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Albadari N, Xie Y, Li W. Deciphering treatment resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer: roles of drug transports, EGFR mutations, and HGF/c-MET signaling. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1340401. [PMID: 38269272 PMCID: PMC10806212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1340401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2023, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. At the time of the initial visit, 20% of patients diagnosed with CRC have metastatic CRC (mCRC), and another 25% who present with localized disease will later develop metastases. Despite the improvement in response rates with various modulation strategies such as chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the prognosis of mCRC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 14%, and the primary reason for treatment failure is believed to be the development of resistance to therapies. Herein, we provide an overview of the main mechanisms of resistance in mCRC and specifically highlight the role of drug transports, EGFR, and HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in mediating mCRC resistance, as well as discuss recent therapeutic approaches to reverse resistance caused by drug transports and resistance to anti-EGFR blockade caused by mutations in EGFR and alteration in HGF/c-MET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Chen EC, Gandler H, Tošić I, Fell GG, Fiore A, Pozdnyakova O, DeAngelo DJ, Galinsky I, Luskin MR, Wadleigh MS, Winer ES, Leonard R, O’Day K, de Jonge A, Neuberg D, Look AT, Stone RM, Frank DA, Garcia JS. Targeting MET and FGFR in Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Preclinical and Clinical Findings, and Signal Transduction Correlates. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:878-887. [PMID: 36534523 PMCID: PMC9992000 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have poor outcomes and require new therapies. In AML, autocrine production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) drives MET signaling that promotes myeloblast growth and survival, making MET an attractive therapeutic target. MET inhibition exhibits activity in AML preclinical studies, but HGF upregulation by the FGFR pathway is a common mechanism of resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed preclinical studies followed by a Phase I trial to investigate the safety and biological activity of the MET inhibitor merestinib in combination with the FGFR inhibitor LY2874455 for patients with R/R AML. Study Cohort 1 underwent a safety lead-in to determine a tolerable dose of single-agent merestinib. In Cohort 2, dose-escalation of merestinib and LY2874455 was performed following a 3+3 design. Correlative studies were conducted. RESULTS The primary dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) observed for merestinib alone or with LY2874455 was reversible grade 3 transaminase elevation, occurring in 2 of 16 patients. Eight patients had stable disease and one achieved complete remission (CR) without measurable residual disease. Although the MTD of combination therapy could not be determined due to drug supply discontinuation, single-agent merestinib administered at 80 mg daily was safe and biologically active. Correlative studies showed therapeutic plasma levels of merestinib, on-target attenuation of MET signaling in leukemic blood, and increased HGF expression in bone marrow aspirate samples of refractory disease. CONCLUSIONS We provide prospective, preliminary evidence that MET and FGFR are biologically active and safely targetable pathways in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Gandler
- College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Isidora Tošić
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey G. Fell
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olga Pozdnyakova
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilene Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marlise R. Luskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha S. Wadleigh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S. Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Leonard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard M. Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Frank
- Division of Hematology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline S. Garcia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Leukemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Liu F, Ma X, Bian X, Zhang C, Liu X, Liu Q. LINC00586 Represses ASXL1 Expression Thus Inducing Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells Through LSD1-Mediated H3K4me2 Demethylation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:887822. [PMID: 35586041 PMCID: PMC9108668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.887822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem on a global scale by virtue of its relatively high incidence. The transition of tumor cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal-like phenotype, so-called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is a key hallmark of human cancer metastasis, including CRC. Understanding the signaling events that initiate this phenotypic switch may provide opportunities to limit the metastasis of CRC. In this study, we aim to identify long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) mediated epigenetic regulation under the context of CRC. 54 paired samples of tumor tissues and surrounding non-tumor tissues were collected from CRC patients. Cultured human CRC cells HCT116 and LoVo were assayed for their viability and migration using CCK-8 tests and transwell migration assays. The expression of EMT-specific markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin) was analyzed biochemically by RT-qPCR and immunoblot analyses. Interaction among LINC00586, LSD1, and ASXL1 was determined by RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. In vivo analysis of LINC00586 was performed in nude mice xenografted with HCT116 cells. LINC00586 was overexpressed in CRC tissues and associated with patient survival. LINC00586 knockdown repressed HCT116 and LoVo cell viability, migration, their phenotypic switch from epithelial to a mesenchymal, and tumorigenesis in vivo. We demonstrated LINC00586 recruited the LSD1 into the ASXL1 promoter region and epigenetically silenced the ASXL1 expression. An ASXL1 gene resisting to LINC00586 attack was demonstrated in cultured HCT116 and LoVo cells and mouse xenograft models of human CRC. Overall, discovery of the LINC00586/LSD1/ASXL1 axis partially explains epigenetic mechanism regulating EMT in CRC, providing a therapeutic target to limit CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of RadiationMedicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Medical Research Center, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyun Bian
- Medical Research Center, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaozhi Liu, ; Qiang Liu,
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of RadiationMedicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaozhi Liu, ; Qiang Liu,
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Cazes A, Childers BG, Esparza E, Lowy AM. The MST1R/RON Tyrosine Kinase in Cancer: Oncogenic Functions and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082037. [PMID: 35454943 PMCID: PMC9027306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MST1R/RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a highly conserved transmembrane protein present on epithelial cells, macrophages, and recently identified in a T-cell subset. RON activation attenuates inflammation in healthy tissue. Interestingly, it is overexpressed in several epithelial neoplasms with increasing levels of expression associated with worse outcomes. Though the mechanisms involved are still under investigation, RON is involved in carcinogenesis via immune modulation of the immune tumor microenvironment, activation of numerous oncogenic pathways, and is protective under cellular stress. Alternatively, inhibition of RON abrogates tumor progression in both animal and human tissue models. Given this, RON is a targetable protein of great interest for cancer treatment. Here, we review RON’s function in tissue inflammation and cancer progression, and review cancer clinical trials to date that have used agents targeting RON signaling. Abstract The MST1R/RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a homologue of the more well-known MET receptor. Like MET, RON orchestrates cell signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis and enable cancer cell survival; however, it has a more unique role in the regulation of inflammation. RON was originally described as a transmembrane receptor expressed on tissue resident macrophages and various epithelial cells. RON is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and its activation modifies multiple signaling pathways with resultant changes in epithelial and immune cells which together modulate oncogenic phenotypes. While several RON isoforms have been identified with differences in structure, activation, and pathway regulation, increased RON expression and/or activation is consistently associated with worse outcomes. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RON have been developed, making RON an actionable therapeutic target.
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