/9, Prague 9-Vysocany, CZ-190 00, Czechia
| | - Tatana Halesova
- ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Na Harfe 336/9, Prague 9-Vysocany, CZ-190 00, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Maslovice-Dol 94, Libcice nad Vltavou, CZ-252 66, Czechia
| | - Martin Markovic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
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Woodford L, Evans DJ. Deformed wing virus: using reverse genetics to tackle unanswered questions about the most important viral pathogen of honey bees. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6035241. [PMID: 33320949 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most important viral pathogen of honey bees. It usually causes asymptomatic infections but, when vectored by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, it is responsible for the majority of overwintering colony losses globally. Although DWV was discovered four decades ago, research has been hampered by the absence of an in vitro cell culture system or the ability to culture pure stocks of the virus. The recent developments of reverse genetic systems for DWV go some way to addressing these limitations. They will allow the investigation of specific questions about strain variation, host tropism and pathogenesis to be answered, and are already being exploited to study tissue tropism and replication in Varroa and non-Apis pollinators. Three areas neatly illustrate the advances possible with reverse genetic approaches: (i) strain variation and recombination, in which reverse genetics has highlighted similarities rather than differences between virus strains; (ii) analysis of replication kinetics in both honey bees and Varroa, in studies that likely explain the near clonality of virus populations often reported; and (iii) pathogen spillover to non-Apis pollinators, using genetically tagged viruses to accurately monitor replication and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Woodford
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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Effects of Synthetic Acaricides and Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) on Molecules Associated with Chemical Communication and Recognition in Honey Bees. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040199. [PMID: 33302502 PMCID: PMC7768465 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acaricides and the gut parasite Nosema ceranae are commonly present in most productive hives. Those stressors could be affecting key semiochemicals, which act as homeostasis regulators in Apis mellifera colonies, such as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) involved in social recognition and ethyl oleate (EO) which plays a role as primer pheromone in honey bees. Here we test the effect of amitraz, coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin, commonly applied to treat varroosis, on honey bee survival time, rate of food consumption, CHC profiles and EO production on N. ceranae-infected and non-infected honey bees. Different sublethal concentrations of amitraz, coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin were administered chronically in a syrup-based diet. After treatment, purified hole-body extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. While N. ceranae infection was also shown to decrease EO production affecting survival rates, acaricides showed no significant effect on this pheromone. As for the CHC, we found no changes in relation to the health status or consumption of acaricides. This absence of alteration in EO or CHC as response to acaricides ingestion or in combination with N. ceranae, suggests that worker honey bees exposed to those highly ubiquitous drugs are hardly differentiated by nest-mates. Having determined a synergic effect on mortality in worker bees exposed to coumaphos and Nosema infection but also, alterations in EO production as a response to N. ceranae infection it is an interesting clue to deeper understand the effects of parasite-host-pesticide interaction on colony functioning.
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Varikou K, Kasiotis KM, Bempelou E, Manea-Karga E, Anagnostopoulos C, Charalampous A, Garantonakis N, Birouraki A, Hatjina F, Machera K. A Pesticide Residues Insight on Honeybees, Bumblebees and Olive Oil after Pesticidal Applications against the Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E855. [PMID: 33276441 PMCID: PMC7760811 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2017 and 2018, a field survey was initiated on Greek olive orchards to investigate the attractiveness of bait spray applications and the impact of cover and bait sprays applied against the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae), on the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. and bumblebees Bombus terrestris, by investigating the pesticides' residual prevalence. Bee colonies were evenly distributed in three sites located on coastal areas of Western Crete and visited almost weekly between July and October. Samples collected, were analyzed using existing or developed-optimized liquid and gas chromatographic methods. In bee samples, concentrations varied from 0.0013 to 2.3 mg/kg for dimethoate, from 0.0013-0.059 mg/kg for its metabolite omethoate, and from 0.0035 to 0.63 mg/kg regarding the pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin and λ-cyhalothrin. In one bee sample dimethoate concentration exceeded both acute oral and contact median lethal dose (LD50). Residue findings in bees, along with verified olive oil residues corroborated that those insecticides had been applied in the olive orchards and transferred to bees. The possibility of non-target effects of the bait sprays to the bees, as well as the impact of the contaminated olive to the bees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Varikou
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece; (N.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Konstantinos M. Kasiotis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.M.-K.); (K.M.)
| | - Eleftheria Bempelou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.B.); (C.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Electra Manea-Karga
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.M.-K.); (K.M.)
| | - Chris Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.B.); (C.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Angeliki Charalampous
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.B.); (C.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Nikos Garantonakis
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece; (N.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Athanasia Birouraki
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece; (N.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Fani Hatjina
- Department of Apiculture, Institute of Animal Science, ELGO-DIMITRA, 63200 Nea Moudania, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-14561 Kifissia, Greece; (E.M.-K.); (K.M.)
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El-Nahhal Y. Pesticide residues in honey and their potential reproductive toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:139953. [PMID: 32599396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honey is the sweet natural substance produced by honeybees. It may be contaminated with pesticide residues due to its intensive use. Almost no reviews have addressed pesticide residues in honey, calculated a hazard index or discussed their potential reproductive toxicity. The focus of this article is primarily to summarize advances in research related to pesticide residues, estimate daily intake of pesticide residues from consuming honey only and discuss the potential reproductive toxicity associated with those residues. The results showed that 92 pesticide residues were found in honey samples from 27 countries. Six residues belong to class IA toxicity, eight residues belong to class IB toxicity, 42 residues belong to class II, 35 residues belong to class III and one residue belong to class IV toxicity. The calculated hazard indices (HIs) suggest high potential health risk by consuming honey. In addition, residues found in honey are known to impair semen quality among exposed individuals and experimental animal models. In conclusion, consumption of honey as one of many food items contaminated with pesticide residues may induce male and female reproductive toxicity in consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser El-Nahhal
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University-Gaza, Palestine.
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Almasri H, Tavares DA, Pioz M, Sené D, Tchamitchian S, Cousin M, Brunet JL, Belzunces LP. Mixtures of an insecticide, a fungicide and a herbicide induce high toxicities and systemic physiological disturbances in winter Apis mellifera honey bees. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111013. [PMID: 32888588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pesticides originating from plant protection treatments and the treatment of pests infecting honey bees are frequently detected in beehive matrices. Therefore, winter honey bees, which have a long life span, could be exposed to these pesticides for longer periods than summer honey bees. In this study, winter honey bees were exposed through food to the insecticide imidacloprid, the fungicide difenoconazole and the herbicide glyphosate, alone or in binary and ternary mixtures, at environmental concentrations (0 (controls), 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/L) for 20 days. The survival of the honey bees was significantly reduced after exposure to these 3 pesticides individually and in combination. Overall, the combinations had a higher impact than the pesticides alone with a maximum mortality of 52.9% after 20 days of exposure to the insecticide-fungicide binary mixture at 1 μg/L. The analyses of the surviving bees showed that these different pesticide combinations had a systemic global impact on the physiological state of the honey bees, as revealed by the modulation of head, midgut and abdomen glutathione-S-transferase, head acetylcholinesterase, abdomen glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and midgut alkaline phosphatase, which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, the nervous system, defenses against oxidative stress, metabolism and immunity, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of studying the effects of chemical cocktails based on low realistic exposure levels and developing long-term tests to reveal possible lethal and adverse sublethal interactions in honey bees and other insect pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Almasri
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | | | - Maryline Pioz
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Déborah Sené
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Sylvie Tchamitchian
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Marianne Cousin
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France.
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27
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Alonso-Prados E, Muñoz I, De la Rúa P, Serrano J, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Valcárcel AI, Hernando MD, Alonso Á, Alonso-Prados JL, Bartolomé C, Maside X, Barrios L, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M. The toxic unit approach as a risk indicator in honey bees surveillance programmes: A case of study in Apis mellifera iberiensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134208. [PMID: 31505351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of genetic diversity and exposure to xenobiotics on the prevalence of pathogens was studied within the context of a voluntary epidemiological study in Spanish apiaries of Apis mellifera iberiensis, carried out during the spring season of years 2014 and 2015. As such, the evolutionary lineages of the honey bee colonies were identified, a multiresidue analysis of xenobiotics was carried out in beebread and worker bee samples, and the Toxic Unit (TUm) was estimated for each sampled apiary. The relationship between lineages and the most prevalent pathogens (Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor, trypanosomatids, Black Queen Cell Virus; and Deformed Wing Virus) was analysed with contingency tables, and the possible relationships between TUm and the prevalence of these pathogens were studied by using a factor analysis. The statistical analysis supported the associations between V. destructor and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and between N. ceranae and Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), but the association between these pathogens and trypanosomatids was not observed. TUm values varied between 5.5 × 10-6 and 3.65 × 10-1. When TUm < 3.35 × 10-4, it was mainly determined by coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and/or chlorfenvinphos. At higher values, other insecticides also contributed to TUm, although a clear predominance was not seen up to TUm ≥ 1.83 × 10-2, when it was mainly defined by acrinathrin, spinosad and/or imidacloprid. The possible cumulative effect from the joint action of xenobiotics was >10% in the 63% of the cases. The prevalence of pathogens did not appear to be influenced by the distribution of evolutionary lineages and, while the prevalence of V. destructor was not found to be determined by TUm, there was a trend towards an increasing prevalence of N. ceranae when TUm ≥ 23 10-4. This study is an example of using TUm approach beyond the field of the ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso-Prados
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Muñoz
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Serrano
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores Hernando
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Alonso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Alonso-Prados
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bartolomé
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xulio Maside
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Forenses, Anatomía Patolóxica, Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Laura Barrios
- Departamento de Estadística, CTI. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain; Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain
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El Agrebi N, Wilmart O, Urbain B, Danneels EL, de Graaf DC, Saegerman C. Belgian case study on flumethrin residues in beeswax: Possible impact on honeybee and prediction of the maximum daily intake for consumers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:712-719. [PMID: 31412474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the health risk posed by flumethrin residues in beeswax to honeybees and honey consumers, 124 wax samples randomly distributed in Belgium were analysed for flumethrin residues using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The risk posed by flumethrin residues in beeswax to honeybee health was assessed through the calculation of a non-pondered and a pondered Hazard Quotient by the prevalence rate of flumethrin considering an oral or topical exposure. No statistical difference was found when comparing both the average flumethrin residues concentrations and contact and oral pondered hazard quotients between apiaries with lower and equal or higher than 10% of colony loss. Flumethrin residues estimated daily intake by Belgian consumers through honey and wax ingestion was estimated via a deterministic (worst-case scenario) and a probabilistic approach. The probabilistic approach was not possible for beeswax consumption due to the lack of individual consumption data. The highest estimated exposure was <0.1% of the theoretical maximum daily intake for both approaches, meaning no risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie El Agrebi
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000 Liège, (Sart-Tilman), Belgium
| | - Olivier Wilmart
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Directorate Control Policy, Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Urbain
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Eurostation II, Place Victor Horta 40/40, 1060 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen L Danneels
- Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Krijgslaan 281 S33, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Faculty of Sciences, Honeybee Valley, Ghent University (UGent), Krijgslaan 281 S33, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University (UGent), Krijgslaan 281 S2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to Veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000 Liège, (Sart-Tilman), Belgium.
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29
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Walderdorff L, Laval-Gilly P, Wechtler L, Bonnefoy A, Falla-Angel J. Phagocytic activity of human macrophages and Drosophila hemocytes after exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:95-101. [PMID: 31519262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are increasingly used in modern pest control and in conventional agriculture. Their residues are frequently found in our environment and in our food leading to chronic exposure of pollinating insects and humans. Indeed, evidence has become stronger that chronic exposure to neonicotinoids might have a direct impact on the immune response of invertebrates and vertebrates. Therefore, we compared the cellular immune response of human macrophages (THP-1) and Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes (Schneider 2 cells) after exposure to four different concentrations of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. Cells were immune activated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of Escherichia coli to compare the phagocytic activity of immune activated and non-activated cells during pesticide exposure. Drosophila cells were more strongly affected by the insecticide than human macrophages. Even though imidacloprid showed an adverse effect on phagocytosis on both cells while immune activated, it decreased phagocytosis in Drosophila cells at shorter exposure time and without immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Wechtler
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Bonnefoy
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970, Yutz, France
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30
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Magal P, Webb GF, Wu Y. An Environmental Model of Honey Bee Colony Collapse Due to Pesticide Contamination. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:4908-4931. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ospina M, Wong LY, Baker SE, Serafim AB, Morales-Agudelo P, Calafat AM. Exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides in the U.S. general population: Data from the 2015-2016 national health and nutrition examination survey. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108555. [PMID: 31288196 PMCID: PMC6710140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonicotinoids are used for insect control in agriculture, landscaping, and on household pets. Neonicotinoids have become popular replacements for organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, and use is on the rise. OBJECTIVES To assess human exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides in a representative sample of the U.S. general population 3 years and older from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We used online solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates to quantify in 3038 samples the urinary concentrations of six neonicotinoid biomarkers: four parent compounds (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid) and two metabolites (N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid). We calculated distribution percentiles, and used regression models to evaluate associations of various demographic parameters and fasting time with urinary concentrations above the 95th percentile (a value selected to represent higher than average concentrations) of neonicotinoid biomarkers. RESULTS Weighted detection frequencies were 35% (N-desmethyl-acetamiprid), 19.7% (5-hydroxy imidacloprid), 7.7% (clothianidin), 4.3% (imidacloprid), and <0.5% (acetamiprid, thiacloprid). The weighted frequency of having detectable concentrations of at least one of the six biomarkers examined was 49.1%. The 95th percentile concentrations for N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, 5-hydroxy imidacloprid, and clothianidin were 1.29, 1.37, and 0.396 μg/L, respectively. For people who fasted <8 h, regardless of race/ethnicity and sex, 3-5 year old children were more likely to have N-desmethyl-acetamiprid concentrations above the 95th percentile than adolescents (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], (0.98-9.98)) and adults (adjusted OR = 4.29; 95% CI, (2.04-9.0)); and children 6-11 years of age were more likely than adults to have N-desmethyl-acetamiprid concentrations above the 95th percentile (adjusted OR = 2.65; 95% CI, (1.2-5.84)). Asians were more likely than non-Asians to have concentrations above the 95th percentile of N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (adjusted OR = 1.94; 95% CI, (1.08-3.49)) and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (adjusted OR = 2.25; 95% CI, (1.44-3.51)). Samples collected during the summer were more likely to have metabolite concentrations above the 95th percentile than those collected in the winter (adjusted OR 1.55 for N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, and 2.43 for 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid). CONCLUSIONS The detection of neonicotinoid metabolites more frequently and at much higher concentrations than the corresponding parent compounds suggests that the metabolites may be suitable biomarkers to assess background exposures. About half of the U.S. general population 3 years of age and older was recently exposed to neonicotinoids. Compared to other age ranges and ethnicities, young children and Asians may experience higher exposures. At present, reasons for such differences remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Samuel E Baker
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Amanda Bishop Serafim
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Pilar Morales-Agudelo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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32
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Colin T, Meikle WG, Paten AM, Barron AB. Long-term dynamics of honey bee colonies following exposure to chemical stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:660-670. [PMID: 31071668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues have been linked to reduced bee health and increased honey bee colony failure. Most research to date has investigated the role of pesticides on individual honey bees, and it is still unclear how trace levels of pesticides change colony viability and productivity over seasonal time scales. To address this question we exposed standard bee colonies to chemical stressors known to have negative effects on individual bees, and measured the productivity of bee colonies across a whole year in two environments: near Tucson Arizona and Sydney Australia. We exposed hives to a trace amount of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and to the acaricide thymol, and measured capped brood, bee and honey production, as well as the temperature and foraging force of the colonies. The effect of imidacloprid on colony dynamics differed between the two environments. In Tucson we recorded a positive effect of imidacloprid treatment on bee and brood numbers. Thymol was associated with short-term negative effects on bee numbers at both locations, and may have affected colony survival at one location. The overall benefits of thymol for the colonies were unclear. We conclude that long-term and colony-level measures of the effects of agrochemicals are needed to properly understand risks to bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théotime Colin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - William G Meikle
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Amy M Paten
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The Year of the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera L.) with Respect to Its Physiology and Immunity: A Search for Biochemical Markers of Longevity. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10080244. [PMID: 31394797 PMCID: PMC6723739 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for many years that in temperate climates the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, exists in the form of two distinct populations within the year, short-living summer bees and long-living winter bees. However, there is only limited knowledge about the basic biochemical markers of winter and summer populations as yet. Nevertheless, the distinction between these two kinds of bees is becoming increasingly important as it can help beekeepers to estimate proportion of long-living bees in hives and therefore in part predict success of overwintering. To identify markers of winter generations, we employed the continuous long-term monitoring of a single honey bee colony for almost two years, which included measurements of physiological and immunological parameters. The results showed that the total concentration of proteins, the level of vitellogenin, and the antibacterial activity of haemolymph are the best three of all followed parameters that are related to honey bee longevity and can therefore be used as its markers.
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Colin T, Meikle WG, Wu X, Barron AB. Traces of a Neonicotinoid Induce Precocious Foraging and Reduce Foraging Performance in Honey Bees. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8252-8261. [PMID: 31257879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing worldwide concern about the impacts of pesticide residues on honey bees and bee colony survival, but how sublethal effects of pesticides on bees might cause colony failure remains highly controversial, with field data giving very mixed results. To explore how trace levels of the neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid impacted colony foraging performance, we equipped bees with RFID tags that allowed us to track their lifetime flight behavior. One group of bees was exposed to a trace concentration (5 μg/kg, ppb) of imidacloprid in sugar syrup while in the larval stage. The imidacloprid residues caused bees to start foraging when younger as adults and perform fewer orientation flights, and reduced their lifetime foraging flights by 28%. The magnitude of the effects of a trace imidacloprid concentration delivered only during larval stage highlights the severity of pesticide residues for bee foraging performance. Our data suggest that neonicotinoids could impact colony function by imbalancing the normal age based division of labor in a colony and reducing foraging efficiency. Understanding this mechanism will help the development of interventions to safeguard bee colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théotime Colin
- Department of Biological Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - William G Meikle
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS , Tucson , Arizona 85719 , United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Honeybee Research Institute , Jiangxi Agricultural University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330029 , China
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
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Gagnaire B, Bonnet M, Tchamitchian S, Cavalié I, Della-Vedova C, Dubourg N, Adam-Guillermin C, Brunet JL, Belzunces LP. Physiological effects of gamma irradiation in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:153-163. [PMID: 30825738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are exposed to various kinds of pollutants, including radionuclides. The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is commonly used in ecotoxicology as a model species for evaluating the effects of pollutants. In the present study, honeybees were irradiated right after birth for 14 days with gamma rays at dose rates ranging between 4.38 × 10-3 and 588 mGy/d. Biological tissues (head, intestine and abdomen) were sampled at D3, D10 and D14. Ten different physiological markers involved in nervous (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), antioxidative (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), immune system (phenoloxidase (PO)) and metabolism (carboxylesterases (CaEs) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) were measured. Univariate analyses were conducted to determine whether each individual biomarker response was positively or negatively correlated with the dose rate. Then, multivariate analyses were applied to investigate the relationships between all the biomarker responses. Although no mortality occurred during the experiment, several biomarkers varied significantly in relation to the dose rate. Globally, the biomarkers of antioxidant and immune systems decreased as the dose rate increased. Reversible effects on the indicator of the neural system were found. Concerning indicators of metabolism (carboxylesterases), variations occurred but no clear pattern was found. Taken altogether, these results help better understand the effects of ionizing radiation on bees by identifying relevant physiological markers of effects. These results could improve the assessment of the environmental risk due to ionizing radiation in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gagnaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France.
| | - M Bonnet
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - S Tchamitchian
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - I Cavalié
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - C Della-Vedova
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRTA, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - N Dubourg
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - C Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - J-L Brunet
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - L P Belzunces
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France.
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Abstract
Abstract
Colony losses, including those induced by the colony collapse disorder, are an urgent problem of contemporary apiculture which has been capturing the attention of both apiculturists and the research community. CCD is characterized by the absence of adult dead bees in the hive in which few workers and a queen remain, the ratio between the brood quantity and the number of workers is heavily disturbed in favor of the former, and more than enough food is present. Robbing behavior and pests usually attacking the weakened colony do not occur. In the present paper, the causes of the emergence of this problem are discussed, as well as the measures of its prevention.
The following factors, which lead to colony losses, are analyzed: shortage of high-quality food (pollen and honey); infestation with parasites, primarily with Varroa destructor, and mixed virus infections; bacterial infections (American and European foulbrood), fungal infections (nosemosis and ascosphaerosis) and trypanosomal infections (lotmariosis); and, finally, general management of the apiary.
Certain preventive measures are proposed: (1) providing ample high-quality forage and clean water, (2) avoiding sugarisation, i.e. superfluous use of sugar syrup, (3) meeting the nutritional needs of the colony, (4) when feeding bees, taking care of the timing and the composition of diet, avoiding pure sugar syrup which in excessive quantities may induce energetic and oxidative stress, (5) when there is a shortage of natural feed – honey in the brood chamber – use sugar syrup with natural/artificial supplements to avoid protein starvation, (6) organized control of V. destructor in the colonies is obligatory due to its vector role, and (7) compliance with hygienic and sanitary measures and principles of good apiculture practice and management in apiaries. To conclude, all preventive measures are feasible in compliance with rules and regulations concerning regular spring and autumn bee health monitoring by licensed veterinarians, who can propose adequate treatments if necessary.
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Kadala A, Charreton M, Charnet P, Cens T, Rousset M, Chahine M, Vaissière BE, Collet C. Voltage-gated sodium channels from the bees Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris are differentially modulated by pyrethroid insecticides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1078. [PMID: 30705348 PMCID: PMC6355911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental and in-field evidence of the deleterious effects of insecticides on the domestic honey bee Apis mellifera have led to a tightening of the risk assessment requirements of these products, and now more attention is being paid to their sublethal effects on other bee species. In addition to traditional tests, in vitro and in silico approaches may become essential tools for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of insecticides on bee species. Here we present a study in which electrophysiology and a Markovian multi-state modelling of the voltage-gated sodium channel were used to measure the susceptibility of the antennal lobe neurons from Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris, to the pyrethroids tetramethrin and esfenvalerate. Voltage-gated sodium channels from Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris are differentially sensitive to pyrethroids. In both bee species, the level of neuronal activity played an important role in their relative sensitivity to pyrethroids. This work supports the notion that honey bees cannot unequivocally be considered as a surrogate for other bee species in assessing their neuronal susceptibility to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklesso Kadala
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Mercédès Charreton
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- CNRS, UMR 5237, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Cens
- CNRS, UMR 5237, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Rousset
- CNRS, UMR 5237, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Bernard E Vaissière
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Claude Collet
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France.
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France.
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Edwards ED, Woolly EF, McLellan RM, Keyzers RA. Non-detection of honeybee hive contamination following Vespula wasp baiting with protein containing fipronil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206385. [PMID: 30372501 PMCID: PMC6205613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced wasps (Vespula germanica and V. vulgaris) are costly invertebrate pests in New Zealand, with large impacts on the local ecology and economy. Wasps eat honeybees (Apis mellifera), which has potentially devastating effects on hive health, as well as agricultural and horticultural industries. Vespex bait, which contains fipronil in a proteinaceous carrier, has recently been introduced for wasp control. In over a decade of reported trials, honeybees have never been observed foraging on Vespex, likely because the bait contains no sugars to serve as a bee food source. However, the potential for the control agent fipronil to enter beehives has not been tested. Therefore, here, we investigated this using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay of fipronil and two of its environmental breakdown and metabolic derivatives, fipronil desulfinyl and fipronil sulfone. We did not detect fipronil in any of the worker bee, bee larva, honey or pollen samples (n = 120 per product) collected from 30 hives over a 2-year period. Furthermore, although we detected fipronil desulfinyl in one honeybee sample, this is thought to have originated from a single individual, representing a rare occurrence of intoxication, and there was no evidence that Vespex was the toxicant source. There was also no evidence of trophallactic transfer of fipronil or its derivatives in any of the hives sampled. Previous studies have reported the impairment of individual bee performance at fipronil doses similar to the detection limit of our study. However, our results provide confidence that if undetectable intoxication was occurring, it would involve an acute exposure for those few individuals affected, with minimal impairment to colonies. Therefore, we conclude that the use of Vespex in the vicinity of honeybees does not result in significant hive uptake while effectively reducing wasp pressure on honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Edwards
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (EDE); (RAK)
| | - Ethan F. Woolly
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rose M. McLellan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Robert A. Keyzers
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (EDE); (RAK)
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Gooley ZC, Gooley AC. Assessment of three SPE cleanup sorbents efficiencies for determining neonicotinoid insecticides and selected metabolites in honey bees and bee pollen. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyi C. Gooley
- Department of Zoology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
| | - Aaron C. Gooley
- Department of Zoology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
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Al-Alam J, Fajloun Z, Chbani A, Millet M. Determination of 16 PAHs and 22 PCBs in honey samples originated from different region of Lebanon and used as environmental biomonitors sentinel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 54:9-15. [PMID: 30199354 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1500782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the air quality in some Lebanese regions, a biomonitoring study based on honey as biomonitor candidate was conducted. For this, 18 samples of honey collected from four regions in Lebanon, were analyzed for their contamination by 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Samples were first extracted using a multi-residue extraction method based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method (QuEChERS) followed by a concentration step using Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedures. The extraction was then followed by chromatographic analysis by gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After PAHs samples assessment, different ratios of founded PAHs were calculated in order to estimate the sources of the pollution by these compounds. The obtained results showed that the four analyzed regions were contaminated with PAHs originated from both pyro and petro genic sources while none of them was found to be contaminated by any of the 22 assessed PCBs. The results of this study show that honey can be used as potential biomonitor candidate allowing the assessment of the pollution statement of a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Al-Alam
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- b Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS, Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences III , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
| | - Asma Chbani
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- d Faculty of Public Health III , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- b Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS, Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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Reeves AM, O’Neal ST, Fell RD, Brewster CC, Anderson TD. In-Hive Acaricides Alter Biochemical and Morphological Indicators of Honey Bee Nutrition, Immunity, and Development. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5110836. [PMID: 30272218 PMCID: PMC6163029 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee is a widely managed crop pollinator that provides the agricultural industry with the sustainability and economic viability needed to satisfy the food and fiber needs of our society. Excessive exposure to apicultural pesticides is one of many factors that has been implicated in the reduced number of managed bee colonies available for crop pollination services. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of exposure to commonly used, beekeeper-applied apicultural acaricides on established biochemical indicators of bee nutrition and immunity, as well as morphological indicators of growth and development. The results described here demonstrate that exposure to tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos has an impact on 1) macronutrient indicators of bee nutrition by reducing protein and carbohydrate levels, 2) a marker of social immunity, by increasing glucose oxidase activity, and 3) morphological indicators of growth and development, by altering body weight, head width, and wing length. While more work is necessary to fully understand the broader implications of these findings, the results suggest that reduced parasite stress due to chemical interventions may be offset by nutritional and immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Reeves
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Scott T O’Neal
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Richard D Fell
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Diao Q, Li B, Zhao H, Wu Y, Guo R, Dai P, Chen D, Wang Q, Hou C. Enhancement of chronic bee paralysis virus levels in honeybees acute exposed to imidacloprid: A Chinese case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:487-494. [PMID: 29499530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Though honeybee populations have not yet been reported to be largely lost in China, many stressors that affect the health of honeybees have been confirmed. Honeybees inevitably come into contact with environmental stressors that are not intended to target honeybees, such as pesticides. Although large-scale losses of honeybee colonies are thought to be associated with viruses, these viruses usually lead to covert infections and to not cause acute damage if the bees do not encounter outside stressors. To reveal the potential relationship between acute pesticides and viruses, we applied different doses of imidacloprid to adult bees that were primarily infected with low levels (4.3×105 genome copies) of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) to observe whether the acute oral toxicity of imidacloprid was able to elevate the level of CBPV. Here, we found that the titer of CBPV was significantly elevated in adult bees after 96h of acute treatment with imidacloprid at the highest dose 66.9ng/bee compared with other treatments and controls. Our study provides clear evidence that exposure to acute high doses of imidacloprid in honeybees persistently infected by CBPV can exert a remarkably negative effect on honeybee survival. These results imply that acute environmental stressors might be one of the major accelerators causing rapid viral replication, which may progress to cause mass proliferation and dissemination and lead to colony decline. The present study will be useful for better understanding the harm caused by this pesticide, especially regarding how honeybee tolerance to the viral infection might be altered by acute pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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43
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Böhme F, Bischoff G, Zebitz CPW, Rosenkranz P, Wallner K. Pesticide residue survey of pollen loads collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) in daily intervals at three agricultural sites in South Germany. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199995. [PMID: 29979756 PMCID: PMC6034819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In agricultural landscapes honeybees and other pollinators are exposed to pesticides, often surveyed by residue analysis of bee bread. However, bee bread is a mixture of pollen pellets of different plants collected over a longer time period. Therefore, pesticide content in the hive varies with plant species and time of pollen collection. Hence, the analysis of bee bread is an approximate approach to gain information on detailed pesticide exposure during the agronomic active season. As high-resolution data is missing, we carried out a pesticide residue survey over five years (2012–2016) of daily collected pollen pellets at three agricultural distinct sites in southern Germany. 281 single day pollen samples were selected and subjected to a multi-pesticide residue analysis. Pesticide contaminations of pollen differed between the sites. Intensive pesticide exposure can be seen by high pesticide concentrations as well as a high amount of different pesticides detected. During the five years of observation 73 different pesticides were found, of which 84% are characterized as non-harmful to honeybees. To estimate pesticide risks for honeybees, the pollen hazard quotient (PHQ) was calculated. Even though pesticides were detected in sublethal concentrations, we found substances not supposed to be exposed to honey bees, indicating the necessity for further improvement of seed treatments and increasing awareness of flowering shrubs, field margins and pesticide drift. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of nine pollen samples, divided into sub-fractions dominated by single plant species, revealed even higher concentrations in single crops for some pesticides. We give precise residue data of 1,657 single pesticide detections, which should be used for realistic laboratory and field tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Böhme
- University of Hohenheim, Apicultural State Institute, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabriela Bischoff
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Bee Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus P W Zebitz
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, Applied Entomology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- University of Hohenheim, Apicultural State Institute, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Wallner
- University of Hohenheim, Apicultural State Institute, Stuttgart, Germany
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Piechowicz B, Szpyrka E, Zaręba L, Podbielska M, Grodzicki P. Transfer of the Active Ingredients of Some Plant Protection Products from Raspberry Plants to Beehives. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:45-58. [PMID: 29247388 PMCID: PMC5988780 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant protection products (PPPs) have been found increasingly in the environment. They pose a huge threat to bees, contributing to honeybee colony losses and consequently to enormous economic losses. Therefore, this field investigation was designed to determine whether their active ingredients (AIs) were transferred from raspberry plants to beehives located in the immediate neighbourhood of the crop and to what extent they were transferred. Every week for 2 months, samples of soil, raspberry leaves, flowers and fruits, worker bees, honeybee brood, and honey were collected and analysed for the presence of propyzamide, chlorpyrifos, iprodione, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, and pyrimethanil residues. Five of these substances were found in the worker bee bodies. Chlorpyrifos, applied to only the soil through the irrigation system, also was detected in the brood. A small amount of boscalid was noted in the honey, but its residues did not exceed the maximum residue level. For chlorpyrifos, boscalid, and pyrimethanil, a positive correlation between the occurrence of PPPs in the crops and the beehives was found. Statistical methods confirmed that the application of PPPs on a raspberry plantation, as an example of nectar-secreting plants, was linked to the transfer of their AIs to beehives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Piechowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Werynia, Poland
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Werynia, Poland
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lech Zaręba
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podbielska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Werynia, Poland
| | - Przemysław Grodzicki
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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Walderdorff L, Laval-Gilly P, Bonnefoy A, Falla-Angel J. Imidacloprid intensifies its impact on honeybee and bumblebee cellular immune response when challenged with LPS (lippopolysacharide) of Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 108:17-24. [PMID: 29758240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect hemocytes play an important role in insects' defense against environmental stressors as they are entirely dependent on their innate immune system for pathogen defense. In recent years a dramatic decline of pollinators has been reported in many countries. The drivers of this declines appear to be associated with pathogen infections like viruses, bacteria or fungi in combination with pesticide exposure. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the impact of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on the cellular immune response of two pollinators (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) during simultaneous immune activation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of Escherichia coli. For this purpose the phagocytosis capacity as well as the production of H2O2 and NO of larval hemocytes, exposed to five different imidacloprid concentrations in vitro, was measured. All used pesticide concentrations showed a weakening effect on phagocytosis with but also without LPS activation. Imidacloprid decreased H2O2 and increased NO production in honeybees. Immune activation by LPS clearly reinforced the effect of imidacloprid on the immune response of hemocytes in all three immune parameters tested. Bumblebee hemocytes appeared more sensitive to imidacloprid during phagocytosis assays while imidacloprid showed a greater impact on honeybee hemocytes during H2O2 and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walderdorff
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France.
| | - Philippe Laval-Gilly
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
| | - Antoine Bonnefoy
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
| | - Jaïro Falla-Angel
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
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46
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Imidacloprid Decreases Honey Bee Survival Rates but Does Not Affect the Gut Microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00545-18. [PMID: 29678920 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00545-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that pesticides have played a role in the increased rate of honey bee colony loss. One of the most commonly used pesticides in the United States is the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. Although the primary mode of action of imidacloprid is on the insect nervous system, it has also been shown to cause changes in insects' digestive physiology and alter the microbiota of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The honey bee gut microbiome plays a major role in bee health. Although many studies have shown that imidacloprid affects honey bee behavior, its impact on the microbiome has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the impact of imidacloprid on the gut microbiome composition, survivorship, and susceptibility to pathogens of honey bees. Consistent with other studies, we show that imidacloprid exposure results in an elevated mortality of honey bees in the hive and increases the susceptibility to infection by pathogens. However, we did not find evidence that imidacloprid affects the gut bacterial community of honey bees. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that honey bee gut bacteria can grow in the presence of imidacloprid, and we found some evidence that imidacloprid can be metabolized in the bee gut environment. However, none of the individual bee gut bacterial species tested could metabolize imidacloprid, suggesting that the observed metabolism of imidacloprid within in vitro bee gut cultures is not caused by the gut bacteria. Overall, our results indicate that imidacloprid causes increased mortality in honey bees, but this mortality does not appear to be linked to the microbiome.IMPORTANCE Growing evidence suggests that the extensive use of pesticides has played a large role in the increased rate of honey bee colony loss. Despite extensive research on the effects of imidacloprid on honey bees, it is still unknown whether it impacts the community structure of the gut microbiome. Here, we investigated the impact of imidacloprid on the gut microbiome composition, survivorship, and susceptibility to pathogens of honey bees. We found that the exposure to imidacloprid resulted in an elevated mortality of honey bees and increased the susceptibility to infection by opportunistic pathogens. However, we did not find evidence that imidacloprid affects the gut microbiome of honey bees. We found some evidence that imidacloprid can be metabolized in the bee gut environment in vitro, but because it is quickly eliminated from the bee, it is unlikely that this metabolism occurs in nature. Thus, imidacloprid causes increased mortality in honey bees, but this does not appear to be linked to the microbiome.
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47
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Ruiz-Toledo J, Vandame R, Castro-Chan RA, Penilla-Navarro RP, Gómez J, Sánchez D. Organochlorine Pesticides in Honey and Pollen Samples from Managed Colonies of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus and the Stingless Bee Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin from Southern, Mexico. INSECTS 2018; 9:E54. [PMID: 29748485 PMCID: PMC6023274 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we show the results of investigating the presence of organochlorine pesticides in honey and pollen samples from managed colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. and of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin. Three colonies of each species were moved into each of two sites. Three samples of pollen and three samples of honey were collected from each colony: the first collection occurred at the beginning of the study and the following ones at every six months during a year. Thus the total number of samples collected was 36 for honey (18 for A. mellifera and 18 for S. mexicana) and 36 for pollen (18 for A. mellifera and 18 for S. mexicana). We found that 88.44% and 93.33% of honey samples, and 22.22% and 100% of pollen samples of S. mexicana and A. mellifera, respectively, resulted positive to at least one organochlorine. The most abundant pesticides were Heptaclor (44% of the samples), γ-HCH (36%), DDT (19%), Endrin (18%) and DDE (11%). Despite the short foraging range of S. mexicana, the number of pesticides quantified in the honey samples was similar to that of A. mellifera. Paradoxically we found a small number of organochlorines in pollen samples of S. mexicana in comparison to A. mellifera, perhaps indicating a low abundance of pollen sources within the foraging range of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovani Ruiz-Toledo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Rémy Vandame
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad San Cristóbal de las Casas, Periférico Sur s/n, María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de Las Casas 29290, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Alberto Castro-Chan
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Resistencia a Insecticidas, 4a. Norte y 19 Calle Poniente S/N, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Gómez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
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48
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Chang CH, Lou JL, Zhao MR, Lu C. Potential human exposures to neonicotinoid insecticides: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:71-81. [PMID: 29414376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their systemic character and high efficacy to insect controls, neonicotinoid insecticides (neonics) have been widely used in global agriculture since its introduction in early 1990. Recent studies have indicated that neonics may be ubiquitous, have longer biological half-lives in the environment once applied, and therefore implicitly suggested the increasing probability for human exposure to neonics. Despite of neonics' persistent characters and widespread uses, scientific literature in regard of pathways in which human exposure could occur is relatively meager. In this review, we summarized results from peer-reviewed articles published prior to 2017 that address potential human exposures through ingestion and inhalation, as well as results from human biomonitoring studies. In addition, we proposed the use of relative potency factor approach in order to facilitate the assessment of concurrent exposure to a mixture of neonics with similar chemical structures and toxicological endpoints. We believe that the scientific information that we presented in this review will aid to future assessment of total neonic exposure and subsequently human health risk characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Providence, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Providence, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - C H Chang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - J L Lou
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - M R Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Providence, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - C Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Piechowicz B, Mróz K, Szpyrka E, Zwolak A, Grodzicki P. Transfer of plant protection products from raspberry crops of Laszka and Seedling varieties to beehives. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:135. [PMID: 29435675 PMCID: PMC5809555 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Field studies were conducted to evaluate the transfer of active ingredients (AIs) of plant protection products (PPPs) to beehives. They were applied in two commodity red raspberry plantations of two varieties: Laszka (experiment 1) and Seedling (experiment 2). Samples of flowers, leaves, bees, brood, and honey were examined for the presence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, cyprodinil, and trifloxystrobin (experiment 1) and chlorpyrifos, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and azoxystrobin (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed on the surface of flowers, (0.04 μg/flower) and for difenoconazole on the inside (0.023 μg/flower). Leaves contained only trace residues of cypermethrin and cyprodinil (0.001 μg/cm2 of leaves each) and trifloxystrobin (0.01 μg/cm2 of leaves) on the surface; inside the leaves, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed (0.042 μg/cm2 of leaves). In experiment 2, boscalid was found on the surface and inside the flowers and leaves (0.063 and 0.018 μg/flower and 0.057 and 0.033 μg/cm2 of leaves, respectively). In bees, brood, and honey (experiment 1), chlorpyrifos was present in the highest quantity (7.3, 1.6, and 4.7 μg/kg, respectively). Additionally, cypermethrin and trifloxystrobin were found in bees, and trifloxystrobin was present in honey. Bees, brood, and honey from plantation 2 contained all studied AIs, with the highest levels of boscalid (28.6 μg/kg of bees, 37.0 μg/kg of brood, and 33.9 μg/kg of honey, respectively). In no case did the PPP residues in honey exceed acceptable maximum residue levels (MRLs)-from a formal and legal point of view, in terms of the used plant protection products, the analysed honey was fit for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Piechowicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Karolina Mróz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
- Laboratory for Research on Pesticide Residues, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Langiewicza 28, 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aneta Zwolak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Przemysław Grodzicki
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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50
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Stephenson GL, Solomon KR. Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher-tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoids in honeybees. 2. Imidacloprid. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:330-345. [PMID: 29140765 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1388564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) methodology was used to assess higher-tier studies on the effects of imidacloprid (IMI) on honeybees. Assessment endpoints were population size and viability of commercially managed bees and quantity of hive products. A colony-level no-observed-adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of 25 µg IMI/kg syrup, equivalent to an oral no-observed-adverse-effect-dose of 7.3 ng/bee/d for all responses, was measured. The overall weight of evidence indicates that there is minimal risk to honeybees from exposure to IMI from its use as a seed treatment. Exposures via dusts from currently used seed coatings present a de minimis risk to honeybees when the route of exposure is via uptake in plants that are a source of pollen or nectar for honeybees. There were few higher-tier observational (ecoepidemiological) studies conducted with IMI. Considering all lines of evidence, the quality of the studies included in this analysis was variable, but the results of the studies were consistent and point to the same conclusion - that IMI had no adverse effects on viability of the honeybee colony. Thus, the overall conclusion is that IMI, as currently used as a seed treatment and with good agricultural practices, does not present a significant risk to honeybees at the level of the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith R Solomon
- b Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
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