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Qin J, Zhang J, Jiang J, Zhang B, Li J, Lin X, Wang S, Zhu M, Fan Z, Lv Y, He L, Chen L, Yue W, Li Y, Pei X. Direct chemical reprogramming of human cord blood erythroblasts to induced megakaryocytes that produce platelets. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1229-1245.e7. [PMID: 35931032 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into megakaryocytes (MKs) would provide a promising source of platelets. However, using a pharmacological approach to generate human MKs from somatic cells remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report that a combination of four small molecules (4M) successfully converted human cord blood erythroblasts (EBs) into induced MKs (iMKs). The iMKs could produce proplatelets and release functional platelets, functionally resembling natural MKs. Reprogramming trajectory analysis revealed an efficient cell fate conversion of EBs into iMKs by 4M via the intermediate state of bipotent precursors. 4M induced chromatin remodeling and drove the transition of transcription factor (TF) regulatory network from key erythroid TFs to essential TFs for megakaryopoiesis, including FLI1 and MEIS1. These results demonstrate that the chemical reprogramming of cord blood EBs into iMKs provides a simple and efficient approach to generate MKs and platelets for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Qin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianan Jiang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaosong Lin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Meiqi Zhu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zeng Fan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Lijuan He
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China.
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou 510005, China.
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Bonnet C, Gou P, Girel S, Bansaye V, Lacout C, Bailly K, Schlagetter MH, Lauret E, Méléard S, Giraudier S. Multistage hematopoietic stem cell regulation in the mouse: A combined biological and mathematical approach. iScience 2021; 24:103399. [PMID: 34877482 PMCID: PMC8627979 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reconciled steady-state and stress hematopoiesis in a single mathematical model based on murine in vivo experiments and with a focus on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. A phenylhydrazine stress was first applied to mice. A reduced cell number in each progenitor compartment was evidenced during the next 7 days through a drastic level of differentiation without proliferation, followed by a huge proliferative response in all compartments including long-term hematopoietic stem cells, before a return to normal levels. Data analysis led to the addition to the 6-compartment model, of time-dependent regulation that depended indirectly on the compartment sizes. The resulting model was finely calibrated using a stochastic optimization algorithm and could reproduce biological data in silico when applied to different stress conditions (bleeding, chemotherapy, HSC depletion). In conclusion, our multi-step and time-dependent model of immature hematopoiesis provides new avenues to a better understanding of both normal and pathological hematopoiesis. We describe a new 6-compartment time-dependent regulated model of hematopoiesis Biological data under steady state and stress and cell dynamics were used Modeling is able to recapitulate effects from chemotherapy, bleeding, or HSC depletion
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bonnet
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Panhong Gou
- Centre Hayem, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM U1131, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Simon Girel
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent Bansaye
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Catherine Lacout
- Centre Hayem, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM U1131, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Karine Bailly
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Schlagetter
- Centre Hayem, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM U1131, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Lauret
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Méléard
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Giraudier
- Centre Hayem, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM U1131, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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Shim YA, Campbell T, Weliwitigoda A, Dosanjh M, Johnson P. Regulation of CD71 +TER119 + erythroid progenitor cells by CD45. Exp Hematol 2020; 86:53-66.e1. [PMID: 32450207 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells are generated daily to replenish dying cells and maintain erythrocyte homeostasis. Erythropoiesis is driven by erythropoietin and supported by specialized red pulp macrophages that facilitate enucleation. Here we show that the leukocyte-specific tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is downregulated in late erythroid development, yet it regulates the CD71+TER119+ progenitor pool, which includes the Pro E, Ery A, and Ery B populations. The CD71+TER119+ progenitors are a major splenic population in neonates required for extramedullary erythropoiesis, to meet the high demand for red blood cells during growth. This population decreases as the mice mature, but this was not the case in CD45-deficient mice, which maintained a high level of these progenitors in the spleen into adulthood. Despite these increased erythroid progenitors, CD45-deficient mice had normal numbers of mature red blood cells. This was attributed to the increased proliferation of the Pro E and Ery A populations and the increased apoptosis of the CD71+TER119+ population, as well as an increased turnover of circulating red blood cells. The expansion of the CD71+TER119+ population in the absence of CD45 was attributed to increased numbers of red pulp macrophages producing erythropoietin in the spleen. Thus, CD45 regulates extramedullary erythropoiesis in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaein A Shim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Asanga Weliwitigoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Zingariello M, Martelli F, Verachi P, Bardelli C, Gobbo F, Mazzarini M, Migliaccio AR. Novel targets to cure primary myelofibrosis from studies on Gata1 low mice. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:131-141. [PMID: 31749302 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, we discovered that mice carrying the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation that reduces expression of the transcription factor GATA1 in megakaryocytes (Gata1low mice) develop myelofibrosis, a phenotype that recapitulates the features of primary myelofibrosis (PMF), the most severe of the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). At that time, this discovery had a great impact on the field because mutations driving the development of PMF had yet to be discovered. Later studies identified that PMF, as the others MPNs, is associated with mutations activating the thrombopoietin/JAK2 axis raising great hope that JAK inhibitors may be effective to treat the disease. Unfortunately, ruxolitinib, the JAK1/2 inhibitor approved by FDA and EMEA for PMF, ameliorates symptoms but does not improve the natural course of the disease, and the cure of PMF is still an unmet clinical need. Although GATA1 is not mutated in PMF, reduced GATA1 content in megakaryocytes as a consequence of ribosomal deficiency is a hallmark of myelofibrosis (both in humans and mouse models) and, in fact, a driving event in the disease. Conversely, mice carrying the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation express an activated TPO/JAK2 pathway and partially respond to JAK inhibitors in a fashion similar to PMF patients (reduction of spleen size but limited improvement of the natural history of the disease). These observations cross-validated Gata1low mice as a bona fide animal model for PMF and prompted the use of this model to identify abnormalities that might be targeted to cure the disease. We will summarize here data generated in Gata1low mice indicating that the TGF-β/P-selectin axis is abnormal in PMF and represents a novel target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zingariello
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Verachi
- Department of Biological and Neurobiological Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Bardelli
- Department of Biological and Neurobiological Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Biological and Neurobiological Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Mazzarini
- Department of Biological and Neurobiological Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- Department of Biological and Neurobiological Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research Consortium, New York, New York
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Ling T, Crispino JD, Zingariello M, Martelli F, Migliaccio AR. GATA1 insufficiencies in primary myelofibrosis and other hematopoietic disorders: consequences for therapy. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:169-184. [PMID: 29400094 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1436965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GATA1, the founding member of a family of transcription factors, plays important roles in the development of hematopoietic cells of several lineages. Although loss of GATA1 has been known to impair hematopoiesis in animal models for nearly 25 years, the link between GATA1 defects and human blood diseases has only recently been realized. Areas covered: Here the current understanding of the functions of GATA1 in normal hematopoiesis and how it is altered in disease is reviewed. GATA1 is indispensable mainly for erythroid and megakaryocyte differentiation. In erythroid cells, GATA1 regulates early stages of differentiation, and its deficiency results in apoptosis. In megakaryocytes, GATA1 controls terminal maturation and its deficiency induces proliferation. GATA1 alterations are often found in diseases involving these two lineages, such as congenital erythroid and/or megakaryocyte deficiencies, including Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA), and acquired neoplasms, such as acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) and the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Expert commentary: Since the first discovery of GATA1 mutations in AMKL, the number of diseases that are associated with impaired GATA1 function has increased to include DBA and MPNs. With respect to the latter, we are only just now appreciating the link between enhanced JAK/STAT signaling, GATA1 deficiency and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Ling
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - John D Crispino
- a Division of Hematology/Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | | - Fabrizio Martelli
- c National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Roma , Italy
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- d Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences , Alma Mater University , Bologna , Italy.,e Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) , New York , NY , USA
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7
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The thrombopoietin/MPL axis is activated in the Gata1 low mouse model of myelofibrosis and is associated with a defective RPS14 signature. Blood Cancer J 2017. [PMID: 28622305 PMCID: PMC5520398 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by hyperactivation of thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling, which induces a RPS14 deficiency that de-regulates GATA1 in megakaryocytes by hampering its mRNA translation. As mice carrying the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation, which reduces the levels of Gata1 mRNA in megakaryocytes, develop MF, we investigated whether the TPO axis is hyperactive in this model. Gata1low mice contained two times more Tpo mRNA in liver and TPO in plasma than wild-type littermates. Furthermore, Gata1low LSKs expressed levels of Mpl mRNA (five times greater than normal) and protein (two times lower than normal) similar to those expressed by LSKs from TPO-treated wild-type mice. Gata1low marrow and spleen contained more JAK2/STAT5 than wild-type tissues, an indication that these organs were reach of TPO-responsive cells. Moreover, treatment of Gata1low mice with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced their splenomegaly. Also in Gata1low mice activation of the TPO/MPL axis was associated with a RSP14 deficiency and a discordant microarray ribosome signature (reduced RPS24, RPS26 and SBDS expression). Finally, electron microscopy revealed that Gata1low megakaryocytes contained poorly developed endoplasmic reticulum with rare polysomes. In summary, Gata1low mice are a bona fide model of MF, which recapitulates the hyperactivation of the TPO/MPL/JAK2 axis observed in megakaryocytes from myelofibrotic patients.
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Papayannopoulou T, Kaushansky K. Evolving insights into the synergy between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin and the bipotent erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitor cell. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:664-8. [PMID: 26773569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the synergy between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin has previously been pointed out, the clonal demonstration of a human bipotent erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) was first published in Experimental Hematology (Papayannopoulou T, Brice M, Farrer D, Kaushansky K. Exp Hematol. 1996;24:660-669) and later in the same year in Blood (Debili N, Coulombel L, Croisille L, et al. Blood. 1996;88:1284-1296). This demonstration, and the fact that both bipotent and monopotent erythroid or megakaryocytic progenitors co-express markers of both lineages and respond to both lineage-specific transcription factors, has provided a background for the extensive use of MEP assessment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting in many subsequent studies. Beyond this, the demonstration of shared regulatory elements and the presence of single mutations affecting both lineages have inspired further studies to decipher how the shift in transcription factor networks occurs from one lineage to the other. Furthermore, in addition to shared effects, erythropoietin and thrombopoietin have additional independent effects. Most notable for thrombopoietin is its effect on hematopoietic stem cells illustrated by in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Office of the Senior Vice President for Health Sciences and Dean, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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9
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Nishikii H, Kanazawa Y, Umemoto T, Goltsev Y, Matsuzaki Y, Matsushita K, Yamato M, Nolan GP, Negrin R, Chiba S. Unipotent Megakaryopoietic Pathway Bridging Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Mature Megakaryocytes. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2196-207. [PMID: 25753067 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification of platelet/megakaryocyte-biased hematopoietic stem/repopulating cells requires revision of the intermediate pathway for megakaryopoiesis. Here, we show a unipotent megakaryopoietic pathway bypassing the bipotent megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors (biEMPs). Cells purified from mouse bone marrow by CD42b (GPIbα) marking were demonstrated to be unipotent megakaryocytic progenitors (MKPs) by culture and transplantation. A subpopulation of freshly isolated CD41(+) cells in the lineage Sca1(+) cKit(+) (LSK) fraction (subCD41(+) LSK) differentiated only into MKP and mature megakaryocytes in culture. Although CD41(+) LSK cells as a whole were capable of differentiating into all myeloid and lymphoid cells in vivo, they produced unipotent MKP, mature megakaryocytes, and platelets in vitro and in vivo much more efficiently than Flt3(+) CD41(-) LSK cells, especially at the early phase after transplantation. In single cell polymerase chain reaction and thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling analyses, the MKP and a fraction of CD41(+) LSK, but not the biEMP, showed the similarities in mRNA expression profile and visible TPO-mediated phosphorylation. On increased demand of platelet production after 5-FU treatment, a part of CD41(+) LSK population expressed CD42b on the surface, and 90% of them showed unipotent megakaryopoietic capacity in single cell culture and predominantly produced platelets in vivo at the early phase after transplantation. These results suggest that the CD41(+) CD42b(+) LSK are straightforward progenies of megakaryocytes/platelet-biased stem/repopulating cells, but not progenies of biEMP. Consequently, we show a unipotent/highly biased megakaryopoietic pathway interconnecting stem/repopulating cells and mature megakaryocytes, the one that may play physiologic roles especially in emergency megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Nishikii
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yosuke Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University of School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yu Matsuzaki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University of School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Cytokine-free rapid red cell regeneration. Blood 2015; 125:895-6. [PMID: 25655455 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-609024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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A hyperactive Mpl-based cell growth switch drives macrophage-associated erythropoiesis through an erythroid-megakaryocytic precursor. Blood 2014; 125:1025-33. [PMID: 25343958 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches for controlling hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion, lineage commitment, and maturation have been investigated for improving clinical interventions. We report here that amino acid substitutions in a thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl)--containing cell growth switch (CGS) extending receptor stability improve the expansion capacity of human cord blood CD34(+) cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Activation of this CGS with a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) expands total cells 99-fold, erythrocytes 70-fold, megakaryocytes 0.5-fold, and CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells 4.4-fold by 21 days of culture. Analysis of cells in these expanded populations identified a CID-dependent bipotent erythrocyte-megakaryocyte precursor (PEM) population, and a CID-independent macrophage population. The CD235a(+)/CD41a(+) PEM population constitutes up to 13% of the expansion cultures, can differentiate into erythrocytes or megakaryocytes, exhibits very little expansion capacity, and exists at very low levels in unexpanded cord blood. The CD206(+) macrophage population constitutes up to 15% of the expansion cultures, exhibits high-expansion capacity, and is physically associated with differentiating erythroblasts. Taken together, these studies describe a fundamental enhancement of the CGS expansion platform, identify a novel precursor population in the erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation pathway of humans, and implicate an erythropoietin-independent, macrophage-associated pathway supporting terminal erythropoiesis in this expansion system.
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12
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Martelli F, Verrucci M, Migliaccio G, Zingariello M, Rana RA, Vannucchi AM, Migliaccio AR. Removal of the spleen in mice alters the cytokine expression profile of the marrow micro-environment and increases bone formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1176:77-86. [PMID: 19796235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Splenectomized mice express progressively increased numbers of platelets in the blood and reduced numbers of megakaryocytes in the marrow with age. The megakaryocytes in the marrow of these animals express reduced levels of Gata1, a transcription factor necessary for their maturation. In addition, the marrow from these animals expresses greater levels of cytokines (TGF-beta, PDGF-alpha, and VEGF) known to be produced at high levels by megakaryocytes expressing reduced levels of Gata1. This high level of cytokine expression is in turn associated with active osteoblast proliferation localized to areas of the femur, where megakaryocytes expressing reduced Gata1 levels are also found. These results confirm the role of megakaryocytes as regulator of bone formation in mice and suggest that a cross-talk between the spleen and marrow may regulate the total numbers of hemopoietic niches present in an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Martelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
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13
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Gata1 expression driven by the alternative HS2 enhancer in the spleen rescues the hematopoietic failure induced by the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation. Blood 2009; 114:2107-20. [PMID: 19571316 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigorously defined reconstitution assays developed in recent years have allowed recognition of the delicate relationship that exists between hematopoietic stem cells and their niches. This balance ensures that hematopoiesis occurs in the marrow under steady-state conditions. However, during development, recovery from hematopoietic stress and in myeloproliferative disorders, hematopoiesis occurs in extramedullary sites whose microenvironments are still poorly defined. The hypomorphic Gata1(low) mutation deletes the regulatory sequences of the gene necessary for its expression in hematopoietic cells generated in the marrow. By analyzing the mechanism that rescues hematopoiesis in mice carrying this mutation, we provide evidence that extramedullary microenvironments sustain maturation of stem cells that would be otherwise incapable of maturing in the marrow.
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14
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A common bipotent progenitor generates the erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages in embryonic stem cell-derived primitive hematopoiesis. Blood 2009; 114:1506-17. [PMID: 19478046 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-178863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The megakaryocytic (MK) and erythroid lineages are tightly associated during differentiation and are generated from a bipotent megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP). In the mouse, a primitive MEP has been demonstrated in the yolk sac. In human, it is not known whether the primitive MK and erythroid lineages are generated from a common progenitor or independently. Using hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on the OP9 cell line, we identified a primitive MEP in a subset of cells coexpressing glycophorin A (GPA) and CD41 from day 9 to day 12 of coculturing. This MEP differentiates into primitive erythroid (GPA(+)CD41(-)) and MK (GPA(-)CD41(+)) lineages. In contrast to erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent definitive hematopoiesis, KIT was not detected during erythroid differentiation. A molecular signature for the commitment and differentiation toward both the erythroid and MK lineages was detected by assessing expression of transcription factors, thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR). We showed an inverse correlation between FLI1 and both KLF1 and EPOR during primitive erythroid and MK differentiation, similar to definitive hematopoiesis. This novel MEP differentiation system may allow an in-depth exploration of the molecular bases of erythroid and MK commitment and differentiation.
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EKLF restricts megakaryocytic differentiation at the benefit of erythrocytic differentiation. Blood 2008; 112:576-84. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-098996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previous observations suggested that functional antagonism between FLI-1 and EKLF might be involved in the commitment toward erythrocytic or megakaryocytic differentiation. We show here, using inducible shRNA expression, that EKLF knockdown in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells decreases erythrocytic and increases megakaryocytic as well as Fli-1 gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that the increase in megakaryocytic gene expression is associated with a marked increase in RNA pol II and FLI-1 occupancy at their promoters, albeit FLI-1 protein levels are only minimally affected. Similarly, we show that human CD34+ progenitors infected with shRNA lentivirus allowing EKLF knockdown generate an increased number of differentiated megakaryocytic cells associated with increased levels of megakaryocytic and Fli-1 gene transcripts. Single-cell progeny analysis of a cell population enriched in bipotent progenitors revealed that EKLF knockdown increases the number of megakaryocytic at the expense of erythrocytic colonies. Taken together, these data indicate that EKLF restricts megakaryocytic differentiation to the benefit of erythrocytic differentiation and suggest that this might be at least partially mediated by the inhibition of FLI-1 recruitment to megakaryocytic and Fli-1 gene promoters.
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H3 K79 dimethylation marks developmental activation of the beta-globin gene but is reduced upon LCR-mediated high-level transcription. Blood 2008; 112:406-14. [PMID: 18441235 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-128983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide analyses of the relationship between H3 K79 dimethylation and transcription have revealed contradictory results. To clarify this relationship at a single locus, we analyzed expression and H3 K79 modification levels of wild-type (WT) and transcriptionally impaired beta-globin mutant genes during erythroid differentiation. Analysis of fractionated erythroid cells derived from WT/Delta locus control region (LCR) heterozygous mice reveals no significant H3 K79 dimethylation of the beta-globin gene on either allele prior to activation of transcription. Upon transcriptional activation, H3 K79 di-methylation is observed along both WT and DeltaLCR alleles, and both alleles are located in proximity to H3 K79 dimethylation nuclear foci. However, H3 K79 di-methylation is significantly increased along the DeltaLCR allele compared with the WT allele. In addition, analysis of a partial LCR deletion mutant reveals that H3 K79 dimethylation is inversely correlated with beta-globin gene expression levels. Thus, while our results support a link between H3 K79 dimethylation and gene expression, high levels of this mark are not essential for high level beta-globin gene transcription. We propose that H3 K79 dimethylation is destabilized on a highly transcribed template.
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Altered SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in patients with primary myelofibrosis and in the Gata1 low mouse model of the disease. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:158-71. [PMID: 18206727 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether alterations in the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 occur in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and in Gata1 low mice, an animal model for myelofibrosis, and whether these abnormalities might account for increased stem/progenitor cell trafficking. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the mouse, SDF-1 mRNA levels were assayed in liver, spleen, and marrow. SDF-1 protein levels were quantified in plasma and marrow and CXCR4 mRNA and protein levels were evaluated on stem/progenitor cells and megakaryocytes purified from the marrow. SDF-1 protein levels were also evaluated in plasma and in marrow biopsy specimens obtained from normal donors and PMF patients. RESULTS In Gata1 low mice, the plasma SDF-1 protein was five times higher than normal in younger animals. Furthermore, SDF-1 immunostaining of marrow sections progressively increased with age. Similar abnormalities were observed in PMF patients. In fact, plasma SDF-1 levels in PMF patients were significantly higher (by twofold) than normal (p < 0.01) and SDF-1 immunostaining of marrow biopsy specimens demonstrated increased SDF-1 deposition in specific areas. In two of the patients, SDF-1 deposition was normalized by curative therapy with allogenic stem cell transplantation. Similar to what already has been reported for PMF patients, the marrow from Gata1 low mice contained fewer CXCR4 pos CD117 pos cells and these cells expressed low levels of CXCR4 mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION Similar abnormalities in the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis are observed in PMF patients and in the Gata1 low mice model of myelofibrosis. We suggest that these abnormalities contribute to the increased stem/progenitor cell trafficking observed in this mouse model as well as patients with PMF.
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Martelli F, Ghinassi B, Lorenzini R, Vannucchi AM, Rana RA, Nishikawa M, Partamian S, Migliaccio G, Migliaccio AR. Thrombopoietin inhibits murine mast cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2008; 26:912-9. [PMID: 18276801 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that Mpl, the thrombopoietin receptor, is expressed on murine mast cells and on their precursors and that targeted deletion of the Mpl gene increases mast cell differentiation in mice. Here we report that treatment of mice with thrombopoietin or addition of this growth factor to bone marrow-derived mast cell cultures severely hampers the generation of mature cells from their precursors by inducing apoptosis. Analysis of the expression profiling of mast cells obtained in the presence of thrombopoietin suggests that thrombopoietin induces apoptosis of mast cells by reducing expression of the transcription factor Mitf and its target antiapoptotic gene Bcl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Martelli
- Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In addition to its essential role in baseline erythropoiesis, the hormone erythropoietin drives the erythropoietic response to hypoxic stress. A mechanistic understanding of stress erythropoiesis would benefit multiple clinical settings, and may aid in understanding leukemogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The spectrum of progenitors targeted by the erythropoietin receptor is broader during stress than during baseline erythropoiesis. Further, the requirement for erythropoietin receptor signaling is more stringent during stress. However, erythropoietin receptor signaling has been mostly studied in vitro, where it is difficult to relate signaling events to stress-dependent changes in erythroid homeostasis. Here we review advances in flow cytometry that allow the identification and study of murine erythroid precursors in hematopoietic tissue as they are responding to stress in vivo. The death receptor Fas and its ligand, FasL, are coexpressed by early splenic erythroblasts, suppressing erythroblast survival and erythropoietic rate. During stress, erythropoietin receptor signaling downregulates erythroblast Fas and FasL, consequently increasing erythropoietic rate. SUMMARY Erythropoietic rate is regulated at least in part through the erythropoietin receptor-mediated survival of splenic early erythroblasts. Future research will delineate how multiple antiapoptotic pathways, potentially activated by the erythropoietin receptor, interact to produce the remarkable dynamic range of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Ghinassi B, Sanchez M, Martelli F, Amabile G, Vannucchi AM, Migliaccio G, Orkin SH, Migliaccio AR. The hypomorphic Gata1low mutation alters the proliferation/differentiation potential of the common megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitor. Blood 2006; 109:1460-71. [PMID: 17038527 PMCID: PMC1794062 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mutations in the Gata1 gene may alter the proliferation/differentiation potential of hemopoietic progenitors. By single-cell cloning and sequential replating experiments of prospectively isolated progenitor cells, we demonstrate here that the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation increases the proliferation potential of a unique class of progenitor cells, similar in phenotype to adult common erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitors (MEPs), but with the "unique" capacity to generate erythroblasts, megakaryocytes, and mast cells in vitro. Conversely, progenitor cells phenotypically similar to mast cell progenitors (MCPs) are not detectable in the marrow from these mutants. At the single-cell level, about 11% of Gata1low progenitor cells, including MEPs, generate cells that will continue to proliferate in cultures for up to 4 months. In agreement with these results, trilineage (erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mastocytic) cell lines are consistently isolated from bone marrow and spleen cells of Gata1low mice. These results confirm the crucial role played by Gata1 in hematopoietic commitment and identify, as a new target for the Gata1 action, the restriction point at which common myeloid progenitors become either MEPs or MCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Martelli F, Ghinassi B, Panetta B, Alfani E, Gatta V, Pancrazzi A, Bogani C, Vannucchi AM, Paoletti F, Migliaccio G, Migliaccio AR. Variegation of the phenotype induced by the Gata1low mutation in mice of different genetic backgrounds. Blood 2005; 106:4102-13. [PMID: 16109774 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All mice harboring the X-linked Gata1low mutation in a predominantly CD1 background are born anemic and thrombocytopenic. They recover from anemia at 1 month of age but remain thrombocytopenic all their life and develop myelofibrosis, a syndrome similar to human idiopathic myelofibrosis, at 12 months. The effects of the genetic background on the myelofibrosis developed by Gata1low mice was assessed by introducing the mutation, by standard genetic approaches, in the C57BL/6 and DBA/2 backgrounds and by analyzing the phenotype of the different mutants at 12 to 13 (by histology) and 16 to 20 (by cytofluorimetry) months of age. Although all the Gata1low mice developed fibrosis at 12 to 13 months, variegations were observed in the severity of the phenotype expressed by mutants of different backgrounds. In C57BL/6 mice, the mutation was no longer inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and fibrosis was associated with massive osteosclerosis. Instead, DBA/2 mutants, although severely anemic, expressed limited fibrosis and osteosclerosis and did not present tear-drop poikilocytes in blood or extramedullary hemopoiesis in liver up to 20 months of age. We propose that the variegation in myelofibrosis expressed by Gata1low mutants of different strains might represent a model to study the variability of the clinical picture of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Martelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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