1
|
Nour I, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Harrell TL, Conrad SJ, Mohanty SK. Whole Genomic Constellation of Avian Reovirus Strains Isolated from Broilers with Arthritis in North Carolina, USA. Viruses 2023; 15:2191. [PMID: 38005869 PMCID: PMC10675200 DOI: 10.3390/v15112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is an emerging pathogen which causes significant economic challenges to the chicken and turkey industry in the USA and globally, yet the molecular characterization of most ARV strains is restricted to a single particular gene, the sigma C gene. The genome of arthrogenic reovirus field isolates (R18-37308 and R18-38167), isolated from broiler chickens in North Carolina (NC), USA in 2018, was sequenced using long-read next-generation sequencing (NGS). The isolates were genotyped based on the amino acid sequence of sigma C (σC) followed by phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the other 11 genomically encoded proteins for whole genomic constellation and genetic variation detection. The genomic length of the NC field strains was 23,494 bp, with 10 dsRNA segments ranging from 3959 bp (L1) to 1192 bp (S4), and the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of all the segments were found to be conserved. R18-37308 and R18-38167 were found to belong to genotype (G) VI based on the σC analysis and showed nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity ranging from 84.91-98.47% and 83.43-98.46%, respectively, with G VI strains. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genes of the NC strains did not define a single common ancestor among the available completely sequenced ARV strains. Nevertheless, most sequences supported the Chinese strain LY383 as a probable ancestor of these isolates. Moreover, amino acid analysis revealed multiple amino acid substitution events along the entirety of the genes, some of which were unique to each strain, which suggests significant divergence owing to the accumulation of point mutations. All genes from R18-37308 and R18-38167 were found to be clustered within genotypic clusters that included only ARVs of chicken origin, which negates the possibility of genetic pooling or host variation. Collectively, this study revealed sequence divergence between the NC field strains and reference ARV strains, including the currently used vaccine strains could help updating the vaccination regime through the inclusion of these highly divergent circulating indigenous field isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (I.N.); (S.A.-N.); (T.L.H.); (S.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Narvaez SA, Harrell TL, Oluwayinka O, Sellers HS, Khalid Z, Hauck R, Chowdhury EU, Conrad SJ. Optimizing the Conditions for Whole-Genome Sequencing of Avian Reoviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1938. [PMID: 37766345 PMCID: PMC10536876 DOI: 10.3390/v15091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming an essential tool to characterize the genomes of avian reovirus (ARV), a viral disease of economic significance to poultry producers. The current strategies and procedures used to obtain the complete genome sequences of ARV isolates are not cost-effective because most of the genetic material data resulting from next-generation sequencing belong to the host and cannot be used to assemble the viral genome. The purpose of this study was to develop a workflow to enrich the ARV genomic content in a sample before subjecting it to next-generation sequencing (NGS). Herein, we compare four different ARV purification and enrichment approaches at the virion, RNA and cDNA levels to determine which treatment or treatment combination would provide a higher proportion of ARV-specific reads after WGS. Seven ARV isolates were subjected to different combinations of virion purification via ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradient or Capto Core 700 resin with or without a subsequent Benzonase treatment, followed by a chicken rRNA depletion step after RNA extraction and a final ARV cDNA amplification step using a single-primer amplification assay. Our results show that the combination of Capto Core 700 resin, Chicken rRNA depletion and cDNA amplification is the most cost-effective strategy to obtain ARV whole genomes after short-read sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonsiray Alvarez Narvaez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.A.N.); (T.L.H.); (O.O.)
| | - Telvin L. Harrell
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.A.N.); (T.L.H.); (O.O.)
| | - Olatunde Oluwayinka
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.A.N.); (T.L.H.); (O.O.)
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Holly S. Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Zubair Khalid
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Z.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Ruediger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Erfan U. Chowdhury
- Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832, USA;
| | - Steven J. Conrad
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.A.N.); (T.L.H.); (O.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong J, Shao G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xie Z, Feng K, Zhang X, Xie Q. Molecular characterization, complete genome sequencing, and pathogenicity of Novel Duck Reovirus from South Coastal Area in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102776. [PMID: 37302330 PMCID: PMC10276289 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel Duck Reovirus (NDRV) that has been found throughout the world in waterfowl, and it has been extensively described. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a NDRV strain isolated in China called NDRV YF10. This strain was collected from 87 samples with infected ducks in South Coastal Area. The NDRV genome consists of 23,419 bp. With the assistance of computer analysis, the promoter and terminator of each gene segment and 10 viral genes segments were identified, which encode polypeptides ranging from 98 to 1,294 amino acids. All gene fragments of this virus strain were determined and compared to previously reported strains, revealing genetic variation with similarity rates ranging from 96 to 99% for each gene segment. Each gene segment formed 2 host-associated groups, the waterfowl-derived reovirus and the avian-derived reovirus, except for the S1 gene segment, which was closely related to ARV evolution and formed a host-independent subcluster. This difference may be due to Avian Reovirus (ARV) evolving in a host-dependent manner. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of YF10, a novel isolated strain of NDRV was tested in 2 types of ducks. It was observed that the YF10 isolated strain exhibits varying degrees of virulence, highlighting the potential risk posed to different types of ducks. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the importance of epidemiology studies, molecular characterization, and prevention of NDRV in waterfowl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kong
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Zhongshan Innovation Center of South China Agricultural University, Zhongshan 528400, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Zhongshan Innovation Center of South China Agricultural University, Zhongshan 528400, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang H, Zhang W, Wang M, Yuan S, Zhang X, Wen F, Guo J, Mei K, Huang S, Li Z. Characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of recombinant novel duck reovirus isolated from Southeast China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1124999. [PMID: 36998638 PMCID: PMC10043381 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1124999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel duck reovirus (NDRV) emerged in southeast China in 2005. The virus causes severe liver and spleen hemorrhage and necrosis in various duck species, bringing serious harm to waterfowl farming. In this study, three strains of NDRV designated as NDRV-ZSS-FJ20, NDRV-LRS-GD20, and NDRV-FJ19 were isolated from diseased Muscovy ducks in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Pairwise sequence comparisons revealed that the three strains were closely related to NDRV, with nucleotide sequence identities for 10 genomic fragments ranging between 84.8 and 99.8%. In contrast, the nucleotide sequences of the three strains were only 38.9–80.9% similar to the chicken-origin reovirus and only 37.6–98.9% similar to the classical waterfowl-origin reovirus. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three strains clustered together with NDRV and were significantly different from classical waterfowl-origin reovirus and chicken-origin reovirus. In addition, the analyses showed that the L1 segment of the NDRV-FJ19 strain was a recombinant of 03G and J18 strains. Experimental reproduction of the disease showed that the NDRV-FJ19 strain was pathogenic to both ducks and chickens and could lead to symptoms of hemorrhage and necrosis in the liver and spleen. This was somewhat different from previous reports that NDRV is less pathogenic to chickens. In conclusion, we speculated that the NDRV-FJ19 causing duck liver and spleen necrosis is a new variant of a duck orthoreovirus that is significantly different in pathogenicity from any previously reported waterfowl-origin orthoreovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihu Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture, Nanyang, China
| | - Meihong Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Mei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Shujian Huang
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Zhili Li
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kovács E, Varga-Kugler R, Mató T, Homonnay Z, Tatár-Kis T, Farkas S, Kiss I, Bányai K, Palya V. Identification of the main genetic clusters of avian reoviruses from a global strain collection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1094761. [PMID: 36713877 PMCID: PMC9878682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian reoviruses (ARV), an important pathogen of poultry, have received increasing interest lately due to their widespread occurrence, recognized genetic diversity, and association to defined disease conditions or being present as co-infecting agents. The efficient control measures require the characterization of the available virus strains. Methods The present study describes an ARV collection comprising over 200 isolates from diagnostic samples collected over a decade from 34 countries worldwide. One hundred and thirty-six ARV isolates were characterized based on σC sequences. Results and discussion The samples represented not only arthritis/tenosynovitis and runting-stunting syndrome, but also respiratory symptoms, egg production problems, and undefined disease conditions accompanied with increased mortality, and were obtained from broiler, layer or breeder flocks. In 31 percent of the cases other viral or bacterial agents were demonstrated besides ARV. The most frequent co-infectious agent was infectious bronchitis virus followed by infectious bursal disease virus and adenoviruses. All isolates could be classified in one of the major genetic clusters, although we observed marked discrepancies in the genotyping systems currently in use, a finding that made genotype assignment challenging. Reovirus related clinical symptoms could not be unequivocally connected to any particular virus strains belonging to a specific genetic group, suggesting the lack of strict association between disease forms of ARV infection and the investigated genetic features of ARV strains. Also, large genetic differences were seen between field and vaccine strains. The presented findings reinforce the need to establish a uniform, widely accepted molecular classification scheme for ARV and further, highlight the need for ARV strain identification to support more efficient control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Szilvia Farkas
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: István Kiss ✉
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamaguchi M, Miyaoka Y, Hasan MA, Kabir MH, Shoham D, Murakami H, Takehara K. Isolation and molecular characterization of fowl adenovirus and avian reovirus from breeder chickens in Japan in 2019-2021. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:238-243. [PMID: 34980758 PMCID: PMC8920717 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) and avian reoviruses (ARVs) are ubiquitous in poultry farms and most of them are not pathogenic, often cause damage to chicks. A total of 104 chicken fecal samples were collected from 7 farms of breeder chickens (layers and broilers) in Japan from 2019 to 2021, and yielded 26 FAdV plus 14 ARV isolates. By sequencing, FAdV isolates were classified as FAdV-1, 5 and 8b. ARV isolates were classified as genotype II, IV and V. These results suggest that FAdVs and ARVs are resident in the breeder chicken farms in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yu Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Md Amirul Hasan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Dany Shoham
- Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
| | - Harumi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He Z, Yang S, Xiao J. Development and evaluation of an indirect ELISA based on recombinant structural protein σC to detect antibodies against avian orthoreovirus. J Virol Methods 2021:114399. [PMID: 34871629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The avian orthoreovirus (ARV) causes large economic losses to poultry industry around the whole world. ARV viral proteins can be classified into three sizes: λ (large), μ (medium) and σ (small). σC, one of the capsid protein of ARV, contains various specific neutralizing epitopes and can induce robust immune responses in infected chickens. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) was established using the recombinant σC protein. The optimal dilutions of antigen, serum and conjugate goat anti-chicken IgY conjugate were 2.5 μg/ml, 1:80 and 1:4000, respectively. The optimal antigen coating condition was 4℃ for overnight. Hyperimmune serum of high-yielding hens of different age produced stronger reaction against σC. Chicken serum samples were randomly collected and total coincidence rate between commercial kit and σC-ARV-ELISA kit was 97.8%. Importantly, those discrepant serums were further verified using Western blot assay and three of them were determined to be positive. Thus, the method based on σC protein has higher sensitivity compared with the commercial kit and provide a rapid and simple method for serodiagnosis of ARV, contributing to convenient epidemiological monitoring of ARV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sirui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Biologics and Chemical Drugs, Beijing, 100095, China.
| |
Collapse
|