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Mahas JW, Mahas JB, Ray C, Kesheimer A, Steury TD, Conzemius SR, Crow W, Gore J, Greene JK, Kennedy GG, Kerns D, Malone S, Paula-Moraes S, Roberts P, Stewart SD, Taylor S, Toews M, Jacobson AL. The Spatiotemporal Distribution, Abundance, and Seasonal Dynamics of Cotton-Infesting Aphids in the Southern U.S. INSECTS 2023; 14:639. [PMID: 37504645 PMCID: PMC10380445 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is an emerging aphid-borne pathogen infecting cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the southern United States (U.S.). The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, infests cotton annually and is the only known vector to transmit CLRDV to cotton. Seven other species have been reported to feed on, but not often infest, cotton: Protaphis middletonii Thomas, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas, Myzus persicae Sulzer, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale Sasaki, and Smynthurodes betae Westwood. These seven have not been studied in cotton, but due to their potential epidemiological importance, an understanding of the intra- and inter-annual variations of these species is needed. In 2020 and 2021, aphids were monitored from North Carolina to Texas using pan traps around cotton fields. All of the species known to infest cotton, excluding A. fabae, were detected in this study. Protaphis middletonii and A. gossypii were the most abundant species identified. The five other species of aphids captured were consistently low throughout the study and, with the exception of R. rufiabdominale, were not detected at all locations. The abundance, distribution, and seasonal dynamics of cotton-infesting aphids across the southern U.S. are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Mahas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jessica B Mahas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Charles Ray
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Adam Kesheimer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Todd D Steury
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sophia R Conzemius
- Edisto Research and Education Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Blackville, SC 29817, USA
| | - Whitney Crow
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gore
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Edisto Research and Education Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Blackville, SC 29817, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 3210 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - David Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sean Malone
- Virginia Tech, Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA 23437, USA
| | - Silvana Paula-Moraes
- West Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Jay, FL 32565, USA
| | - Phillip Roberts
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Scott D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sally Taylor
- Virginia Tech, Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA 23437, USA
| | - Michael Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Mauck KE, Chesnais Q. A synthesis of virus-vector associations reveals important deficiencies in studies on host and vector manipulation by plant viruses. Virus Res 2020; 285:197957. [PMID: 32380208 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses face many challenges in agricultural environments. Although crop fields appear to be abundant resources for these pathogens, it may be difficult for viruses to "escape" from crop environments prior to host senescence or harvesting. One way for viruses to increase the odds of persisting outside of agricultural fields across seasons is by evolving traits that increase transmission opportunities between crops and wild plant communities. There is accumulating evidence that some viruses can achieve this by manipulating crop plant phenotypes in ways that enhance transmission by vectors. Putative manipulations occur through alteration of plant cues (color, size, texture, foliar volatiles, in-leaf metabolites, defenses, and leaf cuticles) that mediate vector orientation, feeding, and dispersal behaviors. Virus effects on host phenotypes are not uniform but appear to exhibit convergence depending on virus traits underlying transmission, particularly the duration of probing and feeding required to acquire and inoculate distinct types of plant viruses. This shared congruence in manipulation strategies and mechanisms across divergent virus lineages suggests that such effects may be adaptive. To discern if this is the case, researchers must consider molecular and environmental constraints on virus evolution, including those imposed by insect vectors from organismal to landscape scales. In this review, we synthesize applied research on vector-borne virus transmission in laboratory and field settings to identify the main factors determining transmission opportunities for plant viruses, and thus, selection pressure to evolve manipulative traits. We then examine these outputs in the context of studies reporting putative instances of plant virus manipulation. Our synthesis reveals important disconnects between virus manipulation studies and actual selection pressures imposed by vectors in real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, F-68000 Colmar, France
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Carrière Y, Degain B, Liesner L, Dutilleul P, Palumbo JC. Validation of a Landscape-Based Model for Whitefly Spread of the Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus to Fall Melons. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2002-2009. [PMID: 28961816 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has caused significant reductions in fall melon (Cucumis melo L.) yields in Yuma County, Arizona. In a recent landscape-based study, we found evidence that cotton and spring melon fields increased abundance of B. tabaci and spread of CYSDV infection in fall melon fields. Here, we show that a statistical model derived from data collected in 2011-2012 and based on areas of cotton and spring melon fields located within 1,500 m from edges of fall melon fields was sufficient to retrospectively predict incidence of CYSDV infection in fall melon fields during 2007-2010. Nevertheless, the slope of the association between areas of spring melon fields and incidence of CYSDV infection was three times smaller in 2007-2010 than in 2011-2012, whereas the slope of the association between areas of cotton fields and incidence of CYSDV infection was consistent between study periods. Accordingly, predictions were more accurate when data on areas of cotton alone were used as a basis for prediction than when data on areas of cotton and spring melons were used. Validation of this statistical model confirms that crop isolation has potential for reducing incidence of CYSDV infection in fall melon fields in Yuma County, although isolation from cotton may provide more consistent benefits than isolation from spring melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Ben Degain
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Leighton Liesner
- Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, Phoenix, AZ 85040
| | - Pierre Dutilleul
- Department of Plant Sciences, McGill University, MacDonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - John C Palumbo
- Yuma Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ 85364
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Manzoor F, Pervez M. Evaluation of Chlorfluazuron Against Subterranean Termites Heterotermes indicola (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2264-2271. [PMID: 27744282 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Baiting systems have been introduced using slow-acting bait toxicants to provide environment-friendly and target-specific termite management. In the present study, the Exterra termite bait system (USA) with chlorfluazuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, as the active ingredient was tested against termite colonies. Ten residential areas of Lahore, infested with subterranean termites were selected for the study. The study period was from 2013 to 2015. In-ground stations were installed at 10 sites and above-ground stations were only installed at four test sites. Requiem termite bait was prepared according to the label instructions. Results showed that the range of termite activity was between 30 and 214 d to first termite activity on underground monitors with a mean of 78.23 ± 6.44. Timeline graphs also show activity of termites and active ingredient placement for each of the stations at each site. As termite feeding activity in the stations increased, there was a decrease in termite activities in wooden structures, followed by cessation of termite feeding and foraging activity noted in the building structures. It was concluded that a termite baiting system in Pakistan has the potential to suppress and reduce termite populations, when foraging termites feed on the active ingredient and share with nest mates through trophallaxis by installing more bait stations and prolonging baiting period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahnoor Pervez
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan (; )
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